What happens when you cross stem cells from a frog heart and frog skin? Not much-that is, until you program those cells to move. In that case, you've created a xenobot, a new type of organism that's part robot, part living thing.
Now a team of scientists has used living cells from frog embryos and assembled them into entirely new life-forms. These millimeter-wide xenobots can move toward a specific target and pull themselves through after being cut.
These are novel living machines," says Joshua Bongarch a computer scientist and robotics expert at the University of Vermont who co-led the new research. "They're neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal. It's a new living, programmable organism.
Xenobots borrow their name from Xenopus laevis, the name for the African clawed frog from which the researchers harvested the stem cells. They combined together well two different kinds of cells-heart and skin cells. The heart cells are competent in expanding and contracting, which aids the xenobot in locomotion, and the skin cells administer structure. Besides, they can't accomplish tasks without the help of computers.
By studying these curious organisms, researchers hope to learn more about the mysterious world of cellular communication. Plus, these kinds of robo-organisms could possibly be the key to drug transmission in the body or greener environmental clean-up techniques.
“Most technologies are made from steel, concrete, chemicals, and plastics, which degrade(降解)over time and can generate harmful ecological and health side effects the authors note in a research paper. "When these xenobots finally do stop working, they fall apart harmlessly.
“Promising as these organisms are, when we start to mess around with complex systems that we don't understand, we're going to get unintended consequences Michael Levin, a biophysicist and co-author of the study, says in a press statement.
1. What do we know about the xenobot?| A．It is not easy to degrade over time. |
| B．It can recover itself after being cut. |
| C．It will never die with a computer inside. |
| D．It is named after a kind of American frog. |
| A．Appearance. | B．Position. |
| C．Application. | D．Movement. |
| A．recycle waste in nature. |
| B．replace certain damaged organs. |
| C．deliver medicine inside patients. |
| D．improve communication technology. |
| A．Xenobots can be put into the market soon. |
| B．Xenobots are created totally by accident. |
| C．More research should be done on xenobots. |
| D．It is hard for people to understand xenobots. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】When it comes to medical care, many patients and doctors believe “more is better.” But what they do not realize is that overtreatment—too many scans, too many blood tests, too many procedures—may bring harm. Sometimes a test leads you down a path to more and more testing, some of which may be attacking, or to treatment for things that should be left out.
Terrence Power, for example, complained that after his wife learned she had Wegener’s disease, an uncommon disorder of the immune system(免疫系统), they found it difficult to refuse testing recommended by her doctor. The doctor insisted on office visits every three weeks, even when she was feeling well. He frequently ordered blood tests and X-rays, and repeatedly referred her to experts for even minor complaints. Even when tests came back negative, more were ordered, and she was hospitalized as prevention when she developed a cold. She had as many as 25 doctor visits during one six-month period. The couple was spending about $30,000 a year for her care.
After several years of physical suffering and near financial ruin from the medical costs, the couple began questioning the treatment after discussing with other patients in online support groups. “It’s a really hard thing to determine when doctors have crossed the line,” Mr. Power said. “You think she’s getting the best care in the world, but after a while you start to wonder: What is the purpose?” Mr. Power then spoke with his own primary care doctor, who advised him to find a new expert to oversee Mrs. Power’s care. Under the new doctor’s care, the regular testing stopped and Mrs. Power’s condition was stable. Now she sees the doctor only four or five times a year.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?| A．Treatments do not always cause harmful side effects. |
| B．Patients tend to believe more testing is better treatment. |
| C．Too much medical care may not be beneficial to patients. |
| D．Doctors generally recommend office visits that are necessary. |
| A．She had to be hospitalized for three weeks whenever she had a cold. |
| B．When test results showed she was fine, her doctor still ordered more tests. |
| C．She did not have any insurance, so she became penniless. |
| D．Her doctor asked her to consult other experts for her complaints. |
| A．construct | B．improve | C．catch | D．attack |
| A．After knowing about other patients’ treatment. |
| B．After analyzing the results of her blood tests. |
| C．After curing Mrs Power of her illness. |
| D．After the new expert’s testing |
【推荐2】Foreseeing a time when a patient's own cells may be harvested, multiplied, and fashioned into a replacement organ, researchers in Boston have successfully transplanted laboratory grown bladders (肾) into six dogs.
For a century, physicians have replaced diseased or damaged bladders by removing sections of a person's intestines (肠子）and shaping them into a substitute bladder. While the procedure offers some relief to patients, complications often develop because nature designs intestinal tissue for a purpose-absorbing nutrients-other than holding waste liquid of the body. “You start absorbing stuff that should be removed," says Anthony Atala of the Children's Hospital in Boston.
Other physicians have turned to human-made materials to create artificial bladders, but those efforts have also run into problems. Consequently, to build a better bladder, Atala and his colleagues decided to employ the organ's own cells.
To turn the cells into an organ, the researchers first form plastic which can break down naturally into bladder-shaped shell. They then coat its outside and inside with layers of cells needed.
To test this strategy, Atala's group obtained bladder tissue from dogs and grew it into organs. After removing the dogs' bladders, the investigators implanted(移植）the artificial ones coming from the dogs' own cells. Within a month, the organs began to perform like normal bladders.
Within three months, the plastic shells had broken down naturally, and the implanted organs were hard to distinguish from natural ones, Blood vessels(血管） quickly grew into them. Moreover, nerves seem to form proper connections with the new organs, allowing the dogs to regain normal control of their bladders. Some dogs have had the artificial bladders for nearly a year without any problems nearly a year without any problems.
While the bladders of dogs closely resemble those of people, Atala warns that more testing of this transplant strategy must occur before artificial bladders are ready for the clinic.
1. The traditional method of shaping parts of intestines into a substitute bladder ________.| A．allows the patient to absorb useless things |
| B．brings the patient a lot of sufferings |
| C．prevents the patient from absorbing nutrients |
| D．worsens both the function of the intestines and the bladder |
| A．worked perfectly as long as three months |
| B．began to work as well as a normal one in a few weeks |
| C．proved to be able to work for several years |
| D．did not work properly until after a month |
| A．What suits dogs' bladders will also suit human bladders. |
| B．Dogs' bladders can be implanted into human bodies. |
| C．Human bladders may well be different from dogs. |
| D．Artificial bladders grown in dogs can be used for human beings |
| A．The way of turning intestines into bladders. |
| B．The prospect of manufacturing plastic bladders. |
| C．The history of making artificial bladders. |
| D．The possibility of making bladders from their own cells. |
【推荐3】Most people aren’t particularly fond of needles. But to a significant number of people, the fear of needles goes beyond anxiety.
Seek professional help. People are often recommended to slowly expose themselves to the fear, like someone afraid of heights spending gradually more time on a balcony. But that’s harder to do with needles, since shots are infrequent and easily avoided.
Express your fear. If you tell the medical professionals about your fear beforehand, they are more than willing to help you through it. There may be techniques they can use, or products available, to reduce the pain. Some people’s fears may be so severe that they’re at risk of being dizzy.
Distract (使分心) yourself. The whole thing will be over in seconds, and a distraction can help you get through it. It could be your favorite song on your phone, or your favorite song playing.
| A．If that’s the case |
| B．Plan a small reward |
| C．Focus on the benefits |
| D．So turning to a professional is a better option |
| E．The more relaxed you are, the less it will hurt |
| F．You could practice deep-breathing or count items in the room |
| G．It can even prevent them from seeking out needed medical care |
【推荐1】In 2018, a severe drought brought Cape Town close to “Day Zero”, when it could have become the world’s first major city to run out of water. Dam levels in South Africa’s Western Cape fell to below a fifth of capacity and the province suffered its worst water crisis in 100 years.
“The water supply was dwindling and it just wasn’t raining,” recalls Thinus Booysen, a professor at Stellenbosch University, who had created a device in 2015 designed to help homeowners cut their power usage. Seeking to reduce water waste, Booysen figured he could adapt the device to measure water usage instead of electricity use.
Soon, Booysen launched a start-up, Bridging the Internet of Things (BridgloT), to develop his idea. Called Count Dropula, the device reports water usage once a minute while many conventional devices only record data once an hour. The system uses an app in the user’s cellphone and sends short messages in real time. “Within minutes, we would be able to tell the user, ‘Something has burst, or something is leaking,’” he says.
Then Booysen discovered that a key issue was maintenance (维修), with the poorest schools using by far the most water. Leaking toilets could waste 1,000 liters of water per day. “We found that the biggest problems are things like children not closing taps properly, but often that would be because the taps just don’t close,” Booysen explains. During the test, the invention saved one school more than three million liters of water in three months. Another reduced its water usage 55 percent in four months.
Businesses including Cape Talk radio station and Africa’s largest food company, Shoprite, became sponsors, partnering with the Western Cape Education Department to install (安装) test devices in 350 schools. They saved more than $2.7 million and almost 550 million liters of water in 17 months. Booysen has looked at expanding to government buildings, hospitals and hotels. There are plans to roll out the device across Africa.
1. What does the underlined word “dwindling” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?| A．Beginning | B．Continuing. |
| C．Expanding. | D．Decreasing. |
| A．Proud and determined. |
| B．Cautious and friendly. |
| C．Creative and caring. |
| D．Ambitious but generous. |
| A．It works smartly to help save water. |
| B．It was designed by Booysen in 2015. |
| C．It will soon be tested in 350 schools. |
| D．It cuts power usage efficiently. |
| A．He will become a member of Shoprite. |
| B．He will further promote his new invention. |
| C．He will stop water pollution in Cape Town. |
| D．He will travel around Africa for better ideas. |
【推荐2】Could looking through trees be the view to a greener future? Trees replacing the clear glass in your windows is not a work of science fiction. It’s happening now.
Forest Products Laboratory researcher Junyong Zhu together with colleagues from the University of Maryland and University of Colorado has developed a transparent wood material that may be the window of tomorrow. Researchers found that transparent wood has the potential to outperform glass currently used in construction in nearly every way.
While glass is the most common material used in window construction, it comes with quite a few bad consequences. Heat easily transfers through glass and amounts to higher energy bills when it escapes during cold weather and pours in when it’s warm. Glass production used for construction also comes with a heavy carbon footprint. Manufacturing emissions alone are approximately 25,000 metric tons per year, without considering the heavy footprint of transporting the glass.
The innovation was developed using wood from the balsa tree, which is native to South and Central America. The team treated balsa wood to an oxidizing bath, where the wood is kept in a bleach solution at room temperature to remove the light-absorbing substance from the structure. The wood is then penetrated (注入) with a synthetic polymer called polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), creating a product that is virtually transparent. So the transparent wood is created, which is far more durable and lighter than glass.
Switching to transparent wood could prove to be cost efficient as well. It is approximately five times more thermally efficient than glass, cutting energy costs. It is made from a sustainable, renewable resource with low carbon emissions.
With all of these potential benefits for consumers, manufacturing and the environment, the case for transparent wood couldn’t be clearer.
1. What is the main problem with glass used in window construction?| A．It is inefficient in letting heat out. |
| B．It is inconvenient to transport. |
| C．It causes a high ecological price. |
| D．It scarcely reflects light and heat. |
| A．A way to make colors fade. |
| B．A liquid to make objects pale. |
| C．A container to store liquids. |
| D．A process to solve problems. |
| A．Skeptical. | B．Ambiguous. | C．Appreciative. | D．Conservative. |
| A．Innovation is the vitality of scientific housing. |
| B．Things are not always what they seem. |
| C．There are more ways to the wood than one. |
| D．There is nothing permanent except change. |
【推荐3】Many people consider mosquito bites just part of summer living but these insects can carry diseases. Mosquitoes are actually some of the most dangerous creatures on the planet. According to the World Health Organization, mosquitoes cause over 700,000 deaths every year.
But there is new hope in the battle between man and mosquito. Scientists at Auburn University, in Alabama, may have found the secret to stopping mosquito-borne diseases. “We have created a type of fabric that blocks mosquito bites,” says John Beckmann, who leads the lab at the university,
Beckmann remembered a camping trip from which he returned riddled with kisses from mosquitoes despite wearing a long-sleeved shirt. “People say, ‘wear long sleeves’ a lot,” Beckmann said, “but long sleeves don’t block mosquitoes.”
While some companies are making what they state is bite-proof clothing, the clothing includes some harmful chemicals or is made of thick fabrics that are too hot to wear and are easily beaten by mosquitoes. That’s because there are holes in the makeup of their fabrics that mosquitoes and other biting insects can get through.
The key is to discover a fabric that can remove these holes and is still cool enough to wear in hot weather. “That is the reason why this project is not as easy as people think” said Beckmann. “You obviously need your clothes to be breathable. But that usually comes at the cost of letting mosquitoes bite through them. So the basic problem is keeping the holes there while blocking tiny mosquito mouth-parts at the same time.”
The team tried by using a computer numerical control knitting (编织) machine that could be programmed with different designs until they found a bite-proof one. The end result is a product that the researchers compare to popular high-quality athletic wear.
But the researchers are still not satisfied and will be spending the next year perfecting the comfort of the material and finally creating a clothing line. The hope is that finally any type of fabric can be knitted into the lab’s design, so that all kinds of clothing companies from baby clothing producers to dress designers could create bite-proof clothing.
1. What happened to Beckmann on a camping trip?| A．He was badly bitten by mosquitoes. |
| B．He discovered a new kind of mosquito. |
| C．He felt unbearably hot with long-sleeved clothes. |
| D．He mastered some skills in dealing with mosquitoes. |
| A．The popularity of bite-proof clothing. |
| B．Disadvantages of existing bite-proof clothing. |
| C．Advancements in bite-proof clothing. |
| D．Comparisons between different types of bite-proof clothing. |
| A．Persuade more researchers to join in. |
| B．Make the design applicable to different fabrics. |
| C．Find a fabric suitable for all designs. |
| D．Get funded by clothing companies. |
| A．Mosquitoes: The Silent Killers | B．The Battle Against Mosquitoes |
| C．A Step Towards a Bite-Free Future | D．Proven Ways to Prevent Mosquito Bites |
【推荐1】Will it matter if you don't take your breakfast? Recently a test was given in the United States. Those tests included people of different ages, from 12 to 83. During the experiment, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts. And sometimes they got no breakfast at all. Special tests were set up to see how well their bodies worked when they had eaten a certain kind of breakfast. The results show that if a person eats a proper breakfast, he or she will work with better effect than if he or she has no breakfast. This fact appears to be especially true if a person works with his brains. If a student eats fruit, eggs, bread and milk before going to school, he will learn more quickly and listen with more attention in class. Opposite to what many people believe, if you don't eat breakfast, you will not lose weight. This is because people become so hungry at noon that they eat too much for lunch, and end up gaining weight instead of losing. You will probably loss more weight if you reduce your other meals.
1. What is the best title of the passage?| A．The Importance of Breakfast. |
| B．The Result of a Test. |
| C．Breakfast Will Make You Clever. |
| D．Breakfast Is More Important Than Other Meals. |
| A．Poor breakfasts affects those who work with brains. |
| B．Morning diet may cause one to get fatter. |
| C．Reducing lunch and supper is of less value in weight losing. |
| D．Eating less in lunch and supper may help lose weight. |
| A．no breakfast at all | B．very rich breakfast |
| C．little food for breakfast | D．different foods or none |
| A．lose weight | B．not lose weight |
| C．be healthier | D．gain a lot of weight |
| A．breakfast has great effect on a person's work and studies |
| B．breakfast has little to do with a person's work |
| C．a person will work better if he has simple breakfast |
| D．those working with brains should have much for breakfast |
【推荐2】Questioning the existence of aliens is something that scientists have done for decades. In fact, most people do believe that aliens exist in some fashion. The main necessities for life are water and some form of energy source. Not surprisingly, there are some planets, exoplanets and moons that fit the bill. Here are several best chances at finding life in the universe.
◆TRAPPIST-1
TRAPPIST-1 is a planetary system a few dozen light-years away, whose discovery was announced in early 2017. This system consists of seven Earth-like exoplanets orbiting an "ultra-cool" star, and it is one of our shots at finding possible life beyond our own solar system.
◆Titan
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn, the sixth planet from our Sun. This moon could potentially harbor life but possibly not in the sense that we think. Titan does not exactly fit the description of being in a typical habitable zone.
Titan has water, and it has liquid. It just doesn't have liquid water. The water on this moon is completely solid because of the extremely cold temperature.
◆Europa
Europa is one of Jupiter's moons here in our own solar system. It is another candidate due to its potential to hold liquid water. Europa is thought to have all the necessities for life including water, energy sources, and the right chemical build-up.
◆Mars
The Red Planet, the fourth from the Sun, is probably one of the most talked-about potential candidates for extraterrestrial(地球外的) life and even for human colonization. Despite some different voices, finding extraterrestrial life on Mars really is a serious possibility.
We know by now that we won't find little green men or any intelligent form of life that we understand. However, there is evidence that there was and may still be microscopic life on the small red planet.
1. The common point of these celestial bodies is that _______.| A．solid water exists on them respectively |
| B．life might exist on each of them |
| C．they all contain liquid water |
| D．each of them has living things on it |
| A．TRAPPIST-1. | B．Titan. |
| C．Europa. | D．Mars. |
| A．Europa is the most talked-about potential candidate for extraterrestrial life. |
| B．TRAPPIST-1 is the only body that contains life beyond the solar system. |
| C．All the scientists do believe that aliens exist in some manner. |
| D．There is proof that life existed on the celestial body Mars. |
【推荐3】It would be difficult to think of a world without colorful clothes. Still, where do those colors come from? The processes that take place before each garment reaches the wearers’ hands are unknown to most consumers. In the fashion industry, it is behind the scenes that fibers and textiles (纺织品) acquire their final colors. But something is about to change drastically.
While the common garment dyeing (染色) processes require large amounts of water, energy and chemicals, now a lab in Australia has developed a cotton that could grow in a range of different colors that may allow them to entirely skip the dyeing process.
The World Bank estimates that 20 percent of industrial water pollution globally comes from the treatment and dyeing of textiles, including the emission of around 72 poisonous chemicals that reach the water supply. It has also estimated that the annual volume of water used worldwide for fabric dyeing alone is 5 trillion liters, enough to fill two million Olympic-sized swimming pools!
While this is still in the early stages, the scientists will be working during the next few months in growing naturally colored cotton plants that will be able to reproduce by developing flowers and seeds. The goal is that they can be used for fibers that will be woven into colorful garments without the need of any dyes.
“Having the cotton produce its own color is a game changer,” MacMillan told ABC News Australia. “This research can really have the potential to transform the global textile industry, because we’re making fibers that are still biodegradable, still renewable, but still have properties that they don’t currently have.”
This new solution is just one way to create a more conscious fashion. The challenge is big but not impossible. The fashion industry has to think outside the box to keep finding ways that reverse the current situation and inspire hope for a sustainable future.
1. What does the underlined word “drastically” in paragraph 1 mean?| A．Thoroughly. | B．Partly. | C．Casually. | D．Urgently. |
| A．Global water pollution. |
| B．The seriousness of textiles’ pollution. |
| C．Water plays a key role in textile industry. |
| D．The percentage of poisonous chemicals. |
| A．Raise colored cotton plants. | B．Gather flowers and seeds. |
| C．Weave colorful garments. | D．Promote their new products. |
| A．Colorful Clothes Have a Bright Future |
| B．Growing Colored Cotton Becomes a Trend |
| C．New Research about Colored Cotton Shocks the World |
| D．New Research Discovers How to Grow Colored Cotton |
【推荐1】Will human beings find intelligent alien (外星的) life anytime soon? Probably not, according to theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking.
Hawking made the prediction during the Breakthrough Starshot announcement in New York City on April 12. At the news conference, Hawking, along with Russian billionaire sponsor Yuri Milner and a group of scientists, detailed a new project that aims to send a large number of tiny, wafer-size (薄饼大小的) spaceships into space to the neighboring star system Alpha Centauri (半人马座阿尔法星).
If these tiny spaceships travel at 20 percent of the speed of light, they'll be able to reach Alpha Centauri in just 20 years, Milner said. Once there, the spacecraft will be able to do a 1-hour flyby of Alpha Centauri and collect data that's impossible to gather from Earth, such as taking close-up photos of the star system, studying space dust molecules (分子) and measuring magnetic fields (磁场), said Avi Loeb, chairman of the Breakthrough Starshot Advisory Committee and a professor of science at Harvard University.
In addition to learning about space technology, the audience wanted to hear about aliens--specifically, when scientists might find them.
Hawking took questions from reporters in advance so that he would have time to prepare his answers.
Hawking has famously predicted that intelligent aliens might threaten humankind. Indeed, when asked about what Earthlings should do if we came across intelligent alien life, he said, “We should hope that they don' t find us.”
Other researchers at the conference offered a more optimistic view of alien life.
1. What are the wafer-size spaceships mainly designed for?| A．Looking for aliens. | B．Doing a 1-hour flyby. |
| C．Landing on Alpha Centauri. | D．Collecting data about Alpha Centauri. |
| A．pretty soon human beings will find alien life |
| B．we may find alien life a danger to human beings |
| C．Alpha Centauri is suitable for human immigration (移民) |
| D．scientists should be sent into space to collect data |
| A．sponsors | B．reporters |
| C．human beings | D．scientists |
| A．analysis of the data collected |
| B．other questions from reporters |
| C．possible ways to defend us against aliens |
| D．other scientist’ opinions on alien life |
【推荐2】People are always looking for lost cities and occasionally one is found: Borobudur in Indonesia, for example. But perhaps some of the places people look for never existed—or did they? Here are just a few famous mythical(传说中的) cities.
El Dorado
El Dorado is a story that began in 1537 when Spanish explorers found the Muisca people in the mountains of what is now Colombia. They heard the story of a man who covered himself with gold and dived into a lake. Then people began to talk of El Dorado—“the golden man”. Soon people started to think of El Dorado as a place, too— a city of gold and amazing riches. Nowadays, the name “El Dorado” is still used to mean “a place where you can get rich quickly”.
Atlantis
There was once an island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It was the mythical island of Atlantis. The people of the island were very rich, thanks to the natural resources on their island. For hundreds of years, they lived simple lives. But slowly they began to change. They started to want power. So the gods decided to destroy Atlantis. Suddenly, the island and its people were swallowed(淹没) by the sea and were never seen, again.
Shambhala
In Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Shambhala is a mystical country that is hidden somewhere behind the Himalayas. Shambhala is a word from an old language that means “place of peace” or “place of happiness”. It is said that there is no war in Shambhala, and in the future, when the world is full of war, a huge army will come out of Shambhala, destroy the world’s bad rulers, and start a new Golden Age. Some people say this will happen in 2424.
1. What does “El Dorado” mean nowadays?| A．Colombia. | B．A golden man. |
| C．A place of great wealth. | D．A city with mountains. |
| A．the gods | B．its people |
| C．its powerful enemies | D．its neighbouring country |
| A．The Himalayas will disappear. |
| B．The world will be full of peace. |
| C．An army from Shambhala will save the world. |
| D．There will be a war in Shambhala. |
【推荐3】Here are some fantastic works that you can spare time to enjoy.
I Stand Here Ironing
The story is set in the working class home of the narrator(叙述者)，who comments that when her child Nicholas was born，they were poor. Her thoughts are about what she would have done differently while raising Nicholas if she had been more experienced. The mother is standing in the room, ironing and recalling the whole trip of her and her daughter's life. Her feeling that she is responsible for her daughters suffering is the main idea of this short story.
Odyssey
Odyssey , a great poem, had been recited or sung for years and years before it was written down. It tells the story of old Greek war hero Odysseys' dangerous journey home from the battlefield. He beats a cyclops through wisdom, chats with dead people, and faces the angry sea god before finally arriving home.
The Chronicles of Narnia
This book has sold more than 100 million copies worldwide. Set in the kingdom of Narnia, a world of magic, beasts, and talking animals, the book narrates the adventures of various children. The main characters are all children from the real world, who are magically transported to Namia, where they've called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil (邪恶).
Of mice and Men
This book follows two farm hands looking for work : the bright George and disabled but big- hearted Lennie, who doesn't know his own strength. The two men don't know the fact that even the simplest American dreams are often out of reach until the tale comes to an end. "Though short, this novel can really make us feel sad and bring about our sympathy，" said editor, Dawn Raffel.
1. What's the story I Stand Here Ironing about?| A．A mother's struggle for life. |
| B．A mother's plan for the future. |
| C．A mother's devotion to her family. |
| D．A mother's guilty feelings for her daughter. |
| A．It's a book series. | B．It's a description of adults' adventure. |
| C．It's full of great fantasies. | D．It's based on real events. |
| A．I Stand Here Ironing. | B．Odyssey. |
| C．The Chronicles of Narnia. | D．Of mice and Men. |
