1 . For more than one hundred years, a great number of scientists have believed that tiredness in athletes originates in the muscles(肌肉). Precise explanations have varied, but all have been based on the “Limitations Theory”. In other words, muscles tire because they hit a physical limit—they either run out of fuel or oxygen or they drown in harmful by-products(副产品).

In the past few years, however, Timothy Noakes from the University of Cape Town, South Africa, has examined this standard theory. Tiredness, he argues, is caused not by signals springing from overtaxed muscles, but is an emotional response which begins in the brain. The fundamental nature of his new theory is that the brain paces the muscles to keep them well back from the edge of tiredness. When the brain decides it’s time to quit, it creates unbearable muscle tiredness. This “Central Governor” theory remains controversial, but it does explain many puzzling aspects of athletic performance.

A recent discovery that Noakes calls the “lactic acid paradox” made him start researching this area seriously. Lactic acid is a by-product of exercise, and the increase of it is often mentioned as a cause of tiredness. But when research subjects exercise in certain conditions created artificially, they become tired even though lactic acid levels remain low. Nor has the oxygen content of their blood fallen too low for them to keep going. Obviously, something else was making them tire before they hit either of these physiological limits.

Noakes conducted an experiment with seven cyclists. It has long been known that during exercise, the body never uses 100% of the available muscle fibres(纤维). The amount used varies, but in some tasks such as this cycling test the body calls on about 30%. His team found that as tiredness set in, the electrical activity in cyclist’s legs declined—even when they were making a great effort to cycle as fast as they could.

To Noakes, this was strong evidence that the old theory was wrong. “The cyclists may have felt completely exhausted,” he says, “but their bodies actually had considerable reserves that they could theoretically tap by using a greater amount of the resting fibres.” This, he believes, is the proof that the brain is regulating the pace of the workout to hold the cyclists well back from the point of extreme tiredness.

1. Why do athletes feel tired according to “Limitations Theory”?

A．Because the muscles run out all energy.

B．Because the brain protects the muscles.

C．Because the scientists performed researches.

D．Because Noakes examined standard theory.

2. What has Noakes has found out?

A．Muscle fibres control athletes’ movements.

B．Lactic acid levels remain high in cycling tests.

C．Mental processes control the symptoms of tiredness

D．Different exercises use different amount of muscle fibres

3. What does “lactic acid paradox” have in common with Noakes?

A．The energy in human bodies can be balanced

B．Tiredness is a harmful by-product of exercise.

C．Lactic acid will not caused tiredness necessarily.

D．The oxygen content will rise after taking exercise.

4. Which is the most suitable title of the text?

A．Muscles or Brains?——Which brings athletes tiredness?

B．Lactic acid or Oxygen content——Which is vital for athletes?

C．Working out or Being relaxed——Which will better our health?

D．Common belief or New discovery——Which should we believe?

2 . I had never been away from home, at least not for more than three days, much less two whole weeks. When I got the chance to go to Journalism Camp, I was ____. What if I had to go home during camp time because I wouldn’t be able to ____? What if my roommate and I didn’t____? What if I didn’t know how to use a washing machine?

Well, after the first night, nearly all of my____were answered. The students were amazing, and my roommate was____. She always listened to me patiently! The two weeks nearly flew by, and I learned to take____for myself: washing clothes, cleaning and allocating (分配) my weekly pocket money to____it for all meals.

However, in the process I didn’t realize how____I had become to the routine of waking up early, running to get to the newsroom in time, and coming back to a waiting room. On the last day, I couldn’t get myself to____in my room keys. It couldn’t be over. I become emotionally tied really easily, and it was____for me to pull away. I couldn’t ____away my tears.Returning home, I was in the state of ____for a few days. I kept to myself, sleeping through most of the day so I wouldn’t have time to look back.

This was my ____. Yet I needed to get adjusted to life at home again. I had to learn to ____that the camp was over and that not all things ____ forever. I could still keep in touch with my new friends and look forward to other experiences I will have.

1.

A．tired

B．scared

C．excited

D．surprised

2.

A．match

B．behave

C．follow

D．adjust

3.

A．work out

B．part with

C．get along

D．make up

4.

A．questions

B．solutions

C．decisions

D．feelings

5.

A．perfect

B．skillful

C．mean

D．modest

6.

A．improvement

B．sympathy

C．responsibility

D．consideration

7.

A．get

B．buy

C．spread

D．taste

8.

A．patient

B．tied

C．lonely

D．direct

9.

A．turn

B．put

C．take

D．hold

10.

A．wrong

B．simple

C．hard

D．sure

11.

A．take

B．push

C．save

D．set

12.

A．sadness

B．anger

C．tension

D．curiosity

13.

A．award

B．practice

C．mistake

D．challenge

14.

A．receive

B．withdraw

C．appreciate

D．accept

15.

A．enjoy

B．last

C．hold

D．miss

3 . It’s rare that you see the words “shyness” and “leader” in the same sentence. After all, the common opinion is that those outgoing and sociable guys make great public speakers and excellent net-workers and that those shy people are not.

A survey conducted by USA Today referred to 65 percent of managers who believed shyness to be a barrier to leadership. Interestingly, the same article stresses that roughly 40 percent of leaders actually are quite shy — they’re just better at adapting themselves to situational demands. Bill Gates, Warren Buffet and Charles Schwab are just a few “innies”.

Shy people take a cautious approach to chance. They listen attentively to what others say and absorb it before they speak. They’re listening so they can learn what to say. Along the same lines, shy people share a common love of learning. They are intrinsically (内在地) motivated and therefore seek content regardless of achieving an outside standard.

Being shy can also bring other benefits. Remember being in school and hearing the same kids contribute, until shy little Johnny, who almost never said a word, cut in? Then what happened? Everyone turned around to look with great respect at little Johnny actually talking. This is how shy people made good use of their power of presence: they “own” the moment by speaking calmly and purposefully, which translate to a positive image.

Shyness is often related to modesty. Not to say that limelight-seekers (引人注目的人) aren’t modest, but shy people tend to have an accurate sense of their abilities and achievements. As a result, they are able to recognize mistakes, imperfections, knowledge gaps and limitations.

Since shy people have a lower desire for outside rewards than outgoing ones, they’re more comfortable working with little information and sticking to their inner desires. Shy people are also more likely to insist on finding solutions that aren’t primarily apparent. Albert Einstein once said, “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s that I stay with problems longer.” Obviously, finding certainty where uncertainty is typically popular is a huge plus for any successful person.

1. What is the traditional belief to the shy people?

A．They are good at making friends.

B．They are not popular with people.

C．They like making speeches in public.

D．They are unlikely to become leaders.

2. What does the underlined words refer to?

A．Shy people.	B．Public speakers.
C．Net-workers.	D．Survey conductor.

3. What makes shy people succeed more easily according to the author?

A．They focus on achieving themselves outside rewards.

B．They make the best of the power of presence actively.

C．They realize their abilities and imperfections clearly.

D．They perform more confidently than outgoing people.

4. How does the author support his ideas?

A．By making contrasts and giving examples.

B．By quoting authorities and making evaluations.

C．By explaining problems and providing solutions.

D．By giving definitions and presenting research results.

10 . Where does the conversation take place?

A．At a theater.

B．At a restaurant.

C．At home.