1 . In the late 1930s, people could donate blood, but very few hospitals could store it for later use. Whole blood breaks down quickly, and there were no methods at the time for safely preserving it. As a result, hospitals often did not have the appropriate blood type when patients needed it. Charles Drew, a Black surgeon and researcher, helped solve this monumental problem for medicine, earning him the title “Father of the Blood Bank”.
In 1938, while obtaining his doctorate in medicine, Drew became a fellow at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital in New York. He studied the storage and distribution of blood, including the separation of its components, and applied his findings to an experimental blood bank at the hospital.
As Drew was finishing his degree at Columbia, World War Ⅱ was erupting in Europe. Great Britain was asking the United States for desperately needed plasma (血浆) to help victims. Given his expertise, Drew was selected to be the medical director for the Blood for Britain campaign. Using Presbyterian Hospital’s blood bank as a model, Drew established uniform procedures for collecting blood and processing blood plasma from nine New York hospitals, thus making the hospitals’ standards all the same. The five-month campaign collected donations from 15,000 Americans and was considered a success. His discoveries and his leadership saved countless lives.
With the increasing likelihood that the nation would be drawn into war, the United States wanted to capitalize on what Drew had learned from the campaign. The government appointed him as the assistant director of a three-month pilot program to mass-produce dried plasma in New York, which became the model for the first Red Cross blood bank. His innovations for this program included mobile blood donation stations, later called bloodmobiles.
1. What problem did hospitals face in the late 1930s regarding blood donations?A.The shortage of blood donors. | B.The inability to preserve blood. |
C.The challenge of blood infection. | D.The failure to identify blood types. |
A.Legal. | B.Varied. | C.Acceptable. | D.Identical. |
A.He aided in producing the dried plasma in quantities. |
B.He established the first Red Cross blood bank. |
C.He reduced the possibility of the war. |
D.He made bloodmobiles easy to access to donors. |
A.The Life of Dr. Charles Drew | B.The Inventor of the Blood Bank |
C.A Savior of Lives During Wartime | D.A Pioneer in Blood Transportation |
2 . 听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。
1. What is the man probably?A.A doctor. | B.A nutritionist. | C.A fitness instructor. |
A.Watching out for her weight. | B.Doing some exercise daily. | C.Going on a diet. |
Acupuncture(针灸),
Acupuncture is a treatment that aims to promote the body’s self-regulating functions. Its principles are in line
Practices can vary in forms. Needle insertion (插入), the most common method,
Looking beyond China, acupuncture has become a global treatment. Over the years, acupuncture
4 . When London faced the Black Death in 1665, many people desperately sought a way to protect themselves and their loved ones from getting sick. One widely adopted method consisted of mixing two small cloves of garlic in a cup of fresh milk. People believed that drinking this drink in the morning on an empty stomach would prevent the feared disease.
Like those living through the hard time in London, many people searched for treatment that would keep viruses at bay, which is why the claims that garlic could help people spread on social media. The claims caused the World Health Organization to post tweets of warning.
Despite laboratory studies showing that garlic does have special substances, the idea of consuming garlic to prevent becoming infected with any bacteria or viruses is mostly folklore. The idea of garlic as a blanket cure has its foundation in medical folk wisdom, which is an umbrella term for unproven, widespread beliefs about anything to do with health and disease. It can involve herbal treatment, dietary recommendations and advice about following specific behaviors. It is often passed down by word of mouth through generations and may be one of the reasons myths( stories from ancient times) about the causes and cures of diseases continue to exist, despite the progress of medical science.
Medical folk wisdom, like other types of misinformation not backed by science, often spreads quickly on social media. When the UK went into lockdown, the Burns Centre at Birmingham Children’s Hospital saw a 30-fold-increase in the number of injuries. This was caused by folk statements on social media that misled parents into believing that breathing in steam could prevent or treat respiratory tract (呼吸道) disease.
Medical folk wisdom isn’t bad all the time, and nor is it likely to disappear anytime soon. What we need is to understand what makes people believe in it and to what extent it challenges beliefs in science. There seems to be a complex relationship between beliefs in medical folk wisdom and what people actually do to protect their health, which could be key to preventing its harmful effects. Therefore, we should think twice before adopting it. Lives may depend upon it.
1. What made the garlic welcome in the seventeenth century?A.Its special taste. |
B.Its low price. |
C.Its medicinal quality. |
D.Its ready availability. |
A.It helps increase the advances in medicine. |
B.It counts as much as medical science. |
C.It includes some long-held beliefs and traditions. |
D.It stands up well to science. |
A.To highlight the role of social media in spreading misinformation. |
B.To show unproven folk practices can do harm to public health. |
C.To point out parents lack medical knowledge. |
D.To remind us to clarify information online. |
A.Try to prove its scientific nature. |
B.Adopt it in our daily life. |
C.Help remove it as soon as possible. |
D.Make an evaluation before using it. |
A.She has a poor diet. | B.She has high blood pressure. | C.She has high blood sugar. |
6 . I always do voluntary work in the hospital. As a patient visitor, my important
Every Saturday afternoon for three to four hours, with a list of patients who
When volunteering as a patient visitor, I spent a lot of time communicating one-on-one with patients. Individual patients had individual needs and had extraordinary personal stories.
Many of the patients I have visited were truly inspiring and I always
A.battle | B.notice | C.goal | D.lesson |
A.providing | B.judging | C.questioning | D.suggesting |
A.clean | B.lonely | C.lively | D.comfortable |
A.exercising | B.studying | C.playing | D.staying |
A.refuse | B.replace | C.supply | D.need |
A.kindly | B.impolitely | C.professionally | D.loudly |
A.forget | B.warn | C.confirm | D.regret |
A.hold up | B.knock on | C.pick up | D.run into |
A.skills | B.attitudes | C.rules | D.topics |
A.Therefore | B.Instead | C.Otherwise | D.However |
A.puzzling | B.frightening | C.interesting | D.shocking |
A.achievement | B.treatment | C.employment | D.entertainment |
A.effort | B.pace | C.appearance | D.life |
A.train | B.appreciate | C.forgive | D.control |
A.worried | B.discouraged | C.honored | D.embarrassed |
7 . Healing with Happiness
Dr. Hunter “Patch” Adams decided early in his life that he wanted to help make the world better. Many of the patients who have visited his hospital would agree that he has done just that.
Adams was born in Washington, DC., but lived in many parts of the world while growing up. As a child Adams performed well in school. When he grew up. Adams decided to become a doctor. During his medical training he developed his own style of working with patients.
He was friendly and thought of ways to make them laugh, hoping to make them feel better. Some of Adams’s teachers were not pleased with his way of treating patients. These teachers believed that being friends with patients could get in the way of being a good doctor. Adams did not let his teachers’ attitude stop him from trying to make patients laugh. One day he dressed in a clown costume.
After he finished medical school, Adams and 20 of his friends opened their own hospital. They named their hospital the Gesundheit! Institute. Gesundheit means “health” in the German language.
Adams has written books about his style of healing patients. He writes that you don’t have to be a doctor to help someone feel better.
A.His bright clothes and red nose made patients smile. |
B.They could watch a play or see a dance performance. |
C.They were also trained to be funny and kind to patients. |
D.The most important thing anyone can do is visit people who are sick. |
E.He made sure there was always a friendly smile under that bright red nose. |
F.When he talked with sick people, he wanted to understand how they were feeling. |
G.It is also a funny sounding word, which makes it a perfect name for Adams’s hospital. |
1. What’s the first step to deal with the burn?
A.Cool it with running water. | B.Press it for five minutes. | C.Put some ice on it. |
A.Keeping the burn from the air. | B.Taking some medicine. | C.Staying away from children. |
A.A reporter. | B.A doctor. | C.A teacher. |
9 . Some people look forward to getting braces (牙箍) on their teeth, thinking they look cool. Other people avoid visiting the orthodontist (正齿医生). But anyone who benefits from the orthodontist’s trade today should be thankful for the progress this science has made over the centuries.
Remains of crooked (弯曲的) human teeth date back tens of thousands of years. Greek and Roman texts describing the treatment of irregular teeth by the application of pressure date back as far as the fifth century B. C. Archaeological evidence indicates even earlier use of orthodontic appliances, including man-made objects found in considerable burial (埋葬的) sites in ancient Italy. Another early attempt at braces may have been discovered on Egyptian mummies with recognizable metal bands around their teeth. Thus, from at least 1,000 BC, it was known that teeth move in response to pressure.
Techniques for correcting dental (牙齿的) irregularities did not advance much until the eighteenth century. French dentists led the way to building orthodontic practice on scientific foundations. The greatest contribution came from Pierre Fauchard. In 1728, Fauchard published the first general study of dentistry. In it, he described the process of straightening. He made smooth (光滑的) a crooked tooth to create space around it. Then he repositioned the tooth using a tool called a “pelican”. And he bound it to its neighbors and let it set. French and English dentists improved on Fauchard’s work through the eighteenth century. Patients of Fauchard’s treatment may have been grateful when the work was completed. While many of them faced the treatment with fear and cried during the procedures, there were many Frenchmen who flooded to Fauchard to improve their looks with dental work.
Pioneering European orthodontists introduced new techniques and instruments in the nineteenth century. By midcentury, American dentists began to take the lead in research and invention. Electricity changed the operating room completely, and the proper medicine made surgery less painful. John Farrar developed guidelines for using tools to move teeth by applying force on a regular basis.
The twentieth century saw improvement in the materials and methods of orthodontics. But the basic principles of the science were developed during the days of Fauchard.
1. What’s the public’s attitude toward Fauchard’s treatment?A.Objective. | B.Fearful. | C.Unconcerned. | D.Positive |
A.Americans relieved the pain from the treatment. |
B.Americans repositioned the tooth using a “pelican”. |
C.Americans introduced new techniques and instruments. |
D.Americans published the first general study of dentistry. |
A.Straight History of Orthodontics |
B.Advanced Techniques in Orthodontics |
C.Thanks for the Progress in Orthodontics |
D.Establishment of Professional Orthodontics |
A.In an interview report. | B.In a private diary. |
C.In a medical journal. | D.In a graduation essay. |
Lin Qiaozhi’s principle of putting others first carried her
When young, deeply hit by her mother’s death, Lin Qiaozhi chose to study medicine regardless of the tradition of early
After the foundation of People’s Republic of China, she held many important
Lin Qiaozhi, having delivered over 5,000 babies,