3 . Shots to Shoot for

If you haven’t given much thought lately to smallpox, polio or diphtheria, that’s because these once-dangerous diseases either have been completely rid of or are now well controlled, thanks to the success of earlier vaccination (接种疫苗) programs. But the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that currently fewer than a quarter of American adults have received all age-appropriate vaccines (疫苗).

While some vaccines are given in childhood and give protection for life, others must be repeated into adulthood. The virus that causes measles, for instance, is a very stable virus, it doesn’t change — basically, the virus today is the same as it was in 1935, Flu and COVID viruses, on the other hand, change frequently, so the vaccine s need to be updated and repeated.

Here are the CDC’s vaccine recommendations for adults age 19 and older. (Note: Some guidelines change for adults with additional risk factors or health conditions. Ask your doctor for more information.)

Flu: One dose (剂量) annually.
COVID-19: Boosters on your doctor’s recommendation.
MMR: One to two doses for those born in 1957 or later who have not been fully immunized.
Hepatitis A: People with certain medical conditions or those traveling overseas may require two to three doses, depending on the vaccine.
Hepatitis B: Two to four doses for all adults, depending on the vaccine.
HPV: Two to three doses before age 26(or before age 45, depending on your doctor’s recommendation).
Pneumococcal: For all adults over age 65, one dose PCV15 followed by PPSV23 or one dose PCV20.
Meningococcal: Recommended for previously unvaccinated adults who are in college or the military, or have a weak immune system.
1. Which of the childhood vaccine can provide lifelong protection?

A．Measles.

B．Flu.

C．COVID-19.

D．MMR.

2. How many doses are needed for HPV?

A．One dose annually.	B．None before age 45.
C．Two to three doses before age 26.	D．Depending on the vaccine.

3. Who need to take Meningococcal shots?

A．Unvaccinated soldiers.	B．All unvaccinated adults.
C．People with a strong immune system.	D．Vaccinated college students.

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Doctors at Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) recently received     1     thank-you letter from doctors in the United States.

Xue Jianjun, director of the hospital’s anesthetic (麻醉) medicine center, received the letter from Frank Yurasek, director of acupuncture (针灸) at the Cook County Health and Hospitals Systems in Chicago.     2     (learn) how to combine TCM with Western anesthetic technology, Yurasek and co-worker Robert Fischer visited the hospital     3     a couple of weeks in September 2018.

Ding Fanfan, a doctor at Gansu Provincial Hospital of TCM, said the two US doctors     4     (attend) the morning shift meeting every day. The center also formulated a study plan for the doctors as well as courses for     5     (they) to study basic TCM theories. “They often visited the operating room to see how acupuncture     6     (use) during operations,” Ding said,     7     (add) that he was impressed by their love for TCM.

Yurasek wrote that his team had begun to use and research acupuncture-assisted anesthesia. “Combination of acupuncture and anesthesia is proving     8     (effect) in our hospital, one of the oldest and largest hospitals in the US. I’m excited to tell all of you     9     the training we received achieved here,” he said. None of the work would have been possible without the incredible training and the     10     (confident) they felt after being trained by Xue’s staff, he stressed.

10 . For decades, scientists thought of the brain as the most closely guarded organ. Locked safely behind a biological barrier, away from the disorder of the rest of the body, it was broadly free of destruction of germs (病菌) and the battles started by the immune system.

Then, 20-odd years ago, some researchers began to ask a question: is the brain really so separate? The answer, according to a growing body of evidence, is no — and has important effects on both science and health care.

The list of brain conditions that have been associated with changes elsewhere in the body is long and growing. Changes in the make-up of the microorganisms resident in the gut (肠道), for example, have been linked to disorders like Parkinson’s disease. Some researchers think that certain infections could provoke Alzheimer’s disease and some could lead to emotional disorder in babies.

The effect is two-way. There is a lengthening list of symptoms (症状) not typically viewed as disorders of the nervous system in which the brain and the neural processes that connect it to the body play a large part. For example, the development of a fever is influenced by a population of neurons (神经元) that control body temperature and appetite. The effect of brain on body is underlined by the finding that stimulating a particular brain region in mice can ‘remind’ the body of previous inflammation (炎症) — and reproduce them.

These findings and others mark a complete shift in our view of the interconnectedness of brain and body, and could help us both understand and treat illness. If some brain conditions start outside the brain, then perhaps cures for them could also reach in from outside. Treatments that take effect through the digestive system, heart or other organs, for instance, would be much easier and less striking to give than those that must cross the blood-brain barrier, the brain’s first line of defence.

In the opposite direction, the effects of our emotions or mood on our capacity to recover from illness could also be used. There is an opening work under way testing whether stimulating certain areas of the brain that respond to reward and produce feelings of positivity could enhance recovery from conditions such as heart attacks. Perhaps even more exciting is the possibility that making changes to our behaviour — to reduce stress, say — could have similar benefits.

For neuroscientists, it’s time to look beyond the brain. And clinicians treating the body mustn’t assume the brain is above getting involved — its activity could be influencing a wide range of conditions, from mild infections to long-time fatness.

1. The author writes paragraph 1 mainly to ______.

A．evaluate an argument

B．present an assumption

C．summarize the structure

D．provide the background

2. What does the underlined word “provoke” mean in Paragraph 3?

A．Delay.

B．Cure.

C．Cause.

D．Disturb.

3. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Treatments that cross brain-blood barrier are less used.

B．Previous diseases could cause the production of new ones.

C．Emotions could affect the capacity to fight against diseases.

D．Treatment of the brain takes priority over other treatments.

4. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P: Point Sp: Sub-point (次要点) C: Conclusion

A．	B．
C．	D．