1 . Mars is no stranger to life. Seven U. S. spacecraft have successfully landed there, and all of them took microbes to the planet’s surface(though the bugs probably did not survive for long). Yet the world’s space agencies continue to maintain strict spacecraft sterilization (消毒) procedures in the hope of minimizing the spread of Earth life beyond our planet. For decades this idea — known as planetary protection—is widespread. Now, some scientists say, these procedures are preventing the search for life beyond Earth by raising costs and preventing innovative missions-without meaningful benefits.
Of all missions to Mars to date, only the Vikings, the first trip to the Red Planet, were intended to test for life. Spacecraft that went later did not have that ability. But a future mission will, and the protectionist thinking goes, a spacecraft might not be able to distinguish between a life form native to Mars and one with origins on Earth. In July 2013 astrobiologists Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Alberto Fairen argued against this in Nature Geoscience.
“If Earth life can thrive on Mars, they almost certainly already do,” the authors write. “If they cannot, the transfer of Earth life to Mars should be of no concern, as it would simply not survive.”
With clear evidence of a water y history and some signs of water present, Mars could be where we find life in our solar system. And with the development of Curiosity’s precise landing system, we can finally reach the mysterious parts of the planet. But it’s these areas that require a craft sterilization process.
In the 1970s Vikings 1 and 2 revealed what seemed like a dead planet, so planetary-protection requirements were relaxed. Now, with more knowledge of Mars’ environment, missions set to visit areas with evidence of flowing water below the surface have to meet the strict-and more costly- Vikings standards.
Finally, there’s the philosophical problem of what responsibility, if any, we have to other planets and any life we leave there. The truth is we’re never going to be able to fully protect Mars if we intend to explore it. And spreading is simply what life does.
“If we want to survive for a long time, we have to expand beyond Earth,” Schulze-Makuch says. “There’s no other way.”
1. Strict spacecraft sterilization procedures are meant to ______.A.decrease the costs of space exploration |
B.help the search for life forms beyond Earth |
C.contribute to innovative missions in the universe |
D.prevent Earth life being transferred to other planets |
A.there was no preclse landing system |
B.Mars was considered to be a lifeless planet |
C.the mysterious parts of Mars remained unknown |
D.flowing water was found below the surface of Mars |
A.Mars is now on the edge of being destroyed |
B.human beings are too ambitious to expand beyond Earth |
C.there is no need to worry about bringing Earth life to Mars |
D.we need to be responsible for keeping Mars what it is like now |
A.optimistic | B.relaxed | C.debatable | D.negative |
A. authorities B. conflicts C. increasingly D. infected E. invisibly F. oddly G. outbreaks H. present I. subjected J. suspected K. unexpected |
Deadly virus approaches tigers
India’s most important tiger conservation body is to investigate growing concern that Asia’s wild tigers are
The National Tiger Conservation Authority is to fun d a study of Canine Distemper Virus(CDV) in six of the most important areas for the species, which could confirm a problem that a few experts have
There have been
CDV may also exist in the tiger population in Sumatra, where animals have been reported to be behaving
Dr John Lewis of the British charity Wildlife Vets International is helping the Sumatran
Lewis also believes that the way CDV changes tigers’ behavior could be a factor where tiger- human
Perhaps we should not be surprised that tigers are
But as Miquelle told BBC Wildlife, “Very few people were aware of the potential threat, let alone looking for it, even if it is
3 . Nothing compares with the joy of coming home to a lovely pet. Besides keeping one company, pets may also decrease stress, improve heart health, and even help children with their social skills. Over the past 10 years, researchers have been looking at what the possible effects are.
Animals can offer comfort and support. Dogs are especially good at this. They’re sometimes brought into hospitals or nursing homes. Ann Berger, a researcher at the NIH Clinical Center, teaches the patients with serious diseases about mindfulness to help decrease stress and manage pain. “Mindfulness includes attention, awareness, etc.,” Berger says, “all those are things that animals bring to the table. People kind of have to learn it, while animals do this innately.” Researchers are also studying the safety of bringing animals into hospital settings because animals may bring people more germs (病菌). A current study is looking at the safety of bringing dogs to visit children with a certain kind of illness. Scientists will be testing the children’s hands to see if there are dangerous levels of germs brought by the dog after the visit.
Dogs may also help in the classroom. One study found that dogs can help children with ADHD, a disease related to attention. Researchers divided children with ADHD into two groups. The first group of kids read to dogs once a week for 30 minutes. The second group read to toys like dogs. After 12 weeks, kids who read to the real animals showed better social skills. They also had fewer behavioral problems. “Animals can become a way of building a bridge for the social communication,” says Griffin, a child development expert at NIH. He adds that researchers are trying to better understand these effects and whom they might help.
While pets may bring many health advantages, an animal may not work for everyone. Recent studies suggest that living with pets at an early age may help protect young children from developing allergies (过敏), but for people who are allergic to certain animals, having pets in the home can do more harm than good.
Researchers will continue to explore the many effects of having a pet. They are trying to find out what’s working, what’s not working, and what’s safe.
1. When the author says “animals do this innately” in paragraph 2, he probably means ______.A.animals learn from humans to do this | B.animals teach people to stop doing it |
C.animals are born to be able to do this | D.animals learn to do this as humans do |
A.Reading to real dogs could help kids improve behavior. |
B.Researchers brought dogs there to attract kids’ attention. |
C.Dogs have poorer social skills than the kids with ADHD. |
D.Toy dogs work as well as real dogs in accompanying kids. |
A.They still have a long way to go in exploring pets’ effect. |
B.They don’t doubt the safety of using animals in hospitals. |
C.Berger helps patients to gain the ability to cure themselves. |
D.Griffin doesn’t agree that dogs improve children’s reading. |
A.Pets’ Various Work | B.The Power of Pets |
C.Pets as Assistants in School | D.Patients’ Call for Pets |
4 .
The connection we have to cats is so strong it feels almost as though they can read our thoughts, study our moods, and even judge how to behave based on our needs. But what really goes on in their sweet, furry heads?
Research suggests that cats don’t necessarily see us as any different from them. While cats understand that their human caretakers are larger than they are, they continue to behave around us in the same way as if they were around other cats. The only key difference is that cats meow to humans, not other cats.
Owners wondering about what the cats are thinking about should turn to cat body language. Since these are the ways your cat primarily communicates with you, studying their body language can help you understand then on a deeper level and you may start with tails:
We may think we have great insight into “cat thinking”, but we may never fully understand them. There exist lots of misunderstandings about cats, most notably:
*Cats try to be alien and prefer to be alone. No! They are actually social animals who hope for close relationship.
*Purring (making a low continuous sound) only means happiness…In fact, it can also suggest pressure, fear, or pain. Keep an eye out for illness, and be prepared in the case of an unexpected accident.
*Cats scratch (抓) to anger people. Wrong again! Cats need to act out this to give themselves great pleasure and comfort.
A recent study concluded that cats, when given a choice between playing with certain toys or having interactive fun with a human being, decisively choose to play with a person. For us here at Cat Care of Vinings, it’s two-sided!
As always, please call us with any questions or concerns. Or, let us know what you believe cat thinking is all about!
Tags: Cat Thinking Cat Thoughts My Cat’s Brain What Does My Cat Think Posted in: The Cat’s Meow Previous: A Pun-fact Match: The Keys to Successful Cat Adoption Next: Your Guide to Fourth of July Cat Safety |
A.newspaper | B.poster | C.magazine | D.website |
A.Keep its tail low. | B.Hook its tail. | C.Hide its tail. | D.Shake its tail. |
A.interact with people | B.purr to suggest anger |
C.keep away from man-made toys | D.scratch to attract attention |
A awareness B. clear C. encourage D. ignore E. immediate F. limiting G. redesigning H. significantly I. team J. theme K. unlikely |
Go Recycling
No one looking at the state of Earth in 2023 can be in any doubt that we are facing three serious environmental problems: climate problem, loss of biodiversity (生物多样性) and pollution of air, soil and water. To solve the problems, we increase the use of electric cars,
We should realize that a key
A shocking figure lies at the heart of our special report on our world — of the more than 100 billion tons of things that humans use each year, hardly 10% is recycled. That makes it obvious a full-range war on waste should be paid
Solving the three problems calls for a huge transition with joint efforts. Governments must take the lead by introducing laws with the purpose of rewarding green practices, such as the
How to Water Plants
All plants need water. The watering of plants plays a major role in helping plants grow healthily. It seems simple but actually requires many considerations.
Let’s take a close look at the water plants need first. Plants
When it comes to tools, a garden pipe (管子) long enough to reach the furthest part of the garden
An inexperienced gardener may water a little each time but several times a day. This is undesirable
7 . A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps presents continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts (冷暖空气团接触的锋) to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a summary picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.
All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels which often set the stage for development of air masses, fronts and storms.
Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations (气象站). Experiments are also in progress for weather modification (改变) studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of super-cooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional orographic (山岳形态) precipitation on the windward side of mountain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.
1. By reading weather maps, students majoring in geography can .A.design a project of weather modification |
B.interpret the weather condition before the time of observation |
C.obtain data on atmospheric conditions over a wide area |
D.survey ever-changing fronts in local meteorological stations |
A.daily weather maps | B.upper air levels |
C.satellite reports | D.changing fronts |
A.electronic instruments are used |
B.it enables man to alert the weather |
C.it makes weather more time-consuming |
D.information not be obtained readily otherwise can be gained |
A.controlling and influencing weather |
B.determining density of pressure groups |
C.30-day “outlooks” |
D.predicting storms |
8 . It’s 2076 and the skies are looking decidedly milky. On windy plains and in parts of the seas that have been turned over to wind farms, a different kind of tower has been built alongside the turbines (涡轮). They take in CO2 out of the atmosphere. Vast parcels of land have been given over to forest. Trees are grown, harvested and burned for energy in power plants that don’t let CO2 escape to the atmosphere. Instead, emissions are captured and driven underground. Powdered minerals are put into the water to absorb CO2 and reduce ocean acidification.
All these technologies are a desperate action to reverse more than two centuries of greenhouse gas emissions. But they are not entirely up to the task and, anyway, we are still releasing greenhouse gases. “I think it’s very likely that in 60 years we’ll be using both technologies,” says John Shepherd of the University of Southampton, UK. He is referring to the two flavors of geoengineering: absorbing CO2 out of the air and using a sunshade to reflect some of the sun’s rays back out into space.
There is no denying that climate talks are going too slowly and not so smoothly. Even if industrial emissions were to drop rapidly — a big if — some sections pose an intractable problem. We have no real replacement for aeroplane fuel and feeding people demands intensive agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of global emissions.
Computer models suggest there will be winners and losers. While a sunshade could lower global average temperatures to pre-industrial levels, there would be regional differences. Northern Europe, Canada, Siberia and the poles would remain warmer than they were, and temperatures over the oceans would be cooler. Global warming is predicted to make wet regions wetter and dry ones drier. Models suggest a sunshade would correct this, but, again, not in a uniform way.
Shepherd fears all this will feed into international arguments. He imagines some kind of global council where governments seek a climate that meets their needs. Some might prefer a slightly warmer temperature, for tourism or agriculture. But nations whose coral reefs (珊瑚礁) draw in visitors will probably want more CO2 absorbing technologies.
In spite of all these concerns, most scientists hold that revolutionary technology and people’s awakening can shine a light on solutions in ways that are impossible now. There is undoubtedly a long way to go when we address problems facing mankind, but we can always anticipate something.
1. What is described in the first paragraph?A.Future scenery and farming methods. |
B.The development of transport technology. |
C.The serious pollution problem in the very near future. |
D.Future technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
A.solvable | B.untypical |
C.tricky | D.existing |
A.climate talks haven’t achieved the expected results |
B.industrial emissions will decrease greatly in 60 years |
C.technologies to reduce CO2 emission aren’t used properly for now |
D.sunshades outshine intensive agriculture at capturing CO2 emissions |
A.Effective CO2 absorbing technologies have come into wide use. |
B.With greenhouse gas reduced, global warming can be addressed. |
C.Future climate will improve with human efforts but threats still remain. |
D.Future climate will restore to a normal state with advanced technology. |
9 . An interesting study found capuchin monkeys (僧帽猴), like humans, are guided by social emotions. Try paying one monkey with grapes and another with cucumbers for the
That experiment by Brosnan and Frans de Wall published in 2003 in Nature was one of the first to show that animals may have an assessment for
Social animals, which are interdependent for a living, will
One study
According to Brosnan, that tendency to share rewards fairly probably developed as a result of the way capuchins work together to hunt. “If we are hunting and I am not giving you much of the kill, you would be better off finding another
However, interpreting animal behavior through human eyes can be
A.various | B.enormous | C.equal | D.superb |
A.risk | B.restart | C.quit | D.fancy |
A.mature | B.content | C.passive | D.shocked |
A.stability | B.reputation | C.endurance | D.fairness |
A.necessities | B.rewards | C.emotion | D.cooperation |
A.naturally | B.barely | C.surprisingly | D.occasionally |
A.evolved | B.communicated | C.delivered | D.referred |
A.denies | B.predicts | C.indicates | D.suspects |
A.discover | B.receive | C.expect | D.present |
A.Instead of | B.Thanks to | C.Regardless of | D.Prior to |
A.diligent | B.dominant | C.generous | D.outgoing |
A.save | B.admire | C.share | D.refuse |
A.partner | B.role | C.hunt | D.task |
A.critical | B.pessimistic | C.problematic | D.marvellous |
A.set aside | B.thrown away | C.held onto | D.aimed at |
A.To help the man learn more about the gardener. |
B.To show the value of taking advice in gardening. |
C.To publicize the attractiveness of Dorset Gardens. |
D.To inform people of more guidelines for gardening. |
A.By attending a college course. | B.By visiting Kew Garden. |
C.By listening to talks on gardening. | D.By reading Margery Fisher’s book. |
A.It was full of creative angles. | B.It made her famous in the town. |
C.It occupied a rather small area. | D.It was near her house in Somerset. |
A.Because it’s full of plants given by her friends. |
B.Because it’s visited and appreciated by tourists. |
C.Because it’s where she spends much time with others. |
D.Because it’s an outdoor classroom for biology students. |