1 . Life affects (影响) friendships. As we grow, marry, fight in wars, move across the country or change jobs, old friendships fall away and new ones come. As long as we live, the things around us change, and as long as things change, friendships are affected.
When we were children, we had best friends. No matter what happened we were still friends. We live our lives, however, and do what life calls for us to do, and as we got older, memories are lost, faces get changed, and even friends’ names from childhood are forgotten.
Do you have a question about friendship? Do you wonder what to do with a friend who is no longer friendly? Perhaps you will see that you can’t control others. If someone wants to be your friend, it is their choice. All you can do is treat them well and do the best for them when you are with them. Then you wish them well when they leave.
You can talk to old timers and they will tell you that life is full of unbelievable joy and unbelievable sorrow, and that what bothers you today will one day becomes a memory and the pain will be gone. Seniors might tell you that you will learn more as you get older. They will tell you that friendships come and friendships go. Sometimes when they go it will hurt, but you will be okay with it. It’s the way life works, after all.
1. What can we learn about friendship, according to the text?| A．Friendship can not be easily affected by one’s family. |
| B．Friends are always around us and will never go away. |
| C．Friends in childhood are sometimes forgotten by us. |
| D．Friends in childhood are the best no matter what happens. |
| A．Care about them and do the best for them when we are together. |
| B．Forget them and make new friends who have a lot in common with us. |
| C．Find the reason why our friendship has changed. |
| D．Do our best to control them and make them listen to us. |
| A．make you have no good friends |
| B．help you have healthy understanding of friendship |
| C．remind you to always help your friends |
| D．lead you to be a powerful man |
| A．How to share happiness with friends |
| B．How to deal with unfriendly people |
| C．How to make good friends |
| D．How to face the changes in friendship |
2 . Natural. High quality. Unique.
That's Almased.
 Selected ingredients (原料), an exceptional mix and production process: that's how we create the unique Almased effect. ➢Combination of ingredients that's more effective than individual nutrients (营养物质). ➢No artificial flavourings, fillers or sweeteners. ➢Supports fat-burning during digestion. ➢Supports resistance to common diseases. |
Many products promise what only Almased can deliver. In order to achieve the unique Almased effect, it takes more than just mixing soy, yogurt and honey. The recipe for our Almased powder is as simple as it is unique: high-quality and natural soy, honey and yogurt. SOY｜The high-quality non-GMO soy (非转基因大豆) used in Almased is an environmentally friendly, sustainable source of plant protein. A single serving of Almased supplies 27 grams of protein. HONEY｜Unlike most regular honey, which is heat-treated, the raw honey in Almased is bursting with freshness even after it is canned. The honey's natural ingredients are still living and active when you open the can. YOGURT｜Cows that are naturally fed can even in turn encourage grass growth. This is why Almased sources its milk and yogurt from happy cows in Ireland and northern Germany, where they live in green grasslands. Being a natural product, Almased has a very plain taste and can be prepared in many different ways. Whether you like it sweet or fruity, there are no limits to how you flavour it. This ensures Almased doesn't get boring and suits your personal taste perfectly. So quick and easy to prepare, Almased can be fitted into your daily routine with ease. |
| A．its nutrients are easier to absorb | B．it can help burn fat |
| C．secret ingredients are included | D．it cures common diseases |
| A．It manages to mix different ingredients together. |
| B．Selected ingredients can stay fresh as ever. |
| C．Soy, yogurt and honey are specially treated. |
| D．Superior natural materials generate uniqueness. |
| A．Almased can replace our regular routine diet. |
| B．It's hard to make Almased appeal to everyone. |
| C．There seem various ways of serving Almased. |
| D．Almased has just the same taste as plain yogurt. |
3 . On the night of 14th June 1904, New York’s Chinatown was in a deep gloom (低迷). For the past 20 years, the restaurants were filled with those crazy about a taste of real Chinese cooking “chop suey”. But suddenly, all that seemed at risk. A few days earlier, a chef named Lem Sen had arrived, saying he had invented it a decade before while working at a restaurant in San Francisco. His recipe had been stolen by an American diner to make money. Through his lawyer, he demanded restaurants pay him for using his recipe.
Chop suey was first mentioned by Chinese-American journalist Wang Chin Foo in a list of common dishes he thought most attractive to Western tastes. As he explained, “each Chinese cook has his own recipe. The main parts are pork, bacon, chicken, mushroom, bamboo shoots, onion, and pepper, while accidental ones are duck, beef, salted black beans etc. Yet it is often considered by Westerners that this is a ‘national dish of China’ more than any other dish they’ve known.”
Although a hyperbolic way to introduce this dish, it clearly showed that chop suey was indeed of Chinese origin. Where exactly its roots lay has been debated; but it was probably first cooked in Taishan, Guangdong, where most early immigrants to America had grown up. In 1866, the journalist Allan Forman noticed it as a delicious dish despite its “mysterious nature”, and nine years later, the first recipe appeared in magazines, with some un-Chinese ingredients thrown in.
It was not long before a myth making began. In 1896, Li Hongzhang visited New York, and newspapers mistakenly reported that while refusing Western dishes at a banquet (宴会), he had enthusiastically accepted a plate of chop suey. This caused a great hit, and many who never heard of it before simply assumed that it was introduced to the US by Li Hongzhang, which accidentally promoted the dish’s popularity.
1. What is the purpose of a chef’s story in paragraph 1?| A．To describe food history. | B．To bring out chop suey. |
| C．To show risky business world. | D．To introduce a law case. |
| A．Fixed ingredients. | B．Its popularity overseas. |
| C．Un-Chinese nature. | D．Mixed national identities. |
| A．remarked beyond reality | B．explained in greater details |
| C．praised in something common | D．commented based on the origin |
| A．Li Hongzhang promoted this dish. | B．Its popularity was based on facts. |
| C．Mass media belonged to the root cause. | D．Public opinions voiced acceptance. |
4 . In 1953, when visiting his daughter’s maths class, the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. Later, he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. Since then, education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop (炒作和失败), even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life.
Softwares to “personalize” learning can help hundreds of millions of children stuck in miserable classes—but only if edtech supporters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. Alternatives have so far failed to teach so many children as efficiently as the conventional model of schooling, where classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables are still the typical pattern for most of the world’s nearly 1.5 billion schoolchildren. Under this pattern, too many do not reach their potential. That condition remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, though billions have been spent on IT in schools during that period.
What really matters then? The answer is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through tailor-made instruction. Reformers think edtech can put individual attention within reach of all pupils. The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more productive. In California schools, instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and allowing them to focus on other tasks. A study suggested that children in early adopters of this model score better in tests than their peers at other schools.
Such innovation is welcome. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalized learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. This theory gave rise to government-sponsored schemes like Brain Gym, which claimed that some pupils should stretch or bend while doing sums. A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity. Actually, the opposite is true. According to studies, most effective ways of boosting learning nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher.
Second, edtech must narrow, rather than widen, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, where laggards (成绩落后者) make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. A similar pattern can be observed outside America.
Third, the potential for edtech will be realized only if teachers embrace it. They are right to ask for evidence that products work. But skepticism should not turn into irrational opposition. Given what edtech promises today, closed-mindedness has no place in the classroom.
1. According to the passage, education technology can ________.| A．decrease teachers’ working load |
| B．facilitate personalized learning |
| C．help standardize curriculums |
| D．be loved by schoolchildren |
| A．The students who are better at memorization tend to be less creative. |
| B．Schools with bans on phones have better results than high-tech ones. |
| C．Shakespeare was trained in grammar but he penned many great plays. |
| D．Lu Xun’s creativity was unlocked after he gave up studying medicine. |
| A．at the service of teaching |
| B．limited in use among pupils |
| C．aimed at narrowing the wealth gap |
| D．in line with students’ learning styles |
| A．To stress the importance of edtech. |
| B．To introduce the application of edtech. |
| C．To discuss how to get the best out of edtech. |
| D．To appeal for more open-mindedness to edtech. |
5 . When Earth was just a tiny young thing，it birthed many new continents - then it swallowed them all up, leaving just a few traces behind, a new study shows.
These first continents had a special skill for living fast and dying young, but in doing so, they paved the way for solid continents that eventually led to the emergence of plate tectonics（版块运动）， the new study suggests.
For hundreds of millions of years, the current continents have been more or less stable. But very little is known about the continents that existed early on in Earth's history.
To learn more about that early history, the researchers used computers to model the interactions of rock and magma（岩浆） in the Earth’s crust（地壳） and below. The modeling showed that the earliest continents, known as the Hadean (4.6 to 4.0 billion years ago), were weak and likely to destruction. Modern continents have a comprehensive high tensile strength, meaning it’s hard to tear them apart by stretching.
By the time the Archean (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) began ending the Hadean, the crust which had first formed was almost entirely replaced by the seeds of the modern continents.
In a sense, the researchers found, those lost Hadean continents made the later, more stable continents possible.
The emergence of continents at the close of the Hadean also contributed fertilizer that would later help seed life on Earth, the researchers wrote. Bits of them broke off and entered the atmosphere and oceans, providing necessary nutrients for the life forms that soon emerged.
1. Compared with the modern continents, the Hadean was________.| A．younger | B．firmer | C．weaker | D．bigger |
| A．It existed 4.0 million years ago. | B．It disappeared before the Archean began. |
| C．It helped make more stable continents. | D．It provided all the necessary nutrients. |
| A．By listing researchers’ findings. | B．By giving a lot of examples. |
| C．By making comparisons. | D．By listing a lot of numbers. |
| A．A science fiction. | B．A science magazine. |
| C．A travel brochure. | D．An encyclopedia. |
6 . The end of the library?
When was the last time you went to your local library? Last week? A month ago? A year ago? For many reasons, fewer people borrow books from libraries. With advances in technology, it is now possible for people to download and read whatever they like on electronic devices such as Kindles at any time. It has been argued that doing this is cheaper than buying hard-copy books.
Call me old-fashioned.
There are still many fantastic ways to use libraries. Maybe we just need to try to recognise them.
| A．Libraries are free. |
| B．I've never got into the e-book. |
| C．I made friends with the school librarian. |
| D．Libraries often organise a series of interesting activities. |
| E．They're also a great way to encourage the use of libraries. |
| F．They plan to hold an all-night reading activity in the library. |
| G．They are also lightweight, making them perfect for travelling |
7 . Paired up in the right setting, dogs and horses can have their fair share of fun—at times even playing together and mimicking each other's facial expressions, new research suggests. These findings, published in the journal Behavioural Processes, mark the first example of so-called rapid facial mimicry occurring between play partners of different species, and indicate the existence of a universal language of play. Though the purpose behind play remains unclear, scientists believe the behavior arises to help animals improve hunting and social skills, relieve stress or develop relationship with each other, study author Elisabetta Palagi says, an animal behaviorist at the University of Pisa in Italy.
Learning more about the contexts in which different animals play around—especially across branches of the tree of life—could tell researchers a lot about play's origins and evolution. But apart from a handful of studies featuring humans and their pets, scientists haven't had many chances to analyze examples of interspecies play.
In 2018, when someone sent Palagi a YouTube video featuring a dog and a horse playing together, she took the chance to research further. The two species, she noted early on, were especially good research objects of interspecies friendship, because they had both been shown to recognize facial expressions in other animals.
Putting together a team of research students, Palagi began to collect and analyze hundreds of other videos with dogs and horses partnering in play. Only 20 videos ended up meeting the team's requirements: showing animals freely playing on their own, without human interference, for at least30 seconds.
Several common themes quickly arose. When playing, dogs and horses often mirrored each other's moves, jumping and pushing at each other. They also rolled on their backs and showed their throats and stomachs—a strong sign that they were at ease and even communicating their friendly intentions. Despite millions of years of evolution between them, the two species had found common ground for the only purpose of fun, said Palagi.
The two animals also frequently copied each other's facial expressions, both using the relaxed, open mouths—behayior that had never been noted between a pair of animals of different species. Horses and dogs may look and behave in extremely different ways, says Barbara Smuts, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Michigan who wasn't involved in the study. But fun is perhaps a language that doesn't need to be taught. Two very dissimilar animals, Smuts says, can still discuss how to play in a way that's comfortable for both.
1. What do scientists find about dogs and horses?| A．They share similar facial expressions. | B．They can build up a lasting relationship. |
| C．They often share hunting and social skills. | D．They have a special way to communicate. |
| A．By playing with dogs and horses together. | B．By pairing up dogs and horses in a setting. |
| C．By watching videos showing their play scene. | D．By recording their play for 30 seconds every day. |
| A．Feeling relaxed. | B．Looking similar. | C．Getting smart. | D．Turning sociable. |
| A．It can help humans get along with animals. | B．It studies interspecies play for the first time. |
| C．It explains animals' way of communicating. | D．It analyzes animals' facial expressions in detail |
8 . Learning Is Everywhere and Anytime
Employees nowadays are faced with major changes in their working life. Besides their daily tasks and responsibilities, they are also learners. Specifically, they are learners faced with an information overload and above all, a limited amount of time. In order to catch all the opportunities learning has to offer, learning should be able to occur anywhere, at any time.
This first challenge for all the learners involved in the e-learning area is that your contents should be available on smartphones and mobile Internet devices, or you won't have any chance to be competitive in the e-learning field.
To boost the learner experience, you need to select only content that is relevant to you. Create your own personalized on-demand learning library, by piling up interesting learning content that you can easily get.
• Increase the completion rate.
• Give visibility to onboarding programmes: newcomers can have access to entry-level programmes everywhere and at any time.
• Give feedback before or after training lessons.
| A．How to increase micro-learning? |
| B．Here are some benefits of micro-learning. |
| C．It's important to know repetitive learning too. |
| D．Micro-learning forms an answer for learner's challenges. |
| E．Besides, people are faced with an information overload. |
| F．It should also take into consideration of the limitations of the individual |
| G．By means of one mobile device (tablet, phone, application) |
9 . People have long dreamt of a car that flies through the sky. Japan's Sky Drive has carried out a successful, but modest test flight of such a vehicle carrying a person.
It is just one of the many "flying car" projects around the world. In a video shown to reporters, a vehicle that looked like a motorcycle lined up to two meters off the ground. It flew in circles in a protected area for four minutes. Tomohiro Fukuzawa heading the Sky Drive effort said he hopes the flying car can be made into a real-life product by 2023. However, he noted the importance of safety. "Of the world's more than 100 flying car projects, only a handful has succeeded with a person on board. I hope many people want to ride it and feel safe."
The machine so far can fly for Just 5 to 10 minutes, but if the flight time can be extended to 30 minutes, the car will have more possibilities. Unlike airplanes and helicopters, " electric vertical (垂直的) takeoff and landing" vehicles, or eVTOL, generally offer quick point-to-point personal travel. They could do away with having to deal with airports, traffic jams. Such vehicles could even fly without a pilot.
Sky Drive's flying car began as a volunteer project in 2012. The project received financial support from top Japanese companies including carmaker Toyota, electronics company Panasonic. A demonstration flight three years ago did not go well. But the flying car has improved, and the project recently received additional support of $37 million, including money from the Development Bank of Japan. The Japanese government has expressed support for the futuristic project, with a "road map" for business services by 2023. The goal is to expand the flying car's commercial use by the 2030s. It also has noted possible uses for connecting faraway areas and providing transportation in disasters.
1. What can we learn about the flying car according to the text?| A．It's a kind of motorcycle. | B．It has been put into use. |
| C．Its safety factor is high. | D．Its flight time is limited. |
| A．needs to land at the airport | B．will get stuck in traffic jams easily |
| C．can fly as high as you like | D．may travel automatically |
| A．To increase people s yearly income. |
| B．To ease the traffic pressure nationwide. |
| C．To make flying cars more used in business. |
| D．To improve the transportation in remote regions. |
| A．History of eVTOL Systems | B．Japan's Sky Drive Flying Car |
| C．A Volunteer Project | D．Sky Drive's Bright Future |
10 . Snow leopards (豹) are so hard to photograph that scientists aren’t even sure how many of these endangered animals still live in the wild.
The Snow Leopard Conservancy(SLC) set up 20 cameras in Russia in 2010 to learn more about the big cats. After a full six months, they had exactly zero picture! That’s when the organization understood they needed help. And the only people who could help them in finding the leopards were the very people from whom they wanted to protect the animals—local hunters (猎人).
Hunting snow leopards is against the law in Russia, but in the terrible climate of Siberia, the few people living there had to turn to poaching (盗猎) to feed their families.
In 2013, Russian naturalist Sergei Spitsyn approached Mergen Markov, a local hunter, and told him his project. Markov agreed to set up the camera where he knew he would find leopards, and it worked.
Markov, once a poacher, works full time for the conservationists now and has 10 cameras monitoring leopards. “I visit each camera once a month. I have known this whole region since I was a child,” he said proudly.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) began working with other local villagers in 2015. The village would be paid 40,000 rubles at the end of the year if the image of a snow leopard is caught. WWF also rents horses from the villagers so that they do not need to make money by poaching anymore. “Today there are far fewer leopard poachers but leopards still get caught in traps set for other animals, so I have to stay watchful,” said Markov.
Changing guns for cameras has made a big difference in the lives of these former poachers, the village, and the Russian snow leopards. The number of snow leopards has been rising and their population is expected to recover to normal levels within 10 years.
1. Why was no picture of snow leopards taken in six months?| A．SLC’s 20 cameras failed to work properly. |
| B．The number of snow leopards in the wild was too small. |
| C．The local poachers destroyed these cameras on purpose. |
| D．The researchers knew little about the animal’s living habits. |
| A．Find the poachers. | B．Repair cameras in the forest. |
| C．Catch more leopards. | D．Work for SLC. |
| A．To get some pictures of snow leopards. |
| B．To help villagers make a living. |
| C．To prevent villagers from hunting animals. |
| D．To rent their horses at a low price. |
| A．Practice makes perfect. | B．Curiosity kills the cat. |
| C．Kill two birds with one stone. | D．Old habits die hard. |
