Thanks to the hard work of SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, and Blue Origin, space tourism is well on the way to becoming a
The stability of the developing livestreaming sector has made it an ideal source of jobs for those born after 1995 who have a passion for novel and newly emerging industries, experts said. A recent report by Zhaopin, an online recruitment platform, and e-commerce giant Alibaba
Can red TV dramas awaken a strong desire in young people to learn about China’s revolutionary history? The answer is yes. Chinese TV drama Awakening Age, which narrates the story of
4 . It was dull and gray on a summer holiday. Matt was gazing at the dusty street, cicadas screaming somewhere in an ugly tree with twisting
Yet how
Suddenly, there was a knock on the door. To his surprise, a delivery guy in a blue uniform was standing in the doorway with a large package in his hand. After
“Wow, Jamie!” Matt whispered, tears
A.branches | B.leaves | C.roots | D.barks |
A.many | B.small | C.little | D.much |
A.suppose | B.suspect | C.doubt | D.ensure |
A.spelling | B.signing | C.telling | D.reading |
A.covered | B.written | C.bound | D.wrapped |
A.drumming | B.trembling | C.sliding | D.jumping |
A.heavy | B.small | C.light | D.difficult |
A.case | B.toy | C.book | D.box |
A.sentences | B.lines | C.pictures | D.words |
A.showing | B.bringing | C.welling | D.rising |
5 . A group of blue-faced birds step through the grass shoulder to shoulder, red eyes looking around. They look like middle schoolers seeking a cafeteria table at lunchtime. Perhaps they’re not so different.
A new study, led by Damien Farine, an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour, shows that the vulturine guineafowl of eastern Africa, like humans, have multilevel societies. In the past, scientists assumed such social structures required a lot of brainpower. But the pea-brained guineafowl are revealing the faults in that assumption.
These large birds wander across the landscape in packs, often walking so closely that their bodies touch. They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies (等级制度), but at other times they engage in friendly behaviours like sharing food.
Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure, Dr. Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society. For a whole year, they made daily observations of 441 birds. Coloured leg bands in unique combinations let researchers tell the black-and-blue birds apart. They also attached GPS devices to the backs of 58 birds, which let them see exactly where every group went, 24 hours a day.
The findings of the research suggest that the vulturine guineafowl have a multilevel society. There are groups within groups within the population as a whole. There even seem to be groups of friends within the small groups. This is the first time anyone has observed such a society in a bird.
And Dr. Farine emphasizes this particular bird’s tiny brain size: “ They don’t only have small brains relative to mammals (哺乳动物), they also have quite small brains relative to other birds, ” he said.
According to him, living in this kind of society might actually make it easier to keep track of the social order. For example, if groups are stable and a bird can identify just one or two individuals within a group, it knows which group it’s looking at — no need for a brain that can recognize every single animal. Multilevel societies also let animals adjust their group sizes based on whatever challenges they’re facing. Depending on what enemies or resources are around, it might make sense to travel in a combined group rather than a smaller one.
“ Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain, ” Dr. Farine said. There may be more birds and other animals out there that, although small-brained, have societies as many-leveled as our own.
1. According to the passage, what inspired Dr. Farine to carry out the study?A.The guineafowl’s social behaviour. | B.Previous assumptions about birds. |
C.His interest in animal brainpower. | D.The faults in earlier research. |
A.The research subjects. | B.The research methods. |
C.The research findings. | D.The research equipment. |
A.Complex social systems can be a disadvantage to the guineafowl. |
B.The guineafowl are good at recognizing individuals in a group. |
C.Birds maintain social order by travelling in combined groups. |
D.Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies. |
6 . If you start a sentence with, “If I were you...” or find yourself scratching your head over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear, there’s a scientific reason behind it. Our own decision-making abilities can become exhausted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesn’t suffer the same difficulties.
“The problem is decision fatigue, a psychological phenomenon that causes harm to the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making,” says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.
Physicians on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics (抗生素) to patients when it’s unwise to do so. “Presumably it’s because it’s simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.
But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as advisers, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “It is as if there is something fun about making someone else’s choice.”
“Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good. When people experience decision fatigue, when they are tired of making choices, they have a tendency to choose to go with status quo,” says Polman. “But it can be problematic since a change in the course of action can be important and lead to a positive outcome.”
To achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level of risk is almost always essential. “People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says. “That’s not to say risk is always good, but it is related to taking action, whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin (懊恼) of a decision maker who might otherwise prefer a new course but is unfortunately hindered.”
“Just because you can make good choices for others doesn’t mean you’ll do the same for yourself,” Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselves,” he says, adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.
1. What does the author say about people making decisions?A.They tend to make decisions the way they think advantageous to them. |
B.They may become exhausted making too many decisions for themselves. |
C.They show considerable differences in their decision-making abilities. |
D.They are more cautious in making decisions for others than for themselves. |
A.When they take decision shortcuts. |
B.When they have advisers to turn to. |
C.When they have major decisions to make. |
D.When they help others to make decisions. |
A.They avoid trying anything new. |
B.They turn to physicians for advice. |
C.They tend to make risky decisions. |
D.They adopt a totally new perspective. |
A.It will enable people to be more creative. |
B.It will more often than not end in regret. |
C.It is vital for one to reach the goal desired. |
D.It is likely to bring about serious consequences. |
7 . In 1939, seven-year-old Miriam Schreiber should have started first grade. Instead, she spent that year — and the following five — trying to survive. She was living in Poland when World War II broke out. “My entire life was ruined within minutes,” she says. “I was looking forward to starting school.” She never made it. And not having a degree has always been a thorn in her side.
Decades later, though, the now-89-year-old Holocaust survivor finally got something she had always longed for. Kapiloff Brander, director of community programs at Jewish Family Services, reached out to the New England Jewish Academy, a Jewish high school, to ask whether the school could help Mariam fulfill her wish. Richard Nabel, the principal of the school, brought a few senior students to Miriam’s home to hear her story before they came up with the idea of presenting her an honorary diploma at the school’s 2020 graduation ceremony.
Miriam suffered a lot in a slave labor camp in Siberia before she got liberated in 1946. She and her remaining family members went to a refugee camp in Germany, where she got married and had her first child at the age of 16. Having spent years in refugee camps in different countries, she finally immigrated to America in 1960. Getting a formal education was never an option for her but she learned seven languages over the years. “I educated myself,” she says. “I read books day and night. I still do.”
On August 16, during a socially distanced ceremony in the school gym, Miriam was presented with a high school diploma from the New England Jewish Academy. “There weren’t too many dry eyes among the 30 of us there,” says Nabel. Miriam’s family was especially moved. “I’m not sure she even realizes the importance of that moment to me,” says Bernie, her eldest son. “I am so proud of her.”
1. What can be learned about Mariam from paragraph 1?A.She regretted not being educated at school. |
B.She started first grade at the age of seven. |
C.She felt lucky to have survived World War II. |
D.She spent five years in Poland during the war. |
A.She made it through her own efforts. |
B.She turned to Kapiloff Brander for help. |
C.The senior students themselves presented a diploma to her. |
D.Richard Nabel learned about her story and decided to help. |
A.Educated. | B.Intelligent. | C.Determined. | D.Patient. |
8 . What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue?
Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks terrible.
Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Man Watching calls “the mouth cover”. He says there are several typical forms, such as covering part of the mouth with fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth.
A.However, this is only one side of the story. |
B.Or is it something worse than what it really is? |
C.A “white lie” appears to be a lie that the teller tells to profit or gain some advantage from it. |
D.The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch (痒). |
E.Why people sometimes cover their mouths while lying is that they wish those words had not come out of their mouths. |
F.Such a gesture can be understood as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying. |
G.Research has also studied the way people’s behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie. |
9 . Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable.
In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own? Imitating role modelsis like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them.
In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously (下意识地) hold poor role models. If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.
In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors.
Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.
Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve. Then you can say, “I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors’ tragedies and declare victory, and know that they are cheering on.”
1. Imitation proves useful when you ________.A.know you are unique |
B.lose the balance of life |
C.begin to learn something new |
D.get tired of routine practice |
A.desperate to influence others with their knowledge |
B.ready to turn their original ideas into reality |
C.eager to discover what their ancestors did |
D.willing to accept others’ ideas |
A.the lack of strong motivation |
B.the absence of practical ideas |
C.how to search for more materials |
D.how to use imagination creatively |
A.To highlight the importance of creativity. |
B.To criticize the characters of role models. |
C.To compare imitation with creation. |
D.To explain the meaning of success. |
10 . The art of fabric dyeing is an ancient one dating back to 3500 BC. Over the centuries we humans have sought to brighten our appearance with clothing that reflects the vibrant natural colours seen in nature, and many colourants were originally sourced from the natural world around us.
Waste chemicals from the dyes themselves are often highly toxic — Azo dyes which account for 60 — 70 per cent of all dyes used become toxic when broken down and metabolized — and the fixing agents used which can contain formaldehyd and chlorine compounds, are no better, with links to allergies and cancer, not only hazardous to humans but also to the environment.
When synthetic dyes were discovered in 1856 an even greater array of colours became possible, and with the advent of the industrial revolution the fabric industry boomed. In the modern age, consumer demand fuels the fashion houses and colour is king: but the dyeing of fabrics comes at a price.
In total over 8000 chemicals have been identified as being used in the dyeing process, many of which have been noted as hazardous to health. Add to this the vast amount of water required for the dyeing process in which huge water baths are needed at every stage of the process and we can see why the industry is one of the most environmentally damaging on earth, responsible for at least 17 — 20 per cent of total water pollution.
So is there another way? Well synthetic biologist Orr Yarkoni certainly thinks so. His company Colorifix have pioneered a new technique which bypasses traditional dyeing techniques in favour of an approach based on nature’s own methods. Rather than fighting nature he believes we need to tap into it in order to solve the complex environmental issues that challenge us today.
“Colorifix is very much inspired from nature” he says, “nature has created a whole palette of colours that we see on a daily basis”.
Sourcing colours from a range of natural pigments, he then engineers microorganisms using DNA to convert agricultural by-products into dyes. When the microorganisms burst , they “fix” the colour to the fabric, thus reducing the need for massive amounts of water. The organisms themselves can be grown, or fermented, once the DNA code for the necessary colourant has been implanted and this natural reproduction is fast and efficient. Overall the whole process uses less water, produces less waste, and needs far less chemicals. A new way forward inspired by nature.
1. According to the passage, dyeing fabrics comes at a price because ________.A.The dyeing materials are poisonous |
B.The dyeing materials are rather expensive |
C.The dyeing process pollutes the environment |
D.The dyeing process needs plenty of water |
A.It is environmentally friendly. |
B.It takes a longer time to acquire raw materials. |
C.It employs natural color which does not stay long. |
D.It needs less water but produces poisonous pollutants. |
A.The dyeing process can be pollution free. |
B.Dyeing fabrics causes the main pollutants. |
C.The color of nature only comes from plants. |
D.Human has a long history of pursuing beautiful “color”. |
A.Breathing life into a dyeing art | B.History of dyeing industry |
C.Unknown danger behind dyeing | D.Color comes with a price |