4 . The specific cultural values of a country may determine whether concern about environmental issues actually leads individuals to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors, according to research published in Psychological Science.

Kimin Eom, a psychological scientist of the University of California, Santa Barbara, was inspired to investigate the links between culture, environmental concern, and environmental action after noticing that both public discussion and academic research on environmental behavior typically focus on people from Western countries. It is worth noticing because Western countries tend to have cultural values that prioritize individuals’ own attitudes and beliefs and encourage expression of them.

“The theory seemed to be that once individuals are led to believe in the urgency of environmental issues and have stronger concerns about sustainability (持续性), they will change and act to address the issues,” explains Eom. But this relationship might not hold for individuals living in more collectivistic (集体主义的) societies, which place more emphasis on social harmony and uniformity than on self-expression, Eom and his team assumed.

To examine what drives environmental action in individualistic and collectivistic cultures, the researchers conducted a study with participants from the United States (an individualistic culture) and Japan (a collectivistic culture). They found environmental concern was closely connected with environmental behavior — in this case, choosing environmentally friendly products — but only among American participants. On the other hand, believing that a large percentage of people engage in environmentally friendly behaviors was associated with making eco-friendly choices among Japanese participants, but not American participants.

The findings suggest that personal concerns are more likely to motivate people to take environmental action if they live in individualistic countries, while social norms (准则) are more likely to drive people to engage in environmentally friendly behavior if they live in collectivistic countries.

“Getting citizens actively engaged is critical to addressing urgent social challenges, such as climate change,” says Eom. “Our research suggests that scientists, policymakers, and activists need to understand how culture shapes the psychological factors of action to develop policies, campaigns, and interventions (干预) that address important social issues.”

1. What does Eom find about previous research on environmental behavior?

A．Its study participants are too limited.

B．Its results need a while to be achieved.

C．It prioritizes individuals’ attitudes and beliefs.

D．It draws much evidence from public discussion.

2. Under which condition will a Japanese man most likely take environmental action?

A．If he sees many others do so.

B．If he is affected by collectivistic values.

C．If he moves to an individualistic country.

D．If he worries about the environment personally.

3. What does Eom say about their research in the last paragraph?

A．It fails to take participants’ psychological factors into account.

B．It encourages scientists and policymakers to make joint efforts.

C．It has a further study direction towards urgent social challenges.

D．It provides insights into promoting public engagement in social issues.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．Social Norms Play a Part in Addressing Pollution

B．Environmental Issues Originate from National Cultures

C．Motivating Eco-Friendly Behaviors Depends on Cultural Values

D．More Environmental Concerns Usually Mean More Green Action

6 . Influential Art

Sheila Metzner: From Life Jan. 20, 2024-Feb. 25, 2024 This exhibition celebrates the artistic skill of the internationally respected American photographer Sheila Metzner. Her unique style integrates aspects of Pictorialism andModernism to create an aesthetic (美感),which not only stands out in the history of photography but also becomes very closely associated with the best of 1980’s fashion,beauty and decorative arts trends.

William Blake: Visionary Jan. 17, 2024-Feb. 24, 2024 A remarkable printmaker, painter, and poet, William Blake (1757-1827) developed a very wildly unconventional world view. By combining his poetry and images on the page through unique drawing techniques, Blake created some of British art’s most striking and lasting imagery. This major international loan exhibition explores the artist-poet’s imaginative world through his most celebrated works.

Alfredo Boulton: Looking at Venezuela (1928-1978) Daily, through Jan.16, 2024 Alfredo Boulton was one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century inLatin America and an influential photographer of the modern period. Through his large collection of works, Boulton generated a new cultural definition of Venezuela. This exhibition explores Boulton’s wonderful photography, his relationships with modern artists and his influence on the formalization of art history in his country.

Eugèn e Atget: Highlights from the Mary & Dan Solomon Collection Daily, through Jan. 25, 2024 Around the turn of the 20th century,photographer Eugène Atget broke new artistic ground. Walking at dawn with his heavy camera, he photographed the soul of Paris and its surrounding areas by focusing on its old alleyways, shop fronts, architectural details,staircases and street sellers. This focused exhibition features highlights from the artist’s work, which continues to influence quite a few photographers today.

1. What did Sheila Metzner and Alfredo Boulton have in common?

A．They shaped artistic expression.

B．T hey explored cultural diversity.

C．They photographed American life.

D．They focused on modern photography.

2. What is Eugène Atget’s photography mainly about?

A．French fashions.	B．Natural landscapes.
C．Architectural designs.	D．Urban street scenes.

3. Which exhibition is suitable for whoever studies words and images?

A．William Blake: Visionary.

B．S heila M etzner:F rom L ife.

C．A lfredo B oulton:L ooking at Venezuela(1928–1978).

D．E ugène A tget: H ighlights from the Mary & Dan Solomon Collection.

7 . I found a wonderful picture of Maolan karst cones online and presented it to the innkeeper. “You can’t go there,” the innkeeper ______ me. “The viewing platform has been closed due to ______ that too many visitors could cause geological damage.”

Despite our disappointment, we ______ an alternative: a seven-hour hike through the “funnel forest”. Initially, we were ______ to run the risk. However, I had ______ the tourism motto in the nature reserve: “If you don’t do it now, you won’t do it in your lifetime.” Three of our group ______ decided to venture into the forest. The innkeeper responded with a knowing ______ : “Great. Bear Grylls went there.”

The next morning, we set off with a local ______ . Rain came and went three times, and before I actually ______ to climb over the first mountain, I had already got wet to the skin. I was a walking ______ of mud and water.

Our guide, in his 50s, behaved like a botanist, introducing the locally specific plants to us, but I was hardly in the ______ . Every step sank into the muddy, sucking ground. Every log or rock in front of us was a physical ______ . “One can never reach those places without strong willpower,” I murmured, reciting that millennium-old ______ , over and over again.

Sinkholes and entrances to underground rivers kept popping up along our ______ . Thinking of them leading to an unknown world, I began to ______ the road that I can control even more.

Wandering in a green chaos without any obvious landmarks is also breathtaking.

1.

A．answered

B．told

C．followed

D．favored

2.

A．news

B．matters

C．concerns

D．conclusions

3.

A．worked out

B．took in

C．set down

D．ruled out

4.

A．unwilling

B．surprised

C．calm

D．inspired

5.

A．forgotten

B．promoted

C．interpreted

D．noticed

6.

A．shortly

B．lately

C．eventually

D．suddenly

7.

A．taste

B．tone

C．smile

D．sigh

8.

A．botanist

B．keeper

C．farmer

D．guide

9.

A．managed

B．decided

C．planned

D．agreed

10.

A．visitor

B．mixture

C．log

D．stranger

11.

A．eagerness

B．mood

C．humor

D．pity

12.

A．contact

B．energy

C．activity

D．challenge

13.

A．prediction

B．line

C．deal

D．secret

14.

A．route

B．landmark

C．platform

D．rock

15.

A．guarantee

B．ignore

C．doubt

D．appreciate

8 . People tend to use trees for papermaking. But maybe electronics (电子) engineers are missing out on something here. “It turns out that two major building blocks of wood have a lot of electrical qualities,” says Magnus Berggren, a professor at Linköping University.

His team has been working to make parts for electronics from the forest. Right now, they’re focusing on two materials of trees. The first material is cellulose, which can make energy. Lignin, the second material, can store that energy, just as a battery does. The team has found when pressed, cellulose can produce electricity.

Some device must then store the electricity until it’s needed. Batteries can do this. But batteries aren’t very green. They have harmful materials. That’s where lignin comes in.

Batteries cause electrons to flow from one place to another, which can produce electricity. In a typical battery, one material must give electrons. The other must accept them. Lignin can do both. A weak acid (酸) encourages lignin to produce electrons. “With a metal wire (金属线) to guide those electrons, you’ll have electricity,” says Berggren.

Berggren’s team use this quality to create its new lignin-based battery. Typical batteries use a metal wire as a path to guide the flow of electrons into or out of the device. But since Berggren wants to make a battery of the forest, he looks for a natural way. Once again, he turns to cellulose.

This natural material can serve as a wire-like path for electrons. To make it work well, Berggren lines them with another chemical known as PEDOT, which isn’t from a tree. But when PEDOT is added to cellulose, they can conduct electricity like a wire. “With a weak acid, now you have a battery,” Berggren says. “And two of its three materials come from the forest.”

Berggren can imagine one day having mobile phone batteries made largely from forest products. Tree-based electronics might also be useful in lighting.

1. What is cellulose used to do in the study?

A．Act as a weak acid.	B．Collect rainwater.
C．Produce electricity.	D．Make quality paper.

2. Which best describes the new battery?

A．Well-received.

B．Eco-friendly.

C．Harmful.

D．Heavy.

3. What can we expect of tree-based electronics?

A．They may change farming practices.	B．They might save a lot of wood.
C．They would serve the elderly.	D．They could light the rooms.

4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A．A Green Way to Make and Store Energy	B．An Attempt to Raise Power Production
C．Practical Suggestions on Planting Trees	D．Recent Advances in Mobile Phones