1 . Our internal body clock has such a great impact on sporting ability that it could change the chances of Olympic gold, say researchers. The team at the University of Birmingham showed performance times varied by 26% throughout the day. Early risers reached their athletic peak around lunchtime, while night owls were the best in the evening.
The body clock controls everything in a daily rhythm. Some aspects of sporting ability were thought to peak in early afternoon but a study in the journal Current Biology suggests each competitor’s sleeping habits have a powerful impact.
They took 20 female hockey players and asked them to perform a series of 20 meters runs in shorter and shorter times. And they did it at six different times of day between 07:00 and 22 :00. The results showed a peak performance in late afternoon, but then the scientists looked separately at early-type people, late-type people and those in the middle.
This time the gap between the best and worst times was 26%, and a far more complicated picture emerged: Larks-or early risers-peaked at 12:00；Intermediate types peaked just before 16:00；Owls-or late types-peaked not long before 20:00.
Lead researcher Dr Roland Brandstaetter told the BBC News website, “Athletes and coaches would benefit greatly if they knew when the best and most suitable performance time was.” He said a 1% difference in performance would be the difference between the fourth place and a medal in many Olympic events. Body clocks can be adjusted. Jet lag is when you feel uncomfortable before adjusting to a new time. “So if you’re an early type in a competition in the evening, you could adjust sleeping times to the competition,” Dr Brandstaetter said.
Dr Brandstaetter said this provided an important lesson for talent-spotting. “It takes place more or less in adolescents, but we know half of them are owls, yet almost all cases of talent-spotting are during the school hours,” he said.
“That is when they are in the range of 70%-80% of peak performance, so we are missing out on a huge number of high performers by testing at the wrong time of day.” Commenting on the findings, Dr Thomas Kantermann, from the University of Groningen and the scientific manager of the Chrono City project in Germany, told BBC, “The study adds to our understanding about the importance of body clocks and internal time in physical performance. “Only by taking internal time into account can true and fair assessments of human performance become possible.”
1. The passage mainly discuss the relation between_______ and ______.| A．sport performance and body clock |
| B．academic test results and health of adolescents |
| C．how much one sleeps and which sports one plays |
| D．health of adolescents and sport performance |
| A．Owls couldn’t get a good sleep at night. |
| B．Early risers usually go to sleep on time. |
| C．Larks tend to perform better during lunchtime. |
| D．Intermediate types are of average level in sports. |
| A．By taking part in more sports events. |
| B．By changing their time for sleeping. |
| C．By taking the sports in the evening. |
| D．By adjusting their jet lags. |
| A．how to fit in the school hours |
| B．how to get a good sleep at night |
| C．how to reach peak performance in events |
| D．how to find out talents among adolescents |
Hangzhou is recognized as the “City of Well-Being” in China. Hangzhou made its name
The lifestyle, however, was laid down by two historical men of letters. One was Bai Juyi,
Surely, it will be even more brilliant in 2023 when it hosts the 19th Asian Games. Let’s look forward to it.
3 . The daughter of a romantic poet and occasional freedom fighter, Ada Lovelace had a famous but absent father. She never knew Lord Byron, as just weeks after her birth in 1815, he divorced her mother Isabella Milbanke Byron and left to fight in the Greek War of Independence. In an effort to prevent Ada from developing her father’s unpredictable temper, Isabella decided that her daughter should devote her life to study.
Ada studied hard despite the fact that society did not encourage women pursuing interests in science. Her life changed when she met inventor Charles Babbage at a party. As he demonstrated a working section of his mechanical calculator, Ada was taken in by how it worked and wanted to know more. Impressed by the 17-year-old’s obvious passion, Babbage became her tutor. Ada married in 1835 and became a mother, but she continued to take an active interest in study, socialising in intellectual circles with the likes of Charles Dickens and Michael Faraday.
Ada stayed in contact with Babbage, who in 1837 had proposed a new machine, the analytical engine. In 1843, Ada was asked to translate a French text written by engineer Luigi Menabrea about Babbage’s new design. After completing the translation, Ada was encouraged by Babbage to write her own notes on his work.
After nine months of hard work, Ada presented Babbage with a detailed list of notes that was three times longer than the original article. In her calculations, Ada wrote what are considered the first ever computer algorithms to be used in a new type of machine. She essentially provided the first ideas for computer programming in what was a groundbreaking proposal on the potential of computers.
Ada died of cancer aged only 36 and her work was largely recognised until the 1950s when her notes were republished. In 1979 the US Department of Defence named a programming language ‘Ada’ in her honour.
1. What can we learn about Ada from the first paragraph?| A．She had a devoted father. | B．Her mother raised her up alone. |
| C．She had an unpredictable temper. | D．Her parents divorced before her birth. |
| A．Charles Dickens. | B．Michael Faraday. |
| C．Luigi Menabrea. | D．Charles Babbage. |
| A．Modest and outgoing. | B．Talented and diligent. |
| C．Generous and considerate. | D．Determined and independent. |
| A．Ada’s notes were published only once. |
| B．Ada named a programming language after herself. |
| C．Ada earned a reputation nearly a century after her death. |
| D．Ada’s work was largely recognized when she was alive. |
It was a chilly Friday night, and I had just returned from climbing one of the red rocks of Sedona. My father telephoned me as I walked through the arches to my dorm room and told me that my mother had been in a terrible car crash and had been taken to the intensive care unit (重症监护病房) of a nearby hospital.
When I got to the hospital, my father led me down a wide hallway with machines all around. A strong smell of medicine brought a sick feeling to my already tuning stomach. As I turned into my mother’s ward, the cadaverous (形容枯槁的) condition of her body shocked me. Her face had swollen, her eyes had huge dark bruise, and she had tubes down her throat and in her arms. Gently holding her cold swollen hands, I said “hi” in a calm voice, controlling my urge to cry out.
She kept looking at me as she pounded her hand against the bed, looking painful. I turned my face away from her, trying to hide the tears that were rolling down my face. That was when it struck me that I really might lose my mother.
From that night on, my life completely changed. Up to that point, I’d had the luxury of just being a kid, having to deal with only the exaggerated melodramas of teenage life. As my mother struggled first to stay alive and then to relearn to walk, my sense of priorities changed sharply. My mother needed me. The trials and trouble of my daily life at school, which had seemed so important before, now appeared insignificant. My mother and I had faced death together, and life took on a new meaning for both of us.
After a week of treatment in intensive care, my mother’s condition improved enough to be moved to a regular hospital ward. She was finally out of danger but, because her legs had been crushed, there was doubt whether she would be able to walk again. I was just grateful that she was alive. Two months later, a sort of hospital suite was set up in our family room, and she was allowed to come home.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右：
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
My mother’s return home was a blessing for us all, but it meant some unaccustomed responsibilities for me.
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My mother’s reliance on me changed our relationship.
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The two kids were whispering. Their dad, Jason, could hear them, but they didn’t know that. Jason listened intently.
”…and now I can’t sleep,” he heard his daughter say. “It’s okay, Ashley. Mom and Dad are sleeping. I’ll help you,” Todd said. “Thanks,” said Ashley.
Jason silently opened his bedroom door. His wife was asleep, and he decided not to wake her up. He watched as the two slinked (溜) down the stairs. He followed, unseen, unheard. The kids went to the living room. He watched as his son, Todd, put a blanket on the floor. He watched as Todd arranged the couch pillows on the blanket, against the couch. Ashley sat on the blanket and held her favorite teddy bear.
“I’ll be right back,” whispered Todd. Jason held still as Todd went to the kitchen. He quietly watched as Todd carefully made two peanut butter and jelly-sandwiches. And he watched as Todd went back to the living room and sweetly handed his sister a sandwich. Ashley gave Todd a smile. Jason wondered what show the kids would watch on television so late at night. He decided to find out before making his presence known. He did not expect to see what he saw next.
Ashley turned on a small flashlight. Todd picked up a book that Jason hadn’t noticed before. One of the two had carried it downstairs. “Okay Ashley, this was one of my favorites when I was little,” said Todd. Jason smiled in his hiding place in the dark. Todd was only nine. He watched, unable and not wanting to look away, Todd read in a voice just above a whisper while Ashley sat and listened and very quietly chewed. Her head rested on her brother’s shoulder, and she looked so peaceful. Could these really be the same children who had been fighting only a few hours earlier?
Todd read another book, which Jason had also not seen earlier. Then Todd said, “That’s all we can do, Ashley. My teacher said we have to get at least eight hours of sleep. Give me a second to eat my sandwich, okay?”
注意：1. 续写词数应为150个左右。
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Jason saw the brother was making sure that he did what his teacher said.
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Jason went quietly into his room and opened his journal.
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Missy was absolutely my best friend in the whole world. We had known each other since first grade, and we literally did everything together. We frequently visited each other’s homes, we knew each other’s families like they were our own. The interesting thing about our relationship, however the fact was that the older we got, the more our values seemed to differ. We still enjoyed a lot of the same things, but I was a bit more settled while she loved being associated with popular people and things. Although she was basically a good person, she had no problem with forcing things to go her way.
Perhaps this is why it seemed that her family actually trusted me more than they trusted her. So, on the day when Missy showed up at my house with a huge dent (凹痕) in her father’s car, I knew that we were in for a troublesome time.
She had banged the car into a tree while out that day, and she knew her father was going to have an explanation. So she stopped by my house in order to make up a story that would lessen her father’s rage. Missy decided to tell him that while in a parking lot, someone must have backed into the car and dented it. Looking at the dent with some crashed leaves and bark still sticking there, I attempted to perish (打消) her thought. “I don’t think your father will buy it.” “ Don’t worry,” she insisted,“even if my dad doesn’t trust me, he’ll trust you.” My role was to confirm for her. Now keep in mind that I had strong objections to lying and I wanted absolutely nothing to do with the situation. I loved her parents just like my own, and I did not want to be a party to this lie that Missy was creating. Nevertheless, after much request and a general questioning of my loyalty to our friendship, I decided that the least I could do was to act as a silent witness. That way, I wasn’t actually lying; I just wasn’t telling the full truth.
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Paragraph 1: An hour or so later, we presented Missy’s father with the car and the inquiry began.
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Paragraph 2: Her father looked at me with great disbelief.
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7 . A new study reveals new clues about the subtle(微妙的) but previously poorly understood evolutionary dance happening between temperatures and changes in the size of animal body parts. The new research offers important insights about how birds may adapt to the rapid rise in temperatures driven by global climate change.
For the study in Nature Communications, the researchers looked at nearly 7, 000 species of terrestrial non migratory birds—which is nearly two-thirds of all bird species—and focused on how bird species has evolved in ambient temperature(温度的梯度) and other factors of selection.
Two widely accepted “rules” in biology indicate that as local temperatures change, animals are likely to adjust heat transfer capabilities by changing the size of their bodies and extremities(四肢).
Biologist Carl Bergmann’s rule states that colder climates spawn bigger bodies because they help keep heat while smaller bodies help shed it. As a result, a polar bear is more than 2 1/2 times as tall at the shoulder as a sun bear from equatorial regions.
Zoologist Joel Asaph Allen’s rule deals with extremities, such as limbs, ears, and beaks, stating that animals in colder climates tend to have smaller extremities because extremities tend to have more surface than volume and are uniquely suited to shed heat. For example, arctic hares have evolved short legs and ears, whereas desert jackrabbits have evolved very longlegs and ears.
“The problem is that everything we know about ecology tells us that changing the size of bodies and extremities can be problematic,” says lead author Carlos Botero, an associate professor of integrative biology at the University of Texas at Austin.
For example, if body size decreases, birds may not be able to hunt the same food as their ancestors. Similarly, if the average size or shape of a bill changes, birds may become less efficient foragers(觅食者) or have trouble producing typical mating calls.
It is not surprising that many prior studies have failed to find evidence for these predictions and that these so-called biological rules are currently controversial. The new study could clarify that debate by showing that although the patterns that Bergmann and Allen predicted occur in the wild, the two separate mechanisms complement each other.
1. What is the new study about?| A．The two rules proposed by previous researchers. |
| B．The differences between animals in cold and warm areas. |
| C．The effect global climate change has on animals’ foraging. |
| D．The way birds evolve in response to the rising temperature. |
| A．make for | B．bring in | C．arise from | D．wipeout |
| A．bigger bodies and longer legs. | B．bigger bodies and shorter legs. |
| C．smaller bodies and longer legs. | D．smaller bodies and shorter legs. |
| A．The two rules with separate mechanisms are contradictory. |
| B．The new study combines the prior studies and the two rules. |
| C．The new study provides supporting evidence for the two rules. |
| D．The two rules show animals change the body size to keep heat |
8 . The idea that the normal human body temperature is about 37℃ was first presented by the German physician Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich in 1851. Since then, it’s become so widely accepted that it serves as a touchstone for health—a diagnostic tool used by physicians and parents as a basic indicator of whether someone is sick or well. However, it turns out that this well-established fact isn’t, in fact, correct—or, to put it more accurately, human beings have been getting cooler over the years.
Recent studies have shown that temperature records of groups of people have tended to run low compared to the accepted norm (标准), so the Stanford team, led by Julie Par-sonnet,MD, professor of medicine and of health research and policy, decided to do a more in-depth study to compare modern measurements with historical records to try to identify body temperature trends and, perhaps, uncover the reason why this cooling is happening.
For their research, the Stanford team looked at three distinct data sets from two historical periods. After going through 677,423 temperature measurements, the team found that men born in the 21st century had an average body temperature of 0.6℃ lower than that of those born in the early 19th century while modern women showed an average decrease of 0.03℃ compared to those born in the 1890s.
As to why this is happening, the researchers say that the most likely mechanism is a reduction in the human metabolic rate (代谢率) due to environmental factors: One possibility is that improvements in public health over 200 years have reduced the incidence of inflammations (炎症),which promote metabolism. This combined with people living more comfortable lives in more stable environments means that the body doesn’t have to work as hard to stay warm, so the average temperature falls.
”The environment that we’re living in has changed, including the temperature in our homes, our contact with microorganisms (微生物) and the food that we have access to. All these things mean that although we consider human beings as the same for all of human evolution, we’re not the same. We’re actually changing physiologically,” Parsonnet said.
1. What is Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich’s achievement?| A．He set up standards for human health services. |
| B．He predicted trends in human body temperature. |
| C．He first used body temperature as a health indicator. |
| D．He proposed the standard human body temperature. |
| A．It shows women have a lower body temperature than men. |
| B．It proves human body temperature has dropped at a faster rate. |
| C．It compared historical and current human body temperature data. |
| D．It suggested updating the definition of the average body temperature. |
| A．The improved living conditions. |
| B．The contact with other creatures. |
| C．The decline in physically demanding work. |
| D．The adaptation of humans to climate change. |
| A．What exactly is normal human body temperature? |
| B．Why does human body temperature need measuring? |
| C．Human body temperature has decreased over the years |
| D．Human body temperature changes with the environment |
9 . I was 10 years into my career, happily working at my research as a biology professor, when something unusual happened and I had to
It was hard to drop a research program that had defined my career and fueled (激发) my passions. To
My students were
This changed the way I
Some
What I really wanted my students to do was to develop their own inventiveness and
| A．add | B．shift | C．return | D．narrow |
| A．keep away from | B．look back on | C．get down to | D．stay close to |
| A．holding | B．preparing | C．expecting | D．ignoring |
| A．However | B．Besides | C．Otherwise | D．Therefore |
| A．moved | B．patient | C．bored | D．comfortable |
| A．hidden | B．reflected | C．lost | D．found |
| A．lived | B．thought | C．searched | D．taught |
| A．analyzing | B．drawing | C．editing | D．memorizing |
| A．hoped | B．hesitated | C．decided | D．pretended |
| A．attitudes | B．tasks | C．methods | D．plans |
| A．angrily | B．jokingly | C．proudly | D．passionately |
| A．excited | B．curious | C．inspired | D．grateful |
| A．concentration | B．observation | C．invention | D．devotion |
| A．show off | B．tap into | C．depend on | D．check out |
| A．performance | B．progress | C．creativity | D．adventure |
10 . Whether someone makes you angry, you’re upset with yourself, or you’re just having a bad day, one of the best ways to direct your angry energy is through exercise. That angry energy can build inside of you.
Running is a very effective technique to calm anxieties. The focus it takes to run and the endorphins your body releases will take your mind off whatever is frustrating you. Be sure to adequately warm up and stretch before you run!
A challenging yoga practice is a great way to control your anger to help you get through it. You may be so frustrated that getting started in a yoga practice may seem impossible.
Cycling is a serious cardiovascular (心血管的) workout and you can use your anger to help you push through the difficulty of it. When you go for a ride outdoors, the extra focus it takes to navigate the outside world can provide a helpful distraction from your frustration.
| A．It’s advisable to find a scenic route. |
| B．Be sure to obey traffic laws and wear a helmet. |
| C．Boxing is a great way to relieve your frustration. |
| D．Joining a class can help take the thinking out of it. |
| E．Watch out for any moving cars while you’re running. |
| F．Breathe deeply while practicing yoga and your anger will fade. |
| G．Working it out is an effective way to channel your rage into movement. |
