3 . Though the spread of good reproduction (复制品) of works of art can be culturally valuable, museums continue to promote the special status of original work and highlight the authenticity (真实) of its exhibits. Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations on the kind of experience offered to visitors.

One limitation is related to the way the museum presents its exhibits. Art museums are often called “treasure houses”. We are reminded of this even before we view a collection by the presence of security guards who keep us away from the exhibits. In addition, a major collection like that of London’s National Gallery is housed in numerous rooms, where a single piece of work is likely to be worth more than all the average visitor possesses. In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one’s own relative “worthlessness” in such an environment.

Furthermore, consideration of the “value” of the original work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the viewer that since these works were originally produced, they have been assigned a huge value in terms of money by some person or institution more powerful than themselves. Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work is going to alter that value, and so today’s viewer is discouraged from trying to extend that spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of interpretation which would originally have met the work.

The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of seeing such a variety of paintings, drawings and sculptures brought together in an environment for which they were not originally created. This “displacement effect” is further heightened by the huge volume of exhibits. In the case of a major collection, there are probably more works on display than we could realistically view in weeks or even months.

This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms. A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which a painting is viewed. Operas, novels and poems are read in a prescribed time sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewing, or at which to finish. Thus art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating the richness of detail and labor that is involved.

Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialized academic approach devoted to “discovering the meaning” of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in harmony with the museum’s function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving “authentic”, “original” readings of the exhibits.

1. The writer mentions London’s National Gallery to illustrate ______.

A．the undesirable cost to a nation of maintaining a huge collection of art

B．the conflict that may arise in society between financial and artistic values

C．the negative effect a museum can have on visitors’ opinion of themselves

D．the need to put individual well-being above large-scale artistic schemes

2. The writer says that today viewers may be unwilling to criticize a work because they ______.

A．lack the knowledge needed

B．fear it may have financial implications

C．have no real concept of the work’s value

D．feel their personal reaction is of no significance

3. The writer says that unlike other forms of art, the appreciation of a painting does not ______.

A．involve direct contact with an audience

B．require a specific location for performance

C．need the involvement of other professionals

D．call for a specific beginning or ending

4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A．Original work: killer of artistic appreciation

B．Original work: reduction to value of art works

C．Original work: substitute for reproduction

D．Original work: art historians’ bread and butter

4 . Stories about the problems of tourism have been numerous in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile (脆弱的) environments and their local cultures can be ______. Indeed, as has happened with some Alpine villages，it can even be a(n) ______ for refreshing local cultures. And a growing number of adventure tourism ______ are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on combining tourism more effectively with the local ______. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays-d’Enhaut resulted in ______ being imposed on their growth. There has also been a new interest in cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a ______ source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by ______ companies, who employ temporary workers and send most of the profits back to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits increase ______. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the lands and watch local musicians and dancers.

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed ______ strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their towns and reservations to ______ high-quality handicrafts and artwork. Some have established highly profitable stoneware businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly ______ with jewelry.

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has spread through their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the ______ to the imbalance because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. ______, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to ______ their needs and desires with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are ______ that, with firm combined decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the normal status, rather than the exception.

1.

A．promoted

B．minimized

C．inherited

D．deleted

2.

A．vehicle

B．responsibility

C．example

D．entrance

3.

A．operators

B．professors

C．mayors

D．journalists

4.

A．committee

B．culture

C．scenery

D．economy

5.

A．views

B．burdens

C．limits

D．qualifications

6.

A．costly

B．critical

C．reliable

D．sensible

7.

A．responsible

B．native

C．thoughtful

D．outside

8.

A．locally

B．extensively

C．virtually

D．typically

9.

A．positive

B．personalized

C．similar

D．primary

10.

A．estimate

B．collect

C．appreciate

D．purchase

11.

A．relevant

B．successful

C．combined

D．impressed

12.

A．desire

B．solution

C．appeal

D．priority

13.

A．Instead

B．Moreover

C．However

D．Besides

14.

A．balance

B．meet

C．require

D．recognize

15.

A．complaining

B．mentioning

C．demonstrating

D．protesting

5 . Questions are based on the following passage.
1.

A．He is training to fly a single engine plane.	B．He hopes to be an international pilot.
C．He is not sure about his future plan.	D．He works for Air Canada.

2.

A．From his friends.	B．From his father.
C．From his training.	D．From his university.

3.

A．By attending special schools.

B．By getting a private license first.

C．By getting into an airline company first.

D．By passing a test for commercial license.

4.

A．His flying hours in total.	B．His interview performance.
C．His university degrees.	D．His private pilot license.

6 . Questions are based on the following passage.
1.

A．Photos of polar bears.

B．Photos heavily edited.

C．Photos of fine quality to appear in print.

D．Photos reflecting scientists’ working life.

2.

A．A year’s personal subscription to Nature is another award to winners.

B．Photos can be uploaded to Twitter with the tag ScientistAtWork.

C．Five winning photos will be published in one issue of Nature.

D．All entries have to be sent to photocompetition@Nature.com.

3.

A．To encourage people to work with scientists.

B．To attract people to participate in a contest.

C．To increase the sales of the magazine.

D．To teach people how to take pictures.

7 . Questions are based on the following passage.1.

A．Because no team invited him to play.	B．Because he stopped training for a while.
C．Because he appeared to be too tired.	D．Because he suffered from a disease.

2.

A．8.5.

B．19.2.

C．44.

D．53.

3.

A．Bosh’s great basketball career in NBA.

B．The regular training Bosh took in NBA.

C．Bosh’s repeated desire to return to NBA.

D．The reason why Bosh couldn’t play at NBA.

8 . A cliché is a phrase that has been used so many times that it comes out of the mouth or the computer without stirring up a wave in the mind of the speaker, the typist, the listener or the reader. The word was part of the technical term of the French printing trade in the 19th century, the name for a plate used in the printing process, and it is still used with that meaning in English and other languages. By the middle of the same century, the word was being used in French, shortly followed by English, as a simile (比喻) for ____ used expressions.

Clichés can be ____ according to whether they were originally idioms, similes and proverbs, expressions from trades or ____ phrases.

Many idioms have been so universally overused that they have been ____ — phrases like far and wide, by leaps and bounds or safe and sound. Our second category could be similes and proverbs that now fall off the ____ with little meaning, similes like as cool as a cucumber, which ____ around 400 years.

A large category is ____ from the terms of trades and professions, sports and games, and other national concerns. Many are ____ clichés, as is fitting for the British, as an island nation, with examples like to leave a sinking ship, to know the ropes, to stick to one’s guns.

Our last broad category of cliché might be phrases which were ____ when they were first coined, but have become ineffective through constant use. When a football manager, asked how he felt about the____ of his team, said that he was as sick as a parrot. Since then, it has been so overused that it has lost its ____. To explore every avenue and to leave no stone unturned are two political clichés of this class. No politician with any sensitivity for language could use either of those phrases ____, yet you hear them still, all the time.

No doubt we could specify the classes of clichés into further subdivisions until the cows come home. But there is no need to. We all agree that clichés are to be ____ by careful writers and speakers at all times, don’t we? Well, actually, no, not I. Life, and language, are so full of clichés that silence will hold the position if you ____ us the use of cliché. So many millions of people have spoken and written clichés so ____ that it is almost impossible to find ideas and phrases that have not been used many times before.

1.

A．occasionally

B．frequently

C．technically

D．grammatically

2.

A．confirmed

B．quoted

C．inferred

D．classified

3.

A．invented

B．customized

C．recognized

D．underlined

4.

A．highlighted

B．tailored

C．weakened

D．enriched

5.

A．nose

B．eyes

C．lips

D．forehead

6.

A．dates back

B．catches on

C．takes shape

D．gives out

7.

A．detected

B．drawn

C．excluded

D．initiated

8.

A．remote

B．temperate

C．urban

D．oceanic

9.

A．boring

B．striking

C．entertaining

D．annoying

10.

A．expense

B．punishment

C．defeat

D．age

11.

A．origin

B．shine

C．statue

D．humour

12.

A．seriously

B．fluently

C．flexibly

D．properly

13.

A．adjusted

B．adapted

C．adopted

D．avoided

14.

A．deny

B．allow

C．forbid

D．promise

15.

A．casually

B．decently

C．reluctantly

D．ceaselessly