5 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. progressively             B. permanent             C. acquired             D. applications             E. separate F. proposed                  G. extends                    H. claimed            I. reach                         J. currently K. supports

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. Piaget believed that one’s childhood plays a vital and active role in a person’s development. Piaget     1    that cognitive development is at the centre of the human organism, and language is contingent on (取决于) knowledge and understanding     2    through cognitive development.

Through a series of stages, Piaget     3    four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period. The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages in cognitive development which “     4    from birth to the acquisition of language”. In this stage, infants     5     construct knowledge and understanding of the world by coordinating experiences with physical interactions with objects. Infants gain knowledge of the world from the physical actions they perform within it. They progress from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.

Children learn that they are     6    from the environment. They can think about aspects of the environment, even though these may be outside the     7    of the child’s senses. In this stage, according to Piaget, the development of object permanence is one of the most important accomplishments. Object permanence is a child’s understanding that objects continue to exist even though he or she cannot see or hear them. By the end of the sensorimotor period, children develop a     8    sense of self and object.

Piaget’s earlier work received the greatest attention. Child-centered classrooms and “open education” are direct     9    of Piaget’s views. Despite its huge success, Piaget’s theory has some limitations that Piaget recognized himself: for example, the theory     10    sharp stages rather than continuous development.

6 . What Really Matters in Life?

We live in a world packed with material possessions and are encouraged to chase these things.     1    so we keep running. But what really matters here?

We run after bigger television sets, newer smartphones, and better cars. We run after job promotions and luxurious holidays. We tend to think that more money in our bank accounts will translate into happier lives.     2    There are all examples of things that don’t matter in the end. The wise do not chase after materialistic items. More clothes, smarter gadgets, bigger cars, and luxurious houses can make our lives more convenient, but do these things bring us long—lasting happiness? They don’t.

What really matters in life is happiness itself. Happiness comes from having a purpose in life, loving and accepting yourself and others, and maintaining good health.     3    

An adult development study by Harvard on the lives of more than 700 people was conducted for over 75 years. The participants were divided into two groups—one group with participants who finished college and the other with participants from poor neighbourhoods. Their personal and professional lives were studied, as well as their health and relationships.

While most people thought that money and fame made for a happier life, the research showed something different.     4    It’s not about having a big circle of friends or several relationships. It’s about having meaningful relationships. Quality over quantity. The clearest message that we get from this 75-year study is this: Good relationships keep us happier and healthier.

A．Without these, you will always end up feeling unfulfilled and unhappy.

B．As a result, our needs never seem to stop growing.

C．You need to nurture these relationships with the attention, love, and care that they deserve.

D．Even worse, we take it all for granted and postpone it for later, while we prioritize our work.

E．While offline and online shopping can bring us short-term satisfaction, it rarely matters in the long run.

F．It was good relationships that had a more positive impact on life.

7 . Spirituality

Spirituality means different things to different people and there is no one way of exploring or expressing it, but it is a basic human need to search for meaning. For many people, spirituality and religion are synonymous(同义的), but others primarily pursue knowledge rather than faith, like Socrates or Einstein, and they explore and express spirituality through questioning and inquiry. In that way, philosophy and science rather than faith can be the means whereby we explore the “big question”. Spirituality relates to how we find meaning and purpose and how we understand our place on the planet and within the universe.     1    

Spirituality, in the broad sense, impacts upon stress and mental health, lifestyle choices, relationships and our coping ability. Here we are to explore the relationships between spirituality, meaning and health, and how we can make spirituality an integrated element of our daily life.     2    Although most people who call themselves spiritual do so within a religious context, and although religion and spirituality certainly overlap, they are not the same thing. Because of its religious connotations (隐含之意) many people would rather avoid the word “spirituality” altogether and feel more comfortable with the term “meaning”.

The search for meaning is hard to measure but being able to make meaning of life, and especially of adversity, can be enormously beneficial to mental health when we are coping with major life events. As Carl Jung said, “The lack of meaning in life is a soul-sickness whose full extent and full import our age has not yet begun to comprehend.”

    3    Although many deny they search for meaning, we all do it. We all look for meaning in one way or another, whether it is through meaningful relationships and how we respect others around us, or through a respect for social justice, morality and rights.

    4    Meaning is the lens through which we look at the world. Without it an individual or community is soon dispirited and many emotional and social ills follow. One only has to look at the impact of a lack of meaning and purpose on indigenous communities to get a sense of how vital it is.

A．An active search for meaning is a vital part of what makes us human.

B．No studies showed an increased risk of suicide for churchgoers.

C．There are many reasons why people are protected against various problems.

D．As individuals, the search for meaning helps to keep us healthy.

E．This exploration aims to be relevant to each person’s personal and cultural background.

F．Others find meaning through creativity, relationships, environmentalism and social justice.

9 . Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Achievements in Life Are Various

The definition of achievement in life continues to be a controversial topic. Many people are convinced that the only real achievement in life is being famous because the Internet has never stopped feeding us the idea that you can be the star tomorrow. Granted, being famous is a kind of success, but achievements in life are various.

Firstly, every individual is entitled to the right of defining his or her own achievement in life. During our school years, we are always told that the purpose of education is to develop students’ different potentials and make them all-round persons. The fulfilment of this kind of education means that one can spot his or her strengths and weaknesses, thus finding out what he or she is really into and maybe turn it into a lifelong target. Therefore, reaching that target can no doubt be considered as an achievement in life. And since everyone has different targets, it’s understandable that achievements in life are various.

Moreover, if being famous is regarded as the only real achievement in life, losing seems to be the popular choice because ordinary people are no less happier than famous ones and it is much easier to be a ”loser". For example, hard-working teachers are always satisfied with their students’ advancement while seeking fame is never on the top of their lists. Still, they are not losers. In fact, it is not uncommon for ordinary people to gain a sense of achievement without being famous for there are all kinds of different achievements.

Admittedly, being famous can be an achievement in life. Otherwise, the new occupation of online celebrity would never have arisen. As the Internet has become a virtual web that connects almost every human, showing talents to strangers and becoming famous overnight are no longer fantasies. As a result, those who believe having huge fans is their achievement in life finally secure their path to success. Nonetheless, as I mentioned, paths to success are diverse.

Overall, I believe every individual can have a unique definition of achievement in life, be it becoming famous or working hard. Achievements in life are various and there is no excuse not to follow your path.

1: What’s the author’s opinion about achievements?
    1    
2: What is the argument given by the author in Paragraph 2?
    2    
3: What example does the author give in Paragraph 3?
    3    

10 . In some ways, the kitchen is the heart of the home. It is where we ______ our day with a cup of coffee or tea. The kitchen is where we ______ ourselves, body and soul.

Sometimes you need order in the kitchen for things to run ______. Sometimes you need one person to be ______ charge. Imagine you are cooking dinner for your friends. As you are making the soup, your friend Sara ______ it and says, “This needs more salt.” So, she adds more salt.

Then Harlan comes in. He tastes your ______ and says, “You didn’t put enough pepper.” So he grinds (磨碎) some fresh black pepper into the pot.

Cecilia sees him. She tastes the soup and says, “You forgot vinegar. It’s my ______ ingredient.” Then she ______ in some vinegar.

You are happy to spend time with your friends. But, quite ______, all their opinions about your soup are becoming ______. Worst of all, you taste the soup and it’s ______!

And that is where we get the expression “too many cooks ______ the soup.”

This expression describes an age-old ______: If too many people help to complete a task, it may not go very well.

So there should be a cook in the kitchen. He is the ______. Other people can be assistants helping him. And the cook has the final ______.

1.

A．enjoy

B．finish

C．start

D．spend

2.

A．prepare

B．eat

C．cook

D．feed

3.

A．frequently

B．actively

C．smoothly

D．quickly

4.

A．from

B．for

C．with

D．in

5.

A．tastes

B．heats

C．mixes

D．drinks

6.

A．meat

B．soup

C．vegetable

D．food

7.

A．wonderful

B．famous

C．secret

D．delicious

8.

A．pours

B．fills

C．puts

D．blows

9.

A．importantly

B．strangely

C．interestingly

D．frankly

10.

A．charming

B．inviting

C．annoying

D．embarrassing

11.

A．salty

B．awful

C．sour

D．hot

12.

A．spoil

B．share

C．make

D．polish

13.

A．mystery

B．discovery

C．tradition

D．problem

14.

A．leader

B．host

C．assistant

D．manager

15.

A．method

B．direction

C．advice

D．say