1 . For many students, shift workers and others, getting enough sleep each night presents a dilemma. There is too much to do and not enough time to do it, so people often try to catch up on the weekends.     1     And, while we spend our weekdays working around the clock, it takes a heavy burden on our bodies.

How many hours of sleep are really necessary?     2     Teens need eight to 10, and adults need seven to nine hours nightly.

    3     Suppose you require eight hours of sleep a night, but for one week, you only slept six hours nightly. As a result, you developed a cumulative sleep debt of 14 hours.

As sleep debt accumulates, it impacts us in many ways including memory loss, immune function and stroke.     4     Though afternoon naps and extra weekend sleep can help relieve some tiredness, the healthiest course of action is to get a good night’s sleep every night.

There are many ways to create a healthy sleep routine. Maintain a restful environment in the bedroom by keeping it quiet, dark and cool.     5     That will make you feel physically comfortable in the first place. If you don’t fall asleep within 20 minutes, then try listening to relaxing music. Finally, think of enough sleep as preventive medicine and make it a priority.

A．It’s not hard to calculate your sleep debt.

B．Keep anything that might disturb you outside the bedroom.

C．Many prefer a temperature of around 18 degrees Celsius for sleep.

D．With a healthy sleep routine, you can get sufficient rest and protect your health.

E．It has also been known to contribute to heart disease, obesity, diabetes and more.

F．According to the Mayo Clinic, school-age children require nine to 12 hours a night.

G．But researchers report that it takes longer than we think to replace missing hours of sleep.

2 . Dror Angel, an ecologist, had for years heard his archaeologist (考古学家) colleagues talk about ancient shipwrecks on the bottom of the Black Sea that were perfectly preserved by the low-oxygen environment. “You can see ropes,” Angel says. “It’s something which is quite amazing.” Now, Angel wants to fight climate change by purposefully adding to the wreckage (残骸) , sinking waste wood to the sea floor, where carbon that the trees stored up can remain locked away for centuries.

Angel is a scientist for a company that could help limit global warming by drawing carbon out of the atmosphere and locking it up. However, some carbon capture (捕获) strategies require expensive machines and complex chemistry, burying waste wood at sea is extremely simple: All it takes are tugboats and woody waste from forestry and agriculture.

The approach has advantages over another popular ocean-based carbon capture strategy: growing massive amounts of seaweed. Because the plant material is grown on land rather than in the ocean, it is less likely to rob nutrients from the surrounding water and upset the ecology. Industrial agriculture and forestry could grow, process, and transport plants, in contrast to marine farming, which has never been attempted at scale. And because woody plants are tough and unlikely to break down, they are good at hanging on to their carbon.

At the same time, the approach may fall short of what’s needed to fight climate change. To keep global warming below 2°C, the world needs to capture and store about 10 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year by midcentury. But waste wood can be sunk only where supplies of it are located near suitable bodies of water. By one recent study, the approach could lock a few tens of billions of tons of carbon dioxide in total — just a little of the need.

“This approach is not going to solve the full problem,” says ocean engineer Kate Moran. “It’s going to be a small piece of the pie if it is considered to be more beneficial than risky.” But the urgency of carbon removal demands that every possible approach be explored thoroughly, she adds, “Anyway, we need all the tools in the toolbox.”

1. Why did the author cite “You can see ropes” in paragraph 1?

A．Angel dropped the ropes into the deep sea for experiment.

B．Things can be well preserved in the low-oxygen environment.

C．Carbon that the ropes stored up can be locked away for a long time.

D．Angel’s archaeologist colleagues were studying the deep sea environment.

2. Why is the approach of sinking waste wood better than that of growing seaweed?

A．It is supported by mature techniques.

B．It requires cheap machines and simple chemistry.

C．Woody plants are more environmentally friendly.

D．Waste wood takes in lots of carbon from the surroundings.

3. What message does paragraph 4 convey?

A．The strategy alone isn’t enough to fight climate change.

B．The strategy can capture and lock the carbon dioxide needed.

C．The global warming can’t be kept below 2°C with the strategy.

D．Supplies of waste wood are available near suitable bodies of water.

4. What is Kate Moran’s attitude toward the strategy according to the last paragraph?

A．Doubtful.

B．Negative.

C．Supportive.

D．Unconcerned.

4 . Looking for ways to make some extra cash over the holidays? Here are 4 of the best summer break jobs for you.

Food Delivery

If your top priority in a summer break job is flexibility, food delivery might be the perfect fit for you. You can earn around $20 an hour depending on the food delivery service and who you’re delivering to. On top of the wage the delivery service pays you, you also have the potential to get significant tips. Please note: all applicants must have a driver’s license and access to a car.

Gift Wrapper

Love wrapping presents for the holiday? Can’t get enough of wrapping paper and ribbon? If so, you should look into being a gift wrapper during summer break. College students who want to work in something creative will enjoy this summer break job. Candidates will be matched with a task based on skill set.

Pet Sitting

Whether they’re going to another city close by or another state, families tend to leave for vacation for summer break. This means that they need someone to watch their pets while they’re gone. That’s where college students come in. Pet sitting jobs are flexible and not a huge time commitment, depending on what family you’re working with.

Tutor

Good at maths? Majoring in biology? Whatever classes you’re taking in college, this knowledge is transferable to tutoring. College students that are home for summer break can use their time off school to give back to others. Tutoring has the potential to earn a lot of money over the course of a few weeks while students are home for break.

1. Which job requires a driver’s license?

A．Food Delivery.	B．Gift Wrapper.
C．Pet Sitting.	D．Tutor.

2. What can be learned about the Gift Wrapper job?

A．Applicants are expected to be good at design.	B．Work is arranged according to one’s skill set.
C．Applicants may soon have enough of the job.	D．It favours candidates who can work flexibly.

3. What is the text most likely to be?

A．A notice.	B．An announcement.
C．A guide.	D．An advertisement.

5 . A role shift—whether a promotion, a move to a new organization, or a fresh challenge in your existing job—can be a huge boost to your career and a chance for you to succeed. You know the drill heading in: Apply your experience and talents to the position, make sure you are accepted by the hierarchy (高层), and get a few big wins in the first couple of months to demonstrate what you can do.

But in today’s hyper-collaborative and dynamic workplaces, successful moves aren’t as easy as they once were, even for the most qualified and hard-working people. Too often, transitional managers and employees don’t live up to their organizations’ expectations. Gartner surveys indicate that a full 49% of people promoted within their own companies are underperforming up to 18 months after those moves, and McKinsey reports that 27% to 46% of transitional executives are regarded as failures or disappointments two years later. They have the right skills and experience. They understand the company’s goals. So why didn’t they quickly excel in their new roles?

We analyzed employee relationships and communication patterns across more than 100 diverse companies and interviewed 160 executives in 20 of them. Our research points to one overlooked prerequisite (先决条件) for transition success: the effective use of internal networks. The people who are the most productive, innovative, and engaged in new roles — the “fast movers” — are those who establish extremely broad, mutually beneficial, uplifting connections from the start. Specifically, they surge rapidly into a broad network; identify how they add value, where they fall short, and who can fill the gaps; create scale; and shape their networks for maximum thriving.

In most cases, individual managers must do these things on their own. Only 43% of people surveyed said their organizations ensured that transitional employees were offered guidance and support. Only about a quarter said their employers encouraged them to build connections early or create networks to address skill gaps. But that should not be the case.

1. What does the author say about job moves in today’s society?

A．They are a boost to our career.	B．They require ability demonstration.
C．They may not produce good results.	D．They need to be guided by managers.

2. Why didn’t transitional executives succeed in their new roles?

A．They are inexperienced.	B．They lack the needed skills.
C．They misunderstand the company’s goals.	D．They fail to use internal networks effectively.

3. How does the author make his points convincing?

A．By using exact numbers.	B．By conducting surveys.
C．By making contrasts.	D．By listing examples.

4. What does the author think of the phenomenon in the last paragraph?

A．It’s common.	B．It’s unexpected.
C．It’s acceptable.	D．It’s unsurprising.

7 . It is a well-known fact that not all animals have the ability to instantly recognize themselves in the mirror. However, a few animals can recognize themselves, such as dolphins, Asian elephants, and of course humans! A species of fish with the ability to recognize itself in the mirror is commonly known as the cleaner fish.

Found in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, cleaner fish exist as “cleaning stations” for other fish (known as hosts). They “clean” the dead skin and parasites (寄生虫) from other fish. This is of benefit for cleaner fish, which get a meal, as well as for the other fish species, which are freed from parasites. Such a type of relationship is known as mutualism.

Recently, a group of scientists in Japan found that cleaner fish might have the ability to identify (识别) themselves in photographs! It was already known that cleaner fish could recognize themselves in mirrors and would attack unknown cleaner fish. So, the team wanted to test whether the same was seen in the case of photos as well.

Thus, the team of scientists showed four types of photos to the cleaner fish. The first type was a photo of themselves, while the second involved an unknown cleaner fish. The third type of picture was a photo of an unknown cleaner fish with the fish’s own face edited onto it. The fourth type of photo included its own body but with the face of an unknown cleaner fish.

They found that cleaner fish attacked only those photographs which did not have their own faces. This result was similar to the ability of humans to recognize each other based on their faces and not by their bodies.

This study suggests that self-awareness may be far more widespread among animals than scientists once thought. People shouldn’t be surprised that fish could have a sense of self given that they have already been shown to have complex behavior including tool use and planning.

1. What does the underlined word “mutualism” probably mean in paragraph 2?

A．A host-parasite relationship.	B．A master-servant relationship.
C．Dependence on each other.	D．Beneficial cleaning behavior.

2. What is the new finding about cleaner fish?

A．They can identify themselves in the mirror.

B．They can recognize themselves in the images.

C．They have the same sense of self as humans.

D．They have a better sense of self than some animals.

3. Which types of photos would cleaner fish most probably attack?

A．The first and second types.	B．The second and fourth types.
C．The first and third types.	D．The second and third types.

4. What is the author’s attitude toward the study?

A．Unclear.

B．Doubtful.

C．Supportive.

D．Unconcerned.

8 . Explore more in Thailand’s parts unknown

Thailand’s southern beaches attract travelers worldwide, but there’s more to explore in the Southeast Asian country.

Ban Krut for beach fans

In Ban Krut, travelers will find one of the cleanest and quietest white sandy beaches within driving distance of the capital, Bangkok. This sleepy seaside community, known mostly by locals, is a five-hour drive or six-hour train trip down the Gulf of Thailand. Don’t miss the great Wat Tang Sai, a Buddhist temple located on Thong Chai Mountain.

Lopburi for history lovers

Lopburi, one of Thailand’s oldest cities, is home to Khmer-era temples and the uncrowded ruins of King Narai’s Palace, which was built in the 1600s. It’s also known for the monkeys that gather at Phra Prang Sam Yot temple in the center of town. A tip: Keep a safe distance from the monkeys and hide anything you don’t want them to steal.

Cave (洞穴) for holiday hikers

Hiking trails, wetlands and forests make Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park a weekend adventure worthy of topping your Thailand to-do list. The park’s crown jewel is the amazing Phraya Nakhon Cave. Outdoorsy travelers can camp in a park or choose better rooms in the nearby tourist town of Hua Hin.

Car rental costs about $20 per day, and an international driver’s permit is required. You can also hire a driver at most major car rental companies, book a taxi or explore by train.

1. What do we know about Ban Krut?

A．It is a crowded tourist destination.

B．It is where Wat Tang Sai is located.

C．It is the cleanest and quietest beach.

D．It is known to the people nationwide.

2. What will happen if you get close to monkeys in Lopburi?

A．They might stare at you curiously.

B．They might suddenly hide themselves.

C．They might offer you a friendly wave.

D．They might take away your belongings.

3. Which of the following best suits people who enjoy adventures?

A．The Thong Chai Mountain.

B．The tourist town of Hua Hin.

C．The Phra Prang Sam Yot temple.

D．Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park.