1 . George Santayana, a philosopher, said those who don’t learn from history are doomed to (注定) repeat it. In other words, if you fail to learn from past mistakes, you’re likely to make them yourself.     1     In addition to providing the knowledge of the past, studying history helps develop transferable (可转移的) skills that will prepare you for various career opportunities down the road. So why not explore useful strategies that will improve the effectiveness of your study?

    2     While reading your textbook, always try and place events, dates, locations, and details within the context of the big picture. How do they fit in? Why are they important to what’s going on? How do they support the sequence of events occurring? There isn’t anything you can’t memorize if you employ this technique.

Watch movies! While educational, most historical films and documentaries are also very entertaining.     3     Thus, if you are serious about learning history, ensure the movie you select is true to historical facts.

Keep important information. To memorize key dates, names and events, you can employ a flashcard, on one side of which writes a key event, date or fact. On the opposite side, write the definition, description or explanation.     4     But it’s just as effective today as it was one hundred years ago.

Take notes in class. Write down only those truly significant things. To achieve this, listen carefully in class and determine which are the most important points made during a lecture.     5     More importantly, organize your notes by topic, then years, decades and centuries, use arrows and other notation (符号) devices to identify important information.

A．If in doubt, raise your hand and ask.

B．Establish connections between different facts.

C．The use of flashcards for memorizing is age-old.

D．But there are many other reasons for studying history.

E．Watching movies can be an effective method to memorize historical facts.

F．Unluckily, some films that describe historical events aren’t true to historical facts.

G．Add new information and insights you learn during lectures to your reading notes.

2 . A University of Michigan (U-M) study has found that older adults’ regular visits to eateries such as fast food restaurants and coffee shops may be as protective of cognitive (认知的) health as marriage.

Lead researcher Jessica Finlay and her team interviewed 125 older adults aged 55-92 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and accompanied them on visits to their neighborhood places. Through analysis of her interviews, they found that older adults valued these types of eateries as places of familiarity and comfort, places that were physically and economically accessible, and places to socialize with family, friends, staff and customers.

“Traditionally, fast food has a negative relationship with cognition — we know that diets high in fat and salt are associated with increased risk of cognitive decline,” said Finlay. “But as a geographer, I’m interested in the places themselves and what those spaces mean for the everyday lives of older adults.”

There is one interviewee called Denise. “It was an expensive month with a wedding and two unexpected funerals (葬礼), and these events ate up her budget (预算),” the researchers wrote. “Though she could not afford restaurant meals regularly, Denise still enjoyed inexpensive coffee with her friends as a valued opportunity to socialize.”

Finlay’s research at U-M focuses on how neighborhoods may help reduce or increase risk for Alzheimer’s disease. She assumed that regular socialization and leisure activities that take place in these places might be linked to cognitive health.

Finlay and U-M researcher Michael Esposito tested this idea in a national cohort by drawing on the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke, or REGARDS, study, which collects information by mail and telephone from more than 30,000 aging individuals. The participants were an average age of 64 in 2003-2007.

REGARDS respondents living in the most limited retail food (零售食品) environments had cognitive scores that were modestly lower — about 0.1 points — than residents living in the highest density (密度) environments. The difference in cognitive well-being between individuals living in high-density and low-density neighborhoods was about a year difference in age, which is strongly linked to age-related cognitive decline in older adults.

“My side of the project was translating what Finlay found in her qualitative results over to the national level, blowing it up to see if some of those associations she inferred from her study in Minnesota held for the nation at large — and they did,” said Esposito.

1. What is the new study concerning seniors mainly about?

A．Their great love for fast food.

B．Their usual choices while eating outside.

C．The impact of marriage on their cognition.

D．The link between restaurant visits and their health.

2. Why might Denise go to coffee shops?

A．They offer an affordable way to make social interactions.

B．They provide her with a lot of unexpected surprises.

C．She enjoys high-fat and salty foods served there.

D．She takes part in important activities there.

3. What did Finlay do about the REGARDS study?

A．She interviewed its respondents.

B．She visited the places mentioned in it.

C．She reached a conclusion based on its data.

D．She compared it with her research at U-M.

4. What did Esposito say about Finlay’s research in Minnesota?

A．Its results are applicable nationally.

B．It should be done outside Minnesota.

C．It offers a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.

D．Its respondents should cover other age groups.

3 . 阅读下面材料，在题后空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。

Macquarie Island is a beautiful and     1     (harmony) place. However, in 1810, humans arrived on the island, unknowingly     2     (bring) rats and mice. The small animals ate birds’ eggs and attacked baby birds. People brought cats     3     (control) them, but they developed an appetite for the birds, too. People also regarded rabbits as food, but they multiplied so rapidly     4     they led to soil erosion. The rabbits supplied enough food to the cats,     5     caused more cats. To control the rabbits, a virus     6     (release) onto the island, which caused the rabbit population to decrease rapidly. As     7     result, the food was less for the cats, so they started to eat the birds again. In the 1980s, people used dogs and     8     (trap) to catch them. The rats and mice began to increase. Their population     9     (explode) again. To solve the problem     10     (complete), people dropped poison on the island and removed all the invading species. In 2014, the island’s ecology started to recover.

4 . There is a decades-long rise in Americans feeling socially isolated (孤独的). That may seem strange, in the light of all the ways we now have to connect electronically, from email and Facebook to Instagram and TikTok.

“Loneliness is strongly related to people’s health problems,” said psychologist Matt Johnson. And he pointed out: increasing loneliness also has a connection with the proliferation of social media platforms worldwide. “When this social need for interpersonal connections isn’t met in your organic social environment, the market converges on (趋同于) this,” said Johnson. “We see the rise of social media happening around the same time as this loneliness epidemic (流行病).” Johnson said that social media platforms can sometimes relieve loneliness — if you’re actually keeping in touch with others through them.

That’s the kind of social network that Deena Hindi has been trying to build for her 84-year-old mother. Hindi’s father passed away several years ago. Her mother was left living alone next door to Hindi, with few friends. Hindi figured, “There’s got to be a lot of lonely people. So that’s why I created a Meetup group, to see if I could get people together.” A group of older women found Hindi’s Meetup group online. They now go out regularly in person.

However, Johnson said, “More and more people, especially younger people, are engaging in the more follower-type of social media, where you’re engaging with people with massive followings, and you’re looking at their TikTok videos, their tweets and their Instagram content. You don’t know them personally; you’ll probably never meet them in real life: not really social connection.”

There are ways that employers can help fight the loneliness epidemic, according to Anne Bowers, who researches the workplace, mental health, and productivity. “Workers who have a good work-life balance, social companionship (友谊), and satisfying communications at work are 53% less likely to be lonely than other employees who don’t. Creating a healthy work-life balance for employees is very important — flexible work schedules can create better balance,” he said.

1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “proliferation” in paragraph 2?

A．Decline.

B．Increase.

C．Importance.

D．Limitation.

2. Why did Hindi create the Meetup group?

A．To make online friends.

B．To learn about lonely people’s life.

C．To provide intelligent companionship for her mother.

D．To establish real-life social connections for lonely people.

3. Why did Johnson mention some popular social media platforms in the last but one paragraph?

A．To show how younger people behave in real life.

B．To recommend some ways to deal with loneliness.

C．To highlight great dangers of the loneliness epidemic.

D．To express his dissatisfaction with spending time on social media.

4. How can employers help fight the loneliness epidemic according Anne Bowers?

A．By reducing tasks.

B．By shortening working hours.

C．By allowing more flexible work time.

D．By promoting the use of social media platforms.

5 . On Monday, the environmental student group Grassroots hosted its monthly clothing exchange. The clothing exchange is a free activity on campus where students can donate clothes in exchange for new ones.

The clothing exchange has been run by Grassroots for many years, and is one of the club’s most well-known activities. “One of the key things about sustainability is reuse,” sophomore Zein Tynon, co-President and Clothing Exchange Chair, said. “Instead of throwing away old clothes, you can donate them. You might be done with that clothing item, but someone else might not be.” According to Zein, about 100-150 items are brought and 100-150 items are taken at the exchange each month.

The clothing exchange makes an impact on students’ awareness of sustainability. When students realize there are clothing exchanges, they bring clothes and participate in them a lot more throughout the term. So the activity does make a difference in regard to clothing sustainability and it does create a community where all the students can share their clothes.

Sophomore Co-President of Grassroots Alan Rojas commented on how the club calls for sustainability on and off campus. “We have lots of discussions and meetings about sustainability issues and have partnerships with local organizations like the Sunrise Rochester to get more volunteers involved in local sustainability,” said Alan.

“The clothing exchange is definitely our most known activity on campus from our club, and I think it’s nice because there are a lot of students who don’t know what to do with their clothes. It’s like thrift (节俭) but free. A lot of students love thrift, so it’s something that students can engage with easily. I think it’s a really way to get students more involved in sustainability,” added Alan.

1. What do we know about the monthly activity?

A．It is limited to poor students.

B．It is popular in different schools.

C．It changes students’ shopping habits.

D．It can give old clothes new purposes.

2. Why does Grassroots work with some local organizations?

A．To collect more donated clothes.

B．To organize discussions and meetings.

C．To promote green development locally.

D．To get first-hand information from the locals

3. What do Alan’s words in the last paragraph suggest?

A．Schools should teach the value of thrift.

B．The activity is also well known off campus.

C．It is difficult for students to develop thrifty habits.

D．The activity offers students a better chance to reuse things.

4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．Clothing exchange: a way to support sustainable development

B．Sustainability: a foundation of community development

C．Grassroots: a popular and hopeful group

D．Sustainable communities: a new trend

6 . Los Angeles has a wealth of amazing kid-friendly museums. From exploring the past to sustaining the future, from playtime to hands-on educational STEM opportunities, this list of family-friendly museums in Los Angeles offers children of all ages the best options of discovering history, science, technology, culture, art and, most of all, fun.

Autry Museum of the American West
4700 Western Heritage Way, Los Angeles, CA90027

The museum celebrates the history, art and culture of the American West. It is also home to a number of permanent exhibits that help visitors get a sense of how things have changed over the years. It also offers many family-friendly and interactive activities.

The Aquarium of the Pacific
100 Aquarium Way, Long Beach 90802

This aquarium is a great place for young kids. The multi-colored fish and marine (海洋的) life are eye-catching and will delight both children and adults. Plus it’s a way to learn about animals from deep under the sea that we may never get to see up close any other way.

Battleship IOWA Museum
250 S. Harbor Blvd., San Pedro 90731

A visit to San Pedro wouldn’t be complete without a visit to the Battleship IOWA. This battleship is in fact a naval (海军的) museum. Families can take a self-guided tour and get a sense of what life was like for the country’s sailors. There’s a special. “Victory the Dog Adventure” scavenger hunt (寻宝游戏) for kids.

Cayton Children’s Museum
395 Santa Monica Place, Suite 374, Santa Monica, CA 90401

The museum aims to teach everyone about the big ideas of global citizenship, community responsibility, and cultural sensitivity. Its mission is to promote values that help make a better society through interactive learning, creative self-expression and art experiences for children of all ages.

1. What is special about the Autry Museum of the American West?

A．Its exhibits are temporary.

B．Its collection varies with the season.

C．It is mainly targeted at little children.

D．It tells stories of the American West.

2. Where should children go if they want to learn about the life of sailors?

A．250 S. Harbor Blvd. , San Pedro 90731.

B．100 Aquarium Way, Long Beach 90802.

C．4700 Western Heritage Way, Los Angeles, CA 90027

D．395 Santa Monica Place, Suite 374, Santa Monica, CA90401.

3. What can children learn at the Cayton Children’s Museum?

A．The life of sea creatures.

B．Values and social responsibility.

C．Details about modern technology.

D．The skills to do educational experiments.

7 . One evening I was running late for a meeting and I passed a friend in the hallway. My friend asked the daily ________ question, “How are you doing?” ________, rather than give the expected response, “Good, how about you?” I decided to ________ my dissatisfaction with traffic, people who can’t put down their cellphones at traffic lights, ________ vision in the rain and everything else about my ________ journey to work.

Instead of showing sympathy, my friend asked a challenging question, “What would have happened if your guardian angel hadn’t created those ________ ?” The inference (推断) was that I might have been ________ something much worse than being late for a meeting. My ________ reaction was to laugh and walk on, but later I began to ________ what he had asked. Over the next few days, the more I thought about this question, the more ________ I was able to see in it.

I thought about my ________ experiences as well as the things that had happened to me, and the seed he had planted started to grow. I remembered my uncle who was late for a flight and the flight he had ________ crashed down. I remembered when ________ kept me from accidents on the same road I was traveling on.

Ever since my friend gave me his advice in the form of a ________, I have become less stressed. Keeping the advice in mind makes me more ________ and has improved my life.

1.

A．tough

B．tricky

C．routine

D．awkward

2.

A．Thus

B．Besides

C．However

D．Instead

3.

A．unload

B．contain

C．spread

D．uncover

4.

A．good

B．poor

C．awesome

D．sensitive

5.

A．stressful

B．delightful

C．thoughtful

D．sorrowful

6.

A．opportunities

B．miracles

C．roadblocks

D．misfortunes

7.

A．saved

B．spared

C．offered

D．made

8.

A．positive

B．habitual

C．hesitant

D．immediate

9.

A．reflect on

B．care about

C．deal with

D．call off

10.

A．chances

B．wisdom

C．concern

D．skills

11.

A．personal

B．childhood

C．family

D．school

12.

A．forgotten

B．missed

C．avoided

D．boarded

13.

A．delays

B．schedules

C．budgets

D．events

14.

A．dialogue

B．lecture

C．question

D．statement

15.

A．at least

B．at best

C．at sea

D．at ease

8 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Courtney Johnson arrived at her son Peter’s school just in time and immediately recognized him among the mass of students spilling through the front gate. Peter rushed to the car, climbed inside and put on the seat belt.

“How was your day at school today, Peter?” she asked as they left for home.

“Um, it was okay, Mom,” Peter said. “I’m starving! Can we please stop by McDonald’s on our way home?”

“Hungry?” Courtney stopped for a moment. “Didn’t you have lunch at school today? Or is it an excuse for chicken nuggets (鸡块)? Not again, Peter!”

“No, Mom! I’m actually starving. I would have eaten at the dinning hall, but I had to give my food to my classmate Aiden because he was hungry.”

Courtney frowned. “But everyone gets their separate meal at school, Peter.”

“Aiden doesn’t eat with us, Mom,” Peter revealed. “His mom can’t pay for his lunch. They are struggling financially. I found him in the playground one day and he told me not to tell anyone because he thought they would laugh at him. Today we had gym class, and everyone was really hungry. I knew Aiden wouldn’t have anything to eat, so I offered my portion (一份) to him.”

Courtney was happy that her son was kind enough to help a needy classmate. She wondered what went wrong with Aiden’s family, so that Aiden had to skip (不吃) lunch at school. When they got home that day, she received a text message from Peter’s teacher, saying there would be a parents’ meeting the next day. Then she thought of a plan. She called Peter’s teacher Mrs Dickens and shared her idea.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。

The next morning, when they all gathered, Mrs Dickens briefed them about Aiden’s situation at Courtney’s request.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

As Courtney was about to get into her car outside the school gate, Aiden’s mom met her and thanked her for her help.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. What does the man give the speech for?

A．To introduce the sales and marketing director.

B．To congratulate the employees on their achievement.

C．To express his gratitude for everyone’s hard work.

2. What will the listeners receive today?

A．More vacation days.

B．Three new products.

C．An extra payment.

3. What is the speaker most proud of?

A．The teamwork of the employees.

B．The development of their product.

C．The performance of the team.