1 . In these times of worldwide communications, science is no different from other professions in that English is now the established “universal” language. Like it or not, most scientific reports are published in English, although some countries also have journals that are published in their native languages. But how did English develop into the dominant language of scientific discourse (会话)? Was it a joint decision or did it happen progressively and “accidentally”? And was it a positive move for all?

Arabic was used in all countries with an Islamic culture in the middle ages, while in Europe Latin was used for communication in science and education until the 17th century. During the Enlightenment, Latin lost favour as it was thought to be too complicated. Instead, scientific communication became more “provincial”; German, French, Italian and English were used in their respective countries and colonies, with different languages being more important in different disciplines — German, for instance, was widely used in physics, chemistry and some aspects of medicine and psychology. The relative use of these languages changed through history, reflecting the relative growth and decline of science, culture and economics in these countries. Thus, the use of French predominated in the 18th century, whereas German was most widespread in the 19th and English dominated the 20th. Social upheaval (剧变) also played a role — the use of French declined dramatically after World War I, whereas that of German increased in parallel until World War II. After World War II, and especially in the past 30 years, English progressively established itself as the primary language for scientific communication as America came to dominate both basic research and technology. In the 1920s the need for a universal language of science was debated, and a synthetic language, Esperanto, was developed but never widely used.

Despite the obvious appeal of having a common language that allows scientists around the world to communicate with one another, there can indeed be some drawbacks in using English for all communication — non-native English speakers can be at a disadvantage compared with native speakers when it comes to expressing and highlighting the interest of their papers and communicating with editors and referees. Careful copy editing can tackle the problem of accessibility of accepted manuscripts, but upstream of this stage it is down to all parties to ensure that they evaluate work on its scientific merit rather than its proper use of grammar.

The use of a universal language for communication in science is unavoidable as one obvious advantage is that findings can be more widely accessed, and resisting this concept for the sake of cultural difference would seem to be anything but productive. However, the use of national language and less technical language is useful in communicating science to the general public, as is the case with the Nature gateways in Japanese, Chinese, Korean and German.

1. Which of the following does NOT contribute to the changes of languages in science through history?

A．Scientific development.	B．Cultural influence.
C．Economic climate.	D．Social communication.

2. The downside of using English for all scientific communication involves          .

A．some scientific work being undervalued due to its improper use of grammar

B．acknowledged manuscripts sometimes not being accessed with enough care

C．editors and referees’ failure to communicate with the authors of the papers

D．non-native English speakers being unable to express what interests them well

3. What can we infer from the last paragraph？

A．Creating a universal language in scientific communication is inevitable.

B．A universal language enables more people to read about scientific findings.

C．Cultural difference adds to the difficulty in increasing scientific productivity.

D．Ordinary people also benefit from the use of technical language in science.

4. Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?

A．Universal Language Established	B．Universal Language of Science
C．Breaking the Language Barrier	D．Breaking the Language Dominance

2 . ________by the belief that every life has equal value, the foundation works to help people lead healthy, and productive lives.

A．Guiding

B．To be guided

C．Guided

D．Being guided

5 . Once again, Jeff could interact with the dolphins and find affection in return.        

A．Little he dreamed how severely his love could be tested.

B．Little has he dreamed how severely his love will be tested.

C．Little dreamed he how severely his love would be tested.

D．Little did he dream how severely his love would be tested.

6 . As the Chinese saying goes, “Meat pies won’t just fall from the sky on________happens to be lucky enough to be living below.”

A．who

B．anyone

C．whoever

D．whomever

7 . By the end of last December, the National Aquatic Center, also________the “Water Cube”, ________into an “Ice Cube” for the upcoming Beijing Winter Olympics.

A．was referred to as … transformed

B．referred to as … was transformed

C．was referred to as … being transformed

D．referred to as … had been transformed

9 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.

How language transformed humanity

Language is very probably the one characteristic that separates us from the chimpanzees, our closest relatives. All other major differences between us likely stem from language. “It allows you to implant (植入) a thought from your mind directly into someone else’s mind”, says Mark Pagel, professor and head of the Evolution Laboratory at the University of Reading.

Humans use discrete (分离的) pulses of sound—their language—    1    (alter) the internal settings inside someone else’s brain to suit an individual’s interests. Language is a form of social learning instead of something     2    (pursue) all by oneself.

Social learning is visual theft: for example, if I can learn by watching you, I can steal (and benefit from) your best ideas, wisdom or skills without having to invest the time and energy to develop these     3    .

There are two options for dealing with this crisis: either return into small family groups so the benefits of each group’s knowledge     4    (share) only with one’s relatives or expand one’s group to include unrelated others.    5    our relatives, the Neanderthals, who withdrew into small groups, humans chose the second option, and language was the result.

“Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft and to exploit cooperation and exchange”, says Professor Pagel.

In fact, as Professor Pagel argues, language is a “social technology”     6    (allow) for cooperation between unrelated individuals and groups. According to the archaeological record, it was this cooperation and sharing of ideas     7    came before human migration around the planet and the following human population explosion.

But almost incomprehensibly, thousands of languages evolved. So just     8    a shared language facilitates communication and cooperation between unrelated groups, different languages slow the flow of ideas, technologies—and even genes.

“Can humans afford to have all these different languages?” asks Professor Pagel. In a world     9    we want to promote cooperation, in a world that is more dependent than ever on cooperation to maintain and enhance humanity’s levels of prosperity, multiple languages     10    not be practical.

In fact, humanity’s “destiny is to be one world with one language”, concludes Professor Pagel.

10 . Small tour groups from countries________ coronavirus infections are well under control are welcome here

A．in which

B．when

C．that

D．from which