1 . I was desperately nervous about becoming car-free. But eight months ago our car was hit by a passing vehicle and it was destroyed. No problem, I thought: we’ll buy another. But the insurance payout didn’t even begin to cover the costs of buying a new car—I worked out that, with the loan (贷款) we’d need plus petrol, insurance, parking permits and tax, we would make a payment as much as £600 a month.
And that’s when I had my fancy idea. Why not just give up having a car at all?I live in London. We have a railway station behind our house, a tube station 10 minutes’ walk away, and a bus stop at the end of the street. A new car club had just opened in our area, and one of its shiny little red Peugeots was parked nearby. If any family in Britain could live without a car, I reasoned, then surely we were that family.
But my new car-free idea, sadly, wasn’t shared by my family. My teenage daughters were horrified. What would their friends think about our family being “too poor to afford a car”?(I wasn’t that bothered what they thought, and I suggested the girls should take the same approach.)
My friends, too, were astonished at our plan. What would happen if someone got seriously ill overnight and needed to go to hospital?(an ambulance) How would the children get to and from their many events?(buses and trains) People smiled as though this was another of my mad ideas, before saying they were sure I’d soon realize that a car was a necessity.
Eight months on, I wonder whether we’ll ever own a car again. The idea that you “have to” own a car, especially if you live in a city, is all in the mind. I live—and many other citizens do too—in a place that has never been better served by public transport, and yet car ownership has never been higher. We worry about rising car costs, but we’d be better off asking something much more basic: do I really need a car?Certainly the answer is no, and I’m a lot richer because I dared to ask the question.
1. The author decided to live a car-free life partly because _____.A.the cost of a new car was too much | B.he was hurt in a terrible car accident |
C.most families chose to go car-free | D.the traffic jam was unbearable for him |
A.Supportive. | B.Optimistic. | C.Unconcerned. | D.Disapproving. |
A.Argue against it. | B.Take their advice. |
C.Leave it alone. | D.Think it over. |
注意:1.文章的开头已经给出。
2.提示词: 报废车abandoned vehicles
对校车的信任度 | 对校车的担心 |
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3 . Traffic Management
Traffic lights are key tools for regulating traffic now.They are not, however, perfect.Drivers exchange the traffic jams that would happen at unmanaged crossings for a pattern of stop-go movement that can still be annoying, and which burns more fuel than a smooth passage would.
Creating such a smooth passage means adjusting a vehicle's speed so that it always arrives at the lights when they are green.That is theoretically possible, but practically hard.Roadside signs wired to traffic lights can help get the message across a couple hundred metres from a crossing, but such signs are expensive, and are not widespread.Margaret Martonosi and Emmanouil Koukoumidis at Princeton University, and Li-Shiuan Peh at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, however, have an idea that could make the process cheaper and more effective.Instead of a hardwired network of signs, they propose to use mobile-phone applications.The driver must load the team's software, named SignalGuru, into his phone and then put it on a special thing attached to the inside of his car's windscreen, with the camera lens (镜头) pointing forward.SignalGuru is designed to detect traffic lights and track their status as red, yellow or green.It broadcasts this information to other phones in the area that are fitted with the same software, and — if there are enough of them, the phones thus each know the status of most of the lights around town.Using this information, SignalGuru is able to calculate the traffic-light schedule for the area and suggest the speed at which a driver should travel in order to avoid red lights.
Tests in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where five drivers were asked to follow the same route for three hours, and in Singapore, where eight drivers were asked to follow one of two routes for 30 minutes, revealed that SignalGuru was capable of predicting traffic-light activity with an accuracy of 98.2% and 96.3% respectively, in the two cities.This was particularly impressive because in Cambridge the lights shifted, roughly half-way through the test, from their unbusy schedule to their afternoon-traffic schedule, while in Singapore lights are adaptive, using detectors fixed under the road to determine how much traffic is present and thus when a signal should change.In neither case was SignalGuru fooled.
Fuel consumption fell, too —by about 20%.SignalGuru thus reduces both annoyance and fuel use, and makes going back and forth to work a slightly less horrible experience.
1. Roadside signs wired to traffic lights are not the best way to create a smooth passage because____________.A.they are too costly and not widely used |
B.they are expensive and easily break |
C.they are complex and confusing to drivers |
D.they are theoretically possible but practically useless |
A.a camera | B.a computer |
C.a mobile phone | D.a GPS system in one's car |
A.help drivers avoid traffic accidents | B.allow drivers to adjust their speed |
C.change the traffic lights in advance | D.send information to all cell phones |
A.proved to be unreliable | B.operated at a high speed |
C.understood drivers' schedules | D.functioned rather stably |
The government built a cycle path on the road for those
1. What has been improved according to the speaker?
A.The train station. | B.The bus service. | C.The parking lot. |
A.By bus and on foot. | B.By train and by bus. | C.By train and on foot. |
A.A reporter. | B.A policeman. | C.A photographer. |
1. Why does the woman make the call?
A.To make an invitation. |
B.To ask for information. |
C.To discuss a holiday plan . |
A.$50. | B.$150. | C.$350. |
A warning system to prevent people from falling asleep while driving
8 . The good news is that more people bought electric cars in 2020. The bad news is that SUVs continued to grow in popularity, too. The fall in oil consumption due to the first trend was completely cancelled out by the second, say Laura Cozzi and Apostolos Petropoulos at the International Energy Agency (IEA) in France.
The growing popularity of SUVs is making it even harder to cut carbon dioxide emissions(排放)and meet climate goals. “Policy-makers need to find ways to persuade consumers to choose smaller and more efficient cars,” says Petropoulos.
Oil consumption by conventional cars – not including SUVs – is estimated to have fallen 10 percent in 2020, or by more than 1.8 million barrels(桶)a day, Cozzi and Petropoulos say in a commentary published by the IEA on 15 January. Most of this fall was due to reduced travel and is likely to be temporary.
But a small part of the drop, around 40,000 barrels a day, was as a result of the increased share of electric vehicles (EVs). “We have seen a skyrocketing of global electric car sales in 2020,” says Petropoulos. Unfortunately, the number of SUVs increased as well. While overall car sales fell in 2020, 42 percent of buyers chose SUVs, up around three percentage points from 2019.
Globally, there are now more than 280 million SUVs being driven, up from fewer than 50 million in 2010. On average, SUVs consume 20 percent more energy per kilometre than a medium-sized car.
The increase in SUVs in 2020 led to a rise in oil consumption that cancelled out the effect of electric cars, says Petropoulos. Much the same is true over the past decade. Between 2010 and 2020, global CO2 emissions from conventional cars fell by nearly 350 megatonnes, due to factors such as fuel efficiency improvements as well as the switch to electric cars. Emissions from SUVs rose by more than 500 megatonnes.
“While the growth in EVs is encouraging, the increase in SUVs is heart-breaking,” says Glen Peters at the CICERO climate research centre in Norway.
There are many reasons for the growing popularity of SUVs, says Petropoulos. Rising prosperity(繁荣)in many countries means more people are able to afford them, for instance. Some people see them as a symbol of social position. SUVs are also heavily advertised by car-makers, he says, whose profits are higher on these vehicles.
There are now some electric SUVs available. “Hopefully, in time, you will see electric vehicles entering the SUV market,” says Peters.
Even if it happens, switching to electric SUVs isn’t an ideal solution. Due to their size and bigger batteries, it takes more resources to build electric SUVs, and they consume around 15 percent more electricity. Higher electricity demand makes it harder to green the electricity supply.
1. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A.The SUVs driven in 2019 reached up to 280 million. |
B.Electric cars appeared a sharp decline in sales in 2020. |
C.Buyers of SUVs in 2020 increased 42 percent than those in 2019. |
D.Global SUVs being driven now are over five times as many as those in 2010. |
A.it could have harmful consequences for the air quality |
B.the oil consumption will increase and the price will fall |
C.people all over the world are getting wealthier than before |
D.the car-makers think it’s unnecessary to advertise any more |
A.The purchases of SUVs should be reduced. |
B.The SUVs should be discontinued immediately. |
C.The awareness of using electric cars needs to be improved. |
D.Increasing electric cars can solve the problem of oil consumption. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Disapproving. |
C.Supportive. | D.Uncertain. |
9 . On paper, hydrogen(H2)looks like a dream fuel. Coal, oil, and natural gas produce carbon dioxide, which warms the earth when burned, Hydrogen produces pure water. Hydrogen packs more energy into less space than a battery(but certainly less than petrol). Also, empty tanks(燃料箱)can be refilled with hydrogen much faster than refilling empty batteries with electricity.
While in practice, things are trickier. Storing a meaningful amount of hydrogen gas requires pressing it several hundred-fold. Changing it into the liquid form is another option, but it should be cooled to-253C. Both processes require a heavy and strong tank. While a 700 bar tank is acceptable for a city bus or a truck, adapting it for use in small vehicles is very difficult because the pressure during refilling would be too great.
The solution? Powerpaste.
A German team of researchers, led by Marcus Vogt, have come up with an interesting "powerpaste", which can store hydrogen energy at atmospheric pressure, ready for release when needed. It is so named because it comes in tubes and looks like toothpaste(牙膏), not in its traditional form of gas.
The main ingredient(原料)of the paste is magnesium hydride, a substance that reacts with water to form hydrogen. The escaped hydrogen can then be directed into a fuel cell, where it reacts with oxygen from the air to produce electric power.
Refueling is very simple, as instead of going to a filling station, drivers and riders can simply replace an empty tube with a new one and refill the water tank.
Given that powerpaste only begins to break down at temperatures of around 250℃ it remains safe even when a vehicle stands in the baking sun for hours.
However, we will have to be patient. Just because researchers have succeeded in developing a new fueling way does not mean that we can expect to see such vehicles on the road anytime soon. It will indeed be several years before this concept is turned into reality.
1. As a fuel, what is the advantage of hydrogen over oil?A.Refilling empty tanks will be more convenient. |
B.It is less likely to worsen global warming |
C.More energy can be packed in the same space. |
D.It will produce pure water for people to drink. |
A.The practical difficulties to use hydrogen as fuel in small vehicles. |
B.The detailed processes of adapting a strong tank in small vehicles. |
C.The differences in fueling between large vehicles and small ones. |
D.The tricks of building strong tanks in small vehicles. |
A.inexpensive | B.powerful | C.convenient | D.environment-friendly |
A.Powerpaste-driven vehicles sometimes move very slowly on the road. |
B.Practical use of powerpaste-driven vehicles will not come very soon. |
C.Powerpaste-driven vehicles can only work after being in the sun for hours |
D.It will be years before the researchers work out the concept of powerpaste. |
1. What is the woman?
A.A bus driver. | B.A college student. | C.A shop assistant. |
A.50 dollars. | B.30 dollars. | C.20 dollars. |