1 . A new study published this week in the journal Nature Communications has concluded that a 100 percent change to organic (有机的) food production in England and Wales would actually lead to a great increase in greenhouse gas emissions (排放). In turn, this would contribute to further climate change.
Although organic farming directly pours out fewer emissions than conventional farming—around 20 percent lower for crops and 4 percent for farm animals—it produces notably less food. As to this study’s findings, total organic agriculture in England and Wales would produce 40 percent less food. With less food in the market, the countries would need to increase food imports, which would produce more global greenhouse gas emissions.
Organic farming also increases the amount of absorbing carbon, a process where carbon dioxide (CO2) is “absorbed” out of the atmosphere and captured by plants and stored in the soil. However, even a total change to organic farming would only be equal to a tiny part of the higher emissions from overseas land use.
“We predict a drop in total food production of 40 percent under a fully organic farming process, compared to conventional farming, if we keep to the same national diet,” Dr Adrian Williams, lead author and reader in Agri-Environmental Systems at Cranfield University, said in a statement. “This results from lower crop quantity, because output is limited by a lower supply of nitrogen, which is mainly from other crops or solid waste from cattle on the grassland.”
Nevertheless, it is important to note that organic farming still holds some useful benefits for the environment, such as reducing exposure to chemicals and improving the varieties of creatures. In conclusion, the study suggests that organic farming will continue to play a key role in resolving the world’s environmental problems. However, it’s just one part of a much wider solution.
1. What will total organic agriculture bring to England?| A．More main food. | B．More species crop. |
| C．More food imports. | D．More fresh oxygen. |
| A．By taking in CO2. | B．By changing CO2. |
| C．By giving off CO2. | D．By producing CO2. |
| A．The ways to reduce organic farming. | B．The results caused by organic farming. |
| C．The solution to the environment problems. | D．The advantages of organic farming. |
| A．Organic farming, green food | B．Organic farming, our hope in future |
| C．Organic farming, a mistake we made | D．Organic farming, a double-edged sword |
要求：1.可根据内容要点适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
2.词数：150字左右。短文开头已为你写好，不计入词数。
参考词汇：
1．文理分科：separate students into science and art
2．文科生；liberal art students
3．理科生：science students
The Ministry of Education has been collecting opinions on the possibility and feasibility of ending the separation of science and arts in high schools.
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3 . Vegetarianism is growing in popularity in a lot of countries. And now, South Africa is one of them. Today, more and more South Africans are experimenting with the vegetarian (素食者) way of life by cutting meat out of their diet.
Some others are exploring veganism. Vegans (纯素者) are similar to vegetarians but they avoid all animal based products, including mike and eggs. Some vegans even do not eat honey. There is no official count of how many vegans there are in South Africa. But the interest has led to the birth of vegetarian and vegan restaurants in Johannesburg, the nation's economic center. And this year, Africa's first big vegan and plant-based festival was held in Cape Town. The Vegan & Plant Powered Show took place at the end of May.
But veganism can be a lonely road for many South Africans. The country is Africa's top consumer of meat from cows, pigs and sheep, based on information from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Many South Africans express shock at the thought of giving up meat, which is central to celebrations and spirituality.
This is an issue for many African vegans, including Anesu Mbizvo. “In African traditional culture, a big part of a family's worth is their livestock (家畜), which decide the wealth of a family. And so when an African kills an animal at a gathering, it's thought that he would give away his wealth.” But she adds, “Offering home grown vegetables would not be considered to be valuable. I think that thought mainly prevents some people of African cultures from being vegans.”
Some South Africans are finding their path somewhere in the middle, Thirty-one-year-old Thandiwe Ngubeni is a communications specialist. She still eats meat but less and less of it as time goes by. “I feel more energetic when I eat a vegan meal. It actually gives me more energy.”
1. What can we learn about vegans?| A．They can drink milk. | B．They eat some animal meat. |
| C．They enjoy opening vegan restaurants. | D．They refuse any product based on animals. |
| A．Too many animals in the wild. | B．Traditional views of livestock. |
| C．The influence from other countries. | D．Not enough vegetables in the restaurant. |
| A．She is a vegan. | B．She is an animal specialist. |
| C．She expects to eat more meat. | D．She eats less and less meat. |
| A．Vegans'Behaviors Are Too Extreme. | B．Vegetarians Are Not Popular Any Longer. |
| C．Many South Africans Welcome a Vegan Lifestyle. | D．Meat in South Africa Will Become Less Delicious. |
删除：把多余的词用斜线（﹨）划掉。
删除：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改 10 处，多者（从第 11 处起）不计分。
Thanks to China’s anti-poverty policy, great changes have been taken place in my hometown in the past decade, especial in the living conditions. Take my grandparents’ home in the countryside as a example. They used to live in a small house with little furniture, and now they have moved into a two-storied building with modern electric equipments. In the past, we had to ask someone to write to my parents to keep contact. But they each has a mobile phone now, that makes the communication more convenient. They even have learned to use WeChat talk to us. And they mostly drive out instead of walk or ride bicycles at times.
5 . When Ariyah Georges was born 15 weeks early, she weighed only one pound 12 ounces. Her mother, Jovan, knew how important breastfeeding (母乳) was, especially for a premature (早产的) baby like Ariyah, so she began pumping milk to feed her through a tube. But two days later, Jovan felt dizzy and feverish —104 Fahrenheit degrees, in fact. She had a blood disease and was close to full shock.
She was separated from others for nearly two weeks at the regional Northern Virginia hospital where she’d delivered. During that time, she could still pump breast milk, but Ariyah couldn’t consume it because of the risk of infection (感染). Without it, the newborn was particularly easily affected by diseases. There are many cases like this, which creates the need for the milk donation.
Enter donor (捐献者) milk — breast milk purchased by hospitals for mothers who aren’t able to produce enough milk on their own, due to health complications, stresses, or other factors. The milk comes from milk banks, organizations that collect and screen breast milk from those women willing to donate. Usually processed in intensive-care units, the milk is only available by prescription (处方).
In recent years, both milk banks and the use of donated human milk have risen swiftly in the United States. In 2011, 22 percent of NICUs used donor breast milk; four years later, that number doubled to nearly 40 percent, and went even higher for the most intensive NICUs — as much as 75 percent. There are 23 milk banks in the United States recognized by the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, or HMBANA, double the number that existed five years ago.
But as the demand for donor milk rises, banks must find more charitable donors — a task made more complicated by informal networks of milk sharing that happens online. And many of the most vulnerable (脆弱的) infants are still not being reached.
1. Jovan couldn’t feed her baby Ariyah on her breast milk because _______.| A．Ariyah was a premature baby | B．Jovan couldn’t produce enough milk |
| C．Jovan was in poor health | D．Jovan was separated from others |
| A．introduce the topic of an increasing need for donated human milk |
| B．remind us of the importance of breastfeeding the newborn |
| C．tell us what to do if mothers cannot produce enough milk |
| D．warn us against the risk of the newborn being affected by diseases |
| A．By following time order. | B．By making predictions. |
| C．By giving examples. | D．By listing data. |
| A．It’s difficult to find enough charitable donors. |
| B．Networks of milk looking for donors online are informal. |
| C．The milk purchased from milk banks cannot reach infants’ home. |
| D．The number of women willing to donate breast milk are decreasing. |
6 . Using technology in the classroom can produce unbelievable results. But for note-taking, it may pay to keep it old-school and stick with pen and paper. Students who take notes by hand appear to process information more deeply than those who take notes on a laptop or an iPad and other technological appliances, according to a study published this year.
Using the new fashionable method generally produces more raw notes. But students using laptops tend to do worse than note-takers by hand when answering conceptual questions about the material.
Researchers from Princeton and UCLA conducted several experiments with college students watching some video lectures. In one experiment, note-takers by hand wrote down fewer words than those typing on laptops. But the two groups performed about the same when answering factual questions about the lecture material, and students who wrote longhand did much better than laptop note-takers on conceptual questions .
What gives? Students using laptops tended to write what they heard word by word rather than processing the information; that resulted in a sort of “shallower” learning, the researchers say.
In a second experiment, students taking notes on laptops were told not to write down what they heard word by word. It didn't help in spite of the instructions. They still took notes word by word and they still did worse on conceptual questions than those taking notes by hand.
In a third experiment, students were able to briefly study their notes before answering questions asked a week after the lecture. Those reviewing their longhand notes did far better than students reviewing their typed notes.
A student named Jerry from the experiment said, “The study is right, and we have to think about what was said to take the notes because I could not write down every word. I even developed complex letter symbols to help. To study for tests, I went over and underlined key points to reinforce them. The process helped me understand the lectures better.”
1. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 probably mean？___| A．It is necessary to take notes on a laptop or an iPad. |
| B．It is not worthwhile to take notes with pen and paper. |
| C．It needs much money to go to schools with a long history. |
| D．It may bring good results to use the traditional note-taking style. |
| A．The students using laptops don’t understand the instructions. |
| B．The students using longhand write down all that they hear. |
| C．The students using laptops learn worse than those by hand. |
| D．The students using longhand don't process the information. |
| A．Jerry is good at inventing letter symbols. | B．It's very hard for Jerry to write down notes. |
| C．Notes guarantee good performance in tests. | D．Jerry approves of the study and its result. |
| A．An education column. | B．A health magazine. |
| C．A travel guide. | D．A biology textbook. |
Many students may feel
For one thing, parents are often not aware of the kinds of problems their children face. They don't realize that the
At their kindest, they may
Sometimes parents think it night and natural that they determine
1. 网络教学的利弊以及你的理由；
2. 你的看法及建议。
注意： 1. 词数100左右；
2. 开头已经给出，不计入总词数；
3. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Education
With the popularity of the Internet,
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增加：在缺词处加一个 漏字符号（∧），并在其下面。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\） 划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线， 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：每处错误及其修改均仅限一词，只允许修改 10 处，多者（从第 11 处起）不计分。
On terms of living standards, some households lied in the remote regions still have a low income and live in poverty, whom are hungry for a happy life. The government is taking measure to change their lives. First, make sure all the children should be educated because education is of great important. Second, the government is making efforts improve the development of economy great. Whatever difficult the task may be, we won’t lose heart.
In a conclusion, our dream will come true as long as they work together.
10 . Several days ago, a doctor Lord Robert Winston from Britain took a train from London to Manchester, he found himself becoming steadily angry. A woman had picked up her phone and begun a loud conversation, which would last an unbelievable hour. Furious, Winston began to put the message about the woman on his twitter. He took her picture and sent it to his more than 40 ,000 followers.
As the train arrived at its destination, Winston had enough of the woman's rudeness. But the press were now waiting for her on the platform. And when they deliberately showed her the Lord's messages, she used just one word to describe Winston's actions: rude.
The story of Winston is something of a microcosm of our age of increasing rudeness, fueled by social media ( and often politics). What can we do to fix this?
Studies have shown that rudeness spreads quickly and virally, almost like the common cold. Just witnessing rudeness makes it far more likely that we, in turn, will be rude later on. Once infected, we are more aggressive, less creative and worse at our jobs. The only way to end a strain is to make a conscious decision to do so. We must have the courage to call it out, face to face. We must say, “ Just stop. ” For Winston, that would have meant approaching the woman, telling her that her conversation was frustrating other passengers and politely asking her to speak more quietly or make the call at another time.
The anger and injustice we feel at the rude behavior of a stranger can drive us to do odd things. In my own research, surveying 2 ,000 adults, I discovered that the acts of revenge people had been taken ranging from the ridiculous to the disturbing. Winston did shine a spotlight on the woman's behavior but from afar, in a way that shamed her.
We must instead fight with rudeness directly. When we see it occur in a store, we must step up and say something. If it happens to a colleague, we must point it out. We must defend strangers in the same way we'd defend our best friends. But we can do it with grace, by handling it without a trace of aggression and without being rude ourselves. Because once rude people can see their actions through the eyes of others, they are far more likely to end that strain themselves.
1. Why did the woman use the word “rude” to describe Winston's actions?| A．Because he behaved improperly and spoke loudly on the train. |
| B．Because he said rude words to the woman. |
| C．Because he lost his temper due to other people's rudeness. |
| D．Because he pointed out the woman's rude behavior in a wrong way. |
| A．To draw a conclusion to the above story. |
| B．To act as a connecting link of the former and latter part. |
| C．To show us the positive and negative effects of the social media. |
| D．To tell us the ways to fix this kind of situation. |
| A．Uncover. | B．Combat. |
| C．Concern. | D．Undertake. |
| A．We can only point out rudeness from familiar people. |
| B．Do nothing but wait for other people to fix it. |
| C．Both strangers and acquaintances deserve our friendly warning. |
| D．Take revenge on rude people by doing equally disturbing things. |
