3 . With the world’s attention on vaccines (疫苗), now feels like a good moment to sing the praises of an often forgotten contribution to their development. Three hundred years ago this month, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu got her daughter inoculated (接种) against smallpox, making her child the first person in the West to be protected in this way. Without Montagu’s willingness to adopt a practice she had learned from other cultures, the introduction of vaccines around 80 years later would never have taken place.
Montagu first witnessed inoculation when she accompanied her husband to Turkey in 1717. Inoculation had started in Asia, probably in China, as early as the 10th century AD. Montagu observed how older women in Turkey took a tiny amount of pus (脓) from a person with smallpox. They then used needles to make cuts on people’s wrists and ankles and added the pus to their bloodstream. This helped people gain immunity from future infection.
Like other visitors to the country, Montagu took steps to ensure that her son was inoculated in Turkey. This worked well, but she knew that trying it in England would be far more challenging. Inoculation performed by unlicensed amateurs would threaten doctors’ professional standing and potentially rob them of valuable income. Churchmen also disagree with the practice, as they saw it as going against nature.
Back in England, Montagu observed the increased severity of smallpox infections. Eventually, in April 1721, she decided to use the Turkish practice to have her daughter inoculated, because she believed that the rewards would outweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed following the inoculation, Montagu allowed doctors to examine her daughter.
Doctors in Britain gradually accepted the practice. About so years later, a pioneering physician found smallpox vaccines to destroy smallpox completely. As early as last century, academics argued that Montagu was no more than an enthusiastic amateur. In truth, she made a vital scientific contribution towards finding the cure for smallpox.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The origin of smallpox inoculation. |
B.Montagu’s first access to inoculation. |
C.The benefits from smallpox inoculation. |
D.Turkish women’s invention of inoculation. |
2. Montagu found it difficult to try inoculation in England because ________.
A.it was against human nature | B.it might harm doctors’ interests |
C.it was beyond doctors’ abilities | D.it might shake churchmen’s belief |
3. What led doctors in Britain to accept inoculation?
A.The increased severity of smallpox infections. |
B.A physician’s discovery of smallpox vaccines. |
C.The result of Montagu’s daughter’s inoculation. |
D.Montagu’s focus on its rewards rather than its risks. |
4. What might be the best title of the test?
A.An unsung hero | B.No limit to creation |
C.Development of vaccines | D.A historic medical innovation |