1 . Bonobos often form friendly relationships with other bonobo s in separate social groups — the first time this has been seen in non-human primates (灵长类). This is in line with humans, but in contrast to chimpanzees, another primate, which frequently kill chimps in other groups. The findings challenge the idea that humans evolved (进化) from violent apes, says Surbeck at Harvard University. “This potential to form cooperative links between different groups is not uniquely human and it might have occurred earlier than we thought,” he says.
Many animals cooperate, but they seem to do so only with those within their social circle, or in-group. Hostile (敌对的 ) interactions between groups are common among animals, including chimpanzees, so scientists have often assumed that hostility towards other social groups in humans is natural, says Samuni, also at Harvard. However, humans also often cooperate with people in different social circles, for example, by trading or teaching.
Bonobos are one of our closest living relatives. They are less studied than chimpanzees, but are known to be more peaceful, says Surbeck. To learn more about interactions between groups, Surbeck and Samuni observed 31 adult bonobo s from two social groups in Congo over a two-year period. The pair documented 95 encounters between the groups, which represented about 20% of their total observation time. Unlike chimpanzees observed in previous studies, they showed cooperation with out-group members. In fact,10% of all mutual grooming (梳毛) and 6% of all food sharing occurred among members of different social groups.
While bonobo s that groomed others usually got an immediate benefit, food sharing rarely resulted in a gift in return. This suggests that their actions were “not just motivated by selfish interests or immediate rewards”, Surbeck and Samuni report.
Otten, a researcher from the Netherlands, finds the study “exciting”, especially as it “challenges the idea of human exceptionalism” with regard to out-group cooperation. Otten says the bonobo s that were most cooperative within their groups were the same ones that cooperated more with out-group members. This agrees with findings from humans. “Scholars used to believe that in-group ‘love’ goes together with out-group ‘hate’, but recent research suggests that often in-group cooperators are also out-group cooperators,” he says.
1. What is the focus of the study on bonobos?A.Their social behavior. | B.Their survival skills. |
C.Their evolutionary process. | D.Their intelligence level. |
A.They are humans’ closest relatives. | B.They can be taught to cooperate. |
C.They interact friendly beyond groups. | D.They share food for immediate rewards. |
A.By comparing different primates. | B.By observing bonobos’ interactions. |
C.By listing group members’ motivations. | D.By analysing statistics of previous studies. |
A.Forward-looking. | B.Groundbreaking. |
C.Controversial. | D.One-sided. |
2 . Have you ever wondered what happens to your mobile phones and laptops after you throw them out to make way for a newer model? According to its latest Global E-Waste Monitor, India is the third top producer of e-waste in the world. E-waste in Indian landfill goes on to pollute soil and groundwater, affecting food supply systems and water sources.
Thankfully, the country has a new group of artists who are changing these thrown mechanical items-from mobile phones to old televisions- into large murals (壁画) and artworks to creatively show their concern for the waste problem.
Over the past quarter of a century, Mumbai’s Haribaabu Naatesan has transformed hundreds of tonnes of e-waste into art, integrating elements from nature and industry. “I get my waste material from friends, relatives and neighbours who know my interest in e-art and send me bags of thrown electronic appliances,” says Naatesan. Over his career, he has created huge murals for several companies. He has also showed his work at the India Art Fair, as well as several other national displays.
Another artist Vishwanath Davangere has also long worked with e-waste. He likes to take apart old laptops and reassemble (重新组装) them into birds, animals and plants. After retirement, he started pursuing this hobby more seriously and started selling his creations across the world. His most outstanding works include a robotic Egyptian statue with glowing red eyes and a Milky Way made from keyboard keys. He hopes to enable others to reconsider their own consumption habits and make more environmentally conscious choices.
“By giving e-waste a second chance, I aim to raise awareness about the environmental impact of electronic waste.” says Davangare, who today has a collection of more than 600 eco-art objects.
1. Why do the artists create artworks from E-waste?A.To promote their artistic career. | B.To update electronic appliances. |
C.To make profits for several companies. | D.To express their environmental concern. |
A.His creations are displayed globally. | B.He gains support from people around. |
C.He has been creating e-art for 10 years. | D.His works integrate technology and history. |
A.Reliable. | B.Confident. | C.Devoted. | D.Generous. |
A.E-waste Recycling Sweeping the World | B.Environmental Problems Worrying Indians |
C.An Art Movement Turning Trash into Cash | D.Indian Creatives Transforming E-waste into Art |
1. What does the UN think of the government's action?
A.Enough. | B.Impressive. | C.Shocking. |
A.To create space for supplies. |
B.To show respect for the dead. |
C.To prevent the spread of disease. |
A.Damage to roads. | B.Too many survivors. | C.The closing of the airport. |
4 . Sleep is so important that it has long interested scientists. Scientists have studied everything from mice to fruit flies in the lab to get a better understanding of what happens when animals sleep and why they do it. However, gathering data (数据) on how animals sleep in their natural habitat has always been hard to do.
But scientists did just that with wild chinstrap penguins in Antarctica. In doing so, researchers found the birds took over ten thousand microsleeps throughout the day — adding up to a 11-hour-long sleep.
To study the penguins, scientists put devices (设备) into a small group of penguins’ brain and neck muscles, which provided the brain wave and location data. The devices had never been used before, so this data collection was only supposed to be a test. However, the process went so well and the data was published in this study.
Researchers found that the microsleeps last only seconds. Researchers think that being able to sleep for such a short time might help the animals avoid predators (捕食者) that might more likely attack if the penguins were asleep for longer — especially when one parent goes out feeding in the ocean for days, leaving the other parent to protect the eggs from predatory birds.
The study is an early insight into a relatively large missing scientific knowledge about sleep.
“Almost every study on sleeping birds discovers something new, something we didn’t know about before,” says study co-author Paul-Antoine Libourel.
Vladyslav Vyazovskiy, a sleep neuroscientist at the University of Oxford who didn’t join in the study, is excited about this new data because “most of what we know about the animal sleep was gained in laboratory conditions, which are totally different from conditions where sleep developed”.
1. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A.The study method. | B.The device introduction. |
C.The research purpose. | D.The background information. |
A.Feeding baby birds. | B.Getting longer sleep. |
C.Avoiding being hunted. | D.Attacking other birds. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Positive. | C.Confused. | D.Objective. |
A.Animal Sleep Is Researched in the Lab |
B.Penguins Gain a Different Way of Sleep |
C.Sleep Is of Great Importance to Penguins |
D.Penguins Take Thousands of Microsleeps a Day |
5 . San Francisco’s waterfront (海滨) is on the National Register of Historic Places for good reason.
Its beautiful old landmarks, like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge, have been seen in many books, TV shows and movies—from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series The Streets of San Francisco. The future of San Francisco’s waterfront, however, isn’t safe.
In 2016, the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s shoreline on its list of the U. S.’s most endangered historic places, in part because of the threat of sea level rise. The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change. St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.
“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects (交织) right at the waterfront,” said Elaine Forbes, director of the Port of San Francisco. As she watched the boats come and go on a sunny afternoon, Forbes said, “Sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.” However, that’s changed. Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years. The state estimates (预估) the water could rise up to about two and a half feet above its present level by 2060, and possibly up to seven feet by the turn of the century.
Now, San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline. But the growing magnitude and frequency of the climate-related threats, the high costs and effort needed in saving heritage sites, and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t, can make it hard for cities to know what to do first.
1. What is San Francisco’s waterfront famous for?A.Old landmarks. | B.Famous beaches. |
C.Beautiful bridges. | D.Comfortable climate. |
A.The loss of public support. | B.The threat from rising sea levels. |
C.The influence of tourist activities. | D.The competition from other cities. |
A.To give an example of existing threats. | B.To stress the seriousness of sea level rise. |
C.To compare different types of natural disasters. | D.To show the difficulty in the waterfront protection. |
A.Heritage sites are in ruins. | B.Threats have been removed. |
C.The shoreline has been flooded. | D.Solutions are under consideration. |
6 . Overlooking the Davis—Gant Varsity Soccer Field, a bed of overturned soil waits for further development. In a few years, this area will become a natural habitat and a playground for animals and residents. This peaceful area didn’t appear naturally, but through planning and action taken by Catlin Gabel’s Tiny Forest project launched by teacher Patrick Walsh.
Forests typically take hundreds of years to mature, with four stages of growth. “Tiny forests flatten out time through the planting of all four layers (层),” Walsh explained. The end result is a fast-growing, native forest in about 20 years. Over 600 plants from 43 species will be planted in the tiny forest, the first one in Oregon.
Walsh was inspired to build a tiny forest after hearing about this idea, which emerged in Japan and has taken hold in North America. He shared his vision with seniors in his class. The seniors researched tiny forests and made a proposal resulting in Clean Water Services donating 60 trees and $5,000 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Armed with these resources, Walsh and the students started working. “Something I didn’t really expect was the outpouring of students’ enthusiasm. Seeing students from all grades volunteered to contribute to the ‘dirty work’ really blew me away,” Walsh said.
Senior Megan Cover has been at the school since the first grade. “I’ll graduate after working on this project, which is surely sad, but it’s really rewarding and great to be a part of this project and to do my bit. We’re creating this educational space for many young kids,” Cover said.
Walsh summed up his goal of the project, which is to build a place where students can enjoy and learn about nature. “The forest will obviously not solve climate change, but it will deserve the efforts if the kids think about climate change and remember the importance of reforestation and trees when they look outside at the forest.”
1. What is special about tiny forests?A.They originated in North America. | B.They are usually planted in schools. |
C.They contain various types of trees. | D.They become mature in a shorter time. |
A.The abundance of native tree species. | B.Public concern about the environment. |
C.The active participation of students. | D.Support from local organizations. |
A.Proud. | B.Regretful. | C.Grateful. | D.Disappointed. |
A.A model. | B.A reminder. | C.A resource. | D.A witness. |
7 . Anyone wanting to help the poor may like this idea—recycling aluminum (铝) cans in a different way, which is apparently also good for the environment. So you’re actually killing two birds with one stone. It goes without saying that recycling aluminum cans can save resources, energy, time and money. People usually save and place aluminum cans in the dustbins, which are then collected and taken away by cleaners, who will finally recycle them in the recycling center. But if you save the aluminum cans, and skip the cleaners, you can save these same cans for something more important—helping the poor. In other words, by doing less, you are giving the environmental cause some new significance.
Here is how to put this idea into action. Take your aluminum cans and place them in a plastic bag. For the dirty ones, rinse them out first. Store the bag of clean aluminum cans. Once you collect about one hundred cans or more, take the cans to the recycle center yourself. There are about eighteen aluminum cans in a pound. And you can receive three to four dollars for one hundred cans. Donate your three to four dollars to the poor or any charity organization of your choice.
By now, you may wonder if your few dollars have really made a difference to the poor. Consider this: Is there any individual or any specific event that is great enough to change the world or decide the direction that history takes? The answer is probably no. What if there were a lot of people who would do the same thing? History shows nothing but the collective will of the whole community. And that will surely be powerful enough to make a bigger difference.
Go to your community or your school and spread your idea. Share your idea and save your aluminum cans with other people. One hundred people can speak louder than one. And the money you make by saving cans can be multiplied by one hundred times. And if more people join in the cause around the world, an even larger difference can be made , and more people in need will enjoy the benefits.
1. What’s special about the new idea?A.It benefits the poor. | B.It saves resources. |
C.It makes profits. | D.It involves cleaners. |
A.Dirty cans do not sell well. |
B.The recycle center is conveniently located. |
C.A hundred cans weigh about 3 pounds. |
D.You decide who receives the money. |
A.The collective will of people. | B.The direction history takes. |
C.A great individual or event. | D.The neighbourhood you live in. |
A.Don’t put the cart before the horse. | B.Rome is not built in one day. |
C.Many hands make light work. | D.No man can do two things at once. |
8 . Mary thought she had seen it all when it came to horse behavior, but Stardust made her
After a brief
As Jason sat there,
A doctor rushed back into the room out of breath. Jason shot Mary a
A.confused | B.bored | C.addicted | D.excited |
A.bother | B.quit | C.run | D.struggle |
A.lost interest in | B.thought little of | C.got used to | D.put an end to |
A.backside | B.forehead | C.shoulders | D.hands |
A.Out of control | B.By chance | C.Without hesitation | D.For no reason |
A.handshake | B.encounter | C.stay | D.talk |
A.in | B.with | C.for | D.on |
A.sincerely | B.anxiously | C.awkwardly | D.desperately |
A.since | B.when | C.if | D.although |
A.tight-lipped | B.short-sighted | C.cold-blooded | D.absent-minded |
A.truth | B.trick | C.story | D.news |
A.questioning | B.knowing | C.threatening | D.disapproving |
A.barely | B.totally | C.immediately | D.unexpectedly |
A.help | B.accept | C.believe | D.make |
A.adorable | B.generous | C.complicated | D.extraordinary |
Do you know human-wildlife conflict?
Human-wildlife conflict, referring to direct interactions between humans and wildlife with negative outcomes, costs the
10 . Nowadays, bamboo growth cycles and the dietary needs of lemurs (狐猴) are out of sync. Findings show rainfalls are changing annually. “Over the past two years, there has been a three-month delay in the rainy season and new tender shoots that lemurs consume for nutrition are appearing in January and February - 14 days after the first rain” says Patricia Chapple Wright, a primatologist, anthropologist, and conservationist at Stony Brook University. “Lemurs eat a food source that is very adaptive,” Patricia Wright told PBS NewsHour. “It’s able to stand climate change, but the lemurs, unfortunately, can’t adapt quickly to this changed cycle.”
Since baby lemurs are born in November, the delayed rainy season is dangerously affecting the survival of them for lack of nutrition available for both the mothers and offspring. “This is why, for extreme feeding specialists like the greater bamboo lemur, climate change can be an unknowing killer,” J Wright says. “Making the lemurs rely on bamboo stems (茎) for just a bit longer may be enough to tip the balance from existence to extinction.” The lemurs’ highly specialized teeth are also similar to the pandas5 teeth. Both are the mammals able to chew up stems. But this diet can’t last for more than a season or two because the stems can wear away their teeth.
The researchers believe that climate change is affecting the lemurs. The fossil record shows that the lemurs once lived throughout the island. Today, the mammals are cornered on the eastern side, where the dry season at present is the shortest. And if people continue the deforestation practice in the area, the lemurs will have nowhere to go.
The situation is serious, so Wright and her colleagues plan to create bamboo corridors within the rainforests, which will provide available bamboo to eat. They want to work with local villagers to plant more bamboo and manage automatic watering systems when dry seasons last long. They also want to build the local economy by allowing people to harvest a part of bamboo while the rest remains with the lemurs, so people will be interested. Wright’s conservation plans include moving lemurs back to other places on the island as well.
1. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?A.Go with each other. | B.Occur at different times. |
C.Lead to a heated discussion. | D.Call for effective protection. |
A.They may run out of bamboo. | B.They can’t adapt to the hot season. |
C.They dislike the less delicious stems. | D.They can’t chew the stems for a long period. |
A.The climate change. | B.Their teeth protection. |
C.The decreasing forest. | D.Their special dietary habits. |
A.Shortening the dry season. | B.Forbidding the cutting of bamboo. |
C.Increasing people’s motivation. | D.Finding other islands for lemurs to live on. |