1 . Mass communication is a very broad field which includes advertising, mass promotion, political campaigns, public relations, mass education and even the way you interact with other people. It covers just about everything you do in your daily life. Some characteristics of mass communication are: communication, information overload, group effort and feedback. There are some more that are less often mentioned but are just as important as the ones that have been listed above.
The most basic feature of communication is interaction. Interaction takes the form of communication where you can interpret what someone is trying to say. For example, when a person says “How are you?” and you respond in a loud voice or in a concerned manner, it’s considered interaction.
Another characteristic of mass communication that you’ll come across is a large number of receivers. When communicating with a group of people, it is important to keep in mind that each receiver will bring different characteristics to the table when communicating. Different receivers will take up different topics and bring a different set of characteristics to the table. In some cases, you will need to communicate with many different types of receiver in order for your communication ideas to be fully expressed and taken into full effect. You should therefore consider the characteristics of your receivers when planning your communication strategies.
New media is also impacting communication. Each type of new medium has diverse different ways in which it can deliver messages. You can make use of several types of communication in many cases and reach a wide range of target audiences. For example, you can use the Internet in order to communicate with your audience. As a result, the amount of information also in turn becomes too much for the human mind to process in a timely and effective manner. This overload is not only unsound, but it also tends to make people impatient, which finally takes the form of arguments and other types of exchanges that are based on facts, assumptions or personal experiences. However, although you may have to deal with some constraints, the Internet is still a very powerful tool that should not be ignored.
1. What role does the example given by the author in the second paragraph play?| A．Explain the importance of politeness. |
| B．Explain the concept of interaction. |
| C．Explain the characteristics of communication. |
| D．Explain what body language is. |
| A．Because communicators have many different characteristics on the dinner table. |
| B．So that your ideas can be accurately expressed and play a role. |
| C．In order to better improve your communication strategy. |
| D．Because the receivers have different views on different topics. |
| A．Because there are too many types of communication. |
| B．Because people have different experiences. |
| C．Because the new media is not perfect. |
| D．Because overloaded information is boring. |
| A．Uncaring. | B．Indifferent. |
| C．Objective. | D．Subjective. |
2 . How to calm your teen
A major source of teen stress is school exams, and test anxiety is not uncommon. When you recognize your teen is under stress, how can you help your teen stay calm before an exam?
Be involved. Parents need to be involved in their teen’s study.
Help him get organized.
Provide a calm setting. Help your teen set up a quiet place to study and protect his privacy.
Give him a nutritious diet. It’s important for your teen to eat a healthy, balanced diet during exam time to focus and do his best.
Show a positive attitude.
| A．Encourage your teen to relax. |
| B．The best thing is simply to listen. |
| C．They will only make the situation worse. |
| D．Parents’ attitude will influence their teen’s emotions. |
| E．Exam stress can make some teens have no desire for food. |
| F．Your teen may also make negative comments about himself. |
| G．Help your teen think about what he has to study and plan accordingly. |
3 . Losing weight comes with a lot of health benefits-including making your brain sharper.
Yes, it turns out that overweight may damage cognitive functions such as memory and attention. There have been few studies of overweight and cognitive functioning, possibly because it is generally believed that it is not a primary risk cause for poor cognitive performance. Losing weight, therefore, may help improve these mental functions, according to a new research led by John Gunstad, assistant professor of psychology at Kent State University.
Growing evidence suggests that being fat is linked to cognitive deficits (缺陷). So Gunstad and his team guessed that losing weight might improve mental function. For their study, they measured memory and attention in a group of 150 overweight participants, some of whom had some kind of operation for weight loss and some did not. All of the volunteers completed mental skills tests to assess their abilities of memory and attention at the beginning of the study, and again 12 weeks later. To begin with, about 24% of the patients showed damaged learning and 23% showed signs of poor memory when tested. At the end of the study, those who had lost weight after operation improved their scores into the average or above average range for cognitive functions. Scores for the volunteers who didn’t lose weight dropped even further.
The study helped Gunstad to find out whether losing weight had any effect on mental function. Now that he’s seen the positive effect that weight loss can have on memory and attention, he says he will next study those who choose to lose weight by the traditional way—eating healthier and getting more active. He expects that losing weight in this way will have a similarly positive effect on the brain. “If we can improve the condition with operations, then we can probably produce the same change with behavioral weight loss as well,” he says.
1. There is less research on overweight and cognitive functions because researchers _____.| A．believe overweight only affects our body |
| B．have focused on ways to sharpen people’s mind |
| C．do not consider overweight a main cause for low cognitive ability |
| D．are clear about the relation between weight and mental functions |
| A．losing weight has little effect on people’s memory |
| B．losing weight can improve people’s mental functions |
| C．overweight people are likely to have psychology problems |
| D．overweight people’s abilities of concentration differ greatly |
| A．Slim people are smarter than overweight people. |
| B．Healthy diet is better than exercise in losing weight. |
| C．Traditional ways of losing weight are better than operation. |
| D．Overweight people will get smarter by taking more exercise. |
| A．Body Weight and Health | B．Losing Weight by Operation |
| C．Ways to Improve Mental Functions | D．Losing Weight to Sharpen Your Mind |
内容主要包括：
1. 自我介绍（包括中英文能力）；
2. 参加意图（帮助别人学习中文和传播中国文化）；
3. 希望获准。
注意：1. 词数不少于100；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
Dear sir or Madam,
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Yours sincerely,
LiJin
5 . Four Simple Ways to Stay Positive
Trying to stay positive, both in good times and bad, is a great way to improve your quality of life. Try these four methods on a daily basis.
Don’t think a lot about negativity.
Of course, staying positive hours a day, seven days a week is a bit difficult. Letting things get to you is normal, and it’s actually healthy to cry or express frustrations once in a while. It’s when those negative moments control your life that your emotional balance is at risk.
What you put into your body directly affects how you feel on the outside. Fill yourself with good, healthy foods like fruits and vegetables and limit snacking. Exercise is equally of great importance. Take a few days out of your week for at a least half an hour of activity, and try to stick to it.
Be kind to others.
Take it one day at a time.
Being positive isn’t an instant thing. It’s a steady effort that we follow every hour of every day.
| A．Eat healthy and stay fit. |
| B．Take your lunch breaks outside. |
| C．Don’t worry about what the future may bring. |
| D．Take a few minutes to feel sad and accept what happened. |
| E．Good feelings come from acts of kindness and selflessness. |
| F．Gratefulness helps you appreciate life in bad or difficult times. |
| G．Even going outside for a walk and enjoying the sunshine improves your mood. |
6 . When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply.
Macrophages swallow up and digest germs, plus dead and dying cells. They leave behind parts of the invading germs called antigens（抗原）.
The first time the body comes across a germ, it can take several days to make and use all the germ fighting tools needed to get over the infection. After the infection, the immune system remembers what is learned about how to protect the body against that disease.
Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of defensive cells that will remember how to find that disease in the future.
| A．Vaccines basically work the same way. |
| B．This invasion, called an infection, is what causes illness. |
| C．Vaccines prevent diseases that can be dangerous, or even deadly |
| D．Scientists take many different approaches to developing vaccines. |
| E．The body identifies them as dangers and excites antibodies to attack them. |
| F．Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity. |
| G．However, it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce those defensive cells after vaccination. |
It was 1st January, the first day of the year and a holiday for me. What luck! I started by thinking of getting the bank work out of the way. The bank person, an elderly gentleman with a white beard, paid little attention to my polite “Happy New Year” as usual. He nodded and I sat in front of him.
Minutes passed and nothing happened.
Then very hesitantly I put my form and booklet (小册子) in front of him. He was busy filling up entries in his register. After a few minutes, he took my form and from his cabinet he took out a very thick file from which he started filling in my details. I sat there wondering why we had computerized banking if we were still filling in forms and registers.
After waiting for a few more minutes, in which I showed all signs of being impatient, I asked him if my work was done. The moment I uttered (说) the words, I felt as if a bomb had fallen on him. He shouted, “Nothing is done, it will take time!”
Just then I saw his morning cup of tea which had been lying there for the last ten minutes, untouched. The tea had turned almost cold while he was doing his work. Suddenly I felt how this man must be feeling, when customers like me came always in a hurry to get their work done.
He had been working at this counter for God-knows-how-many years. We do not even feel the need to thank him for being there. He must be feeling so annoyed that “here comes another person who will push me for doing his work first.”
On an instinct (本能) I told him, “Sir, you please have your tea, I am not in a hurry.” This man, who I had been seeing for the last few years, suddenly looked up at me and for the first time we had eye contact—he had never made eye contact earlier. I saw a different person there, another human being who was as hard-pressed for time as I always am.
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
I saw both of us sailing in the same boat.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He really touched my heart with his wise words.
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8 . Here are four women who made it their life’s mission to make the world a better place through environmental activism.
Greta Thunberg
“I have not accomplished anything. ”This statement was made by Greta Thunberg(17 years old)and it couldn’t be further from the truth. Her dedication to protecting the environmenl for our future generations is all accomplishment on its own. Her ability to resist to adults in power is admirable and continues to push the importance of conservation to the front of our minds.
Peggy Shelmrd
WE ACT for Environmental Justice is an organization that“through advocacy，planning，and research…mobilizes low-income communities to make environmental changes. ”At the helm(掌权)of WE ACT is Peggy Shepard. Her goal is to make sure that sustainable environmental practices are accessible to all，regardless of circumstance.
Rachel Carson
American marine biologist，writer，scientist，and ecologist，Rachel Carson(1907—1964)，was way ahead of her time. She wrote about conservation in the late 1930s and focused on her mission of protecting our oceans.
Julia“Butterfly”Hill
In the late 90s，Julia“Butterfly”Hill spent 738 days living in an ancient redwood，called Luna. This act brought awareness to the immense human threats to Redwood trees. Julia continues to advocate for the environment. “By standing together in unity，solidarity and love，we will heal the wounds in the earth and in each other. We can make a positive difference through our actions. ”
1. What do we know about Greta Thunberg?| A．She has not accomplished anything. |
| B．She seldom tells the truth. |
| C．She faces powerful people bravely to protect environment. |
| D．She shows great respect and admiration to people in power. |
| A．To help poor people to lead a better life. |
| B．To appeal to low-income group to protect our environment. |
| C．To make people aware of the environmental status. |
| D．To control the changes of environment. |
| A．Greta Thunberg. | B．Peggy Shepard. |
| C．Rachel Carson. | D．Julia“Butterfly”Hill. |
9 . Saying ''I'm sorry when you've hurt someone can be a hard thing to do. We’re stubborn creatures, after all, and don’t love dealing with it when we’re wrong. But apologizing, and meaning it, is an important part of the forgiveness process.
Michael McCullough made a research and found that the most sincere, forgiveness-inducing apolog.es include saying “I’m sorry”, offering to make up for the wrongdoing in some way, and taking responsibility. And the reason why they work so well is largely based on principles of evolution, the apologies make the transgressor(犯错的人} seem more valuable as a relationship partner, and also help the victim fed less at risk of getting hurt again.
One basic scientific implication of the results is that the human psychology of conflict resolution is unusually similar to that of animals which live in groups. “Many group-living animals, particularly mammals, seem to use peace making gestures' as signals of their desire to end conflict and restore cooperative relationships with other individuals after aggressive conflict has occurred,” McCullough said. “We seem to reach a common view on this point.”
“I would say that empathy(情感共鸣）is a part of good mental health, and that could be a part of the natural selection process, too,'' Bethany Marshall says. “Humans with empathy tend to be healthier and make better choices in life, while those who are aggressive don’t tend to do as well.”
, And having empathy when you've hurt someone, she says, is the best way to apologize.” The most important thing is that you feel the other person's pain,'' she explains. “So instead of using logic to explain or defend, look inward to identify why you did the bad thing. Then convey that to them and say that you would like to make it better. That counts.”
You can make it even better by making sure to act differently the next time around——what the study authors referred to as “compensation”（补偿).But what tends to happen often, says Marshall, is that people get defensive about what they've done, or even mad at the person they've wronged. So watch your response, because the worst apology, she adds, “is one where the victim is blamed.''
1. In the experiment, McCullough find that _ ?| A．animals are more cooperative with other individuals |
| B．humans' psychology is very close to animals’ when dealing with conflicts |
| C．aggressive conflicts aren't easy to end among animals |
| D．signal gestures may help end conflicts |
| A．defend themselves for what they have done |
| B．try to explain why they do something logically |
| C．find fault with themselves seriously |
| D．show aggressive behaviors in life |
| A．convey the bad things to others |
| B．experience the other person’s pain |
| C．be careful of your response |
| D．promise to behave yourself well next time |
| A．To present the reasons why apologizing in the right way matters |
| B．To show the ways how you accept apologizing of others |
| C．To tell the occasion when it is suitable to apologize |
| D．To explain the words that you use for an apology |
10 . An increasing number of older U.S citizens are traveling abroad. The U.S. Department of States wants you to be prepared so that you enjoy your trip. Please consider the following tips as you travel.
Travel Departments
Apply for a passport at least three months before you travel. Some countries require that passports be valid for six months after your trip ends and some foreign countries require that travelers obtain a visa.
Stay Connected
A secure way to maintain your emergency contact information is to enroll with our Smart Traveler Enrollment Program. Your information is stored securely and enables the Department of State, U. S. embassy to contact you, your family, or your friends in an emergency according to your wishes.
Health Information
Health care tops the list of concerns for many older U.S. citizens who are thinking about traveling abroad. Consult with your physician prior to your travel overseas to identify your healthcare needs at your destination. Research the environmental conditions at your overseas destination that may contribute to yow specific health concerns, particularly if you are sensitive to attitude, air pollution or other conditions.
Medical Insurance Medicare
Medicine, the U.S. government health plan for people aged 65 years or older, does NOT cover health care overseas. We highly recommend that you obtain health insurance. Many companies offer short-term health and emergency services such as medical evacuations(疏散).
Travel Smart
Pack lightly and learn what clothing would be appropriate for your destination. Be aware that sudden changes in diet and climate can have serious health consequences for the unprepared traveler, no matter your age.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?| A．The elder should consider move before trawling. |
| B．The U.S. citizens enjoy travelling around the world. |
| C．Never leave your older parents travel. |
| D．Make preparations for the older people in need. |
| A．ask his child to keep turn company. |
| B．have his information stored in Chinese embassy. |
| C．need to have gained his passport before. |
| D．manage to obtain a visa from the US embassy. |
| A．they must reach about some foreign countries. |
| B．they should apply for medical cares abroad. |
| C．they must find a place in a peaceful country. |
| D．they should consult their doctors for advice. |
| A．people aged 65 years and older are ignored in the USA. |
| B．the older people can benefit from it when abroad. |
| C．health insurance is only effective within a few days. |
| D．health insurance is mainly meant for emergency services. |
