Summer is coming. It is easy to get too much sun. While there's no cure for sunburn, a small but fascinating new study suggests taking large amounts of vitamin D after exposure may prevent the associated redness and inflammation (发炎) of your skin.
In the paper, researchers exposed 20 volunteers to a light resembling(类似) solar radiation to induce a sunburn(晒伤) on a small piece of skin. They then gave the ''burn victims'' large amounts of vitamin D, and followed up with participants one, two and three days (and a week) later to measure skin redness and thickness. The researchers found that vitamin D decreased inflammation and redness, compared with taking a placebo (安慰剂). And this effect increased in proportion to how much was consume(消费). Vitamin D also appears to increase the activity of a gene(基因)called arginase-1, which is involved in tissue(皮肤组织) repair and healing. Taking 50, 000 international units (IU) of vitamin D-- 125 times the recommended daily allowance——led to a significant reduction in redness and inflammation, compared with the placebo. Those who took 100,000 IU had even less redness and pain; and those who took 200, 000 IU had the greatest reduction in inflammation.
This is the first study to show vitamin D can reduce inflammation, and suggests that it ''could potentially help prevent sunburn, '' says senior author Kurt Lu, a physician scientist and assistant professor at Case Western Reserve University.
It used to be thought vitamin D was primarily involved in building healthy bones and muscles, but recent research has found it has many more roles, including influencing inflammation, such as the kind associated with sunburns.
So, if you get burned, should you take a lot of vitamin D? The study authors don't recommend it. ''I think that's probably not a good idea and not well established by this study, '' says Barbara Gilchrest, a physician scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital. Such large amounts, if taken repeatedly, have the potential to do harm to the health.
1. How do the researchers confirm the healing effect of taking vitamin D?A.By observing the inflammation of skin every day. |
B.By measuring the thickness of skin after a week. |
C.By increasing the daily volume of vitamin. |
D.By comparing the effect with that of placebo. |
A.recommend the weekly allowance of Vitamin D. |
B.argue against the benefits of more Vitamin D. |
C.show under the control, the more Vitamin D, the greater benefits. |
D.stress the potential danger of too much Vitamin D. |
A.Repeatedly taking large amounts of Vitamin D might be harmful. |
B.Vitamin D brings less advantages to us than what has been found out. |
C.Don't take vitamin D unless your doctor approves . |
D.Vitamin D is more useful for curing sunburn than building healthy bones. |
A.It gives tips for how to travel safely in summer. |
B.A new study suggests the vitamin D can relieve sunburn. |
C.It provides a suggestion on taking vitamin D properly. |
D.It advises us how to take medicine effectively. |
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【推荐1】As with other organs like the heart, lungs, or liver, human life depends on healthy kidneys (肾脏). One way to help a patient with kidney trouble is to replace their kidneys with healthy kidneys, which is called a “transplant”. For years, scientists have tried to figure out how to transplant organs from other animals into humans. This is hard because the human body almost always rejects something that isn’t its own.
Scientists have tried transplanting organs from chimpanzees (黑猩猩) or baboons (狒狒), but this didn’t work very well. More recently, scientists have focused on transplants from pigs. In many ways, pigs’ bodies are similar to humans. It’s fairly easy to raise pigs, and they grow quickly. It’s now common for doctors to transplant pig heart valves (瓣膜) to repair damaged human hearts. Heart valves open and close to help the heart pump blood.
But human bodies normally reject other pig organs because they contain a special chemical called “alpha-gal”. This time, to prevent the body from rejecting the pig kidney, scientists changed the pig’s DNA slightly so that it wouldn’t produce alpha-gal.
Last month, a medical team at New York University Langone Health, led by Dr. Robert Montgomery, attached this special pig kidney to a brain-dead human patient, who had wished to donate her organs, for the first time ever. The kidney functioned normally for the hours it was attached. “There didn’t seem to be any kind of sign between the pig kidney and the human that would make it not work,” said Montgomery. “It was beyond our expectation. It didn’t have the immediate rejection that we had worried about.”
Though the kidney wasn’t placed inside the patient’s body, it was connected to the patient for over two days. During that time, the kidney worked as kidneys are supposed to work. Most importantly, there were no signs that the kidney was being rejected. However, there are still many questions to be answered. It’s not known what would happen once this kind of kidney is actually transplanted into a human. Would it be rejected after a while?
1. What does paragraph 2 focus on?A.Pig heart valves’ main functions. | B.The use of pigs in medical research. |
C.Pigs’ advantages over other animals. | D.Similarities between pigs and humans. |
A.Surprised. | B.Natural. | C.Nervous. | D.Disappointed. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Objective. | C.Favorable. | D.Tolerant. |
A.Rejection Reactions to Pig Kidneys Are Studied |
B.It Is Hard to Perform Animal-to-Human Transplants |
C.Scientists Work on Performing Kidney Transplants |
D.Human Test of Pig Kidney Transplant Is Successful |
【推荐2】With artificial intelligence (AI) seemingly working its way into every technology out there, one area where it’s considered particularly promising is in helping doctors. And already, AI is entering some doctors’ offices.
Dr. Michael Mansour of Massachusetts General Hospital is an early user who’s helped by a form of AI that could someday change the way doctors get information. When a patient comes in with unknown infection (感染), Mansour turns to a computer program called UpToDate. It’s a common tool, with more than 2 million users at 44,000 health care organizations in over 190 countries. Basically, it’s Google for doctors — searching a huge database (数据库) of articles written by experts in the field, who are all getting information from the latest research.
Wolters Kluwer Health, the company that makes UpToDate, is trying to incorporate (整合) AI so that doctors can have more of a conversation with the database.
Some doctors hope to use AI to comb through a patient’s medical history before an appointment (预约). In some cases, Dr. June-Ho Kim, who directs a program on primary care at Ariadne Labs, says AI technology may also help primary care doctors look after patients without the help of specialists. “It will free up specialists’ time to focus on more difficult cases that they need to really home in on, rather than the ones that could be answered through a few questions,” he says.
Dr. Marc Succi, who was a co-worker of Kim, says, “AI will finally prove to be a trusted medical tool. AI won’t replace doctors, but doctors who use AI will replace doctors who do not. It will become very common just like designing a PPT on a computer. It’s that level of leap.”
1. How does UpToDate help a doctor?A.It looks after patients. | B.It does a temperature test. |
C.It offers useful information. | D.It leads patients to doctors. |
A.Concentrate on. | B.Adapt to. |
C.Waste time on. | D.Have interest in. |
A.The difficulty of writing. | B.The user-friendlines s of AI. |
C.The importance of a doctor. | D.The advantages of office software. |
A.AI in the Field of Medicine | B.The Challenges of AI |
C.Changes That AI Has Brought | D.Doctors at Home or in the Office |
【推荐3】With a history of 2000 to 3000 years, traditional Chinese medicine has formed a unique system to diagnose and cure illness. Traditional Chinese medicine is a complete healthcare system that is capable of providing both specialized and primary healthcare. It also gives us guidelines on how to prevent illnesses. Acupuncture is a branch of traditional Chinese medicine.
The word “acupuncture” literally means “pricking with a needle”. It involves the insertion and manipulation of needles into acupuncture points on the body for restoring health and wellbeing. This framework of medical practice begins with the belief that our body is a balance of two opposite yet inseparable forces—the yin and yang. Another cornerstone of traditional Chinese medicine is the concept of chi. Chi is the life force of the universe. In the body, it is chi that creates and animates life. We are all born with a certain amount of chi and continually acquire it throughout our lives through food, air, water and sunlight. Chi is believed to move through our body in channels called meridians. The quantity and quality of chi in our body depends on the state of our mental and physical balance. In fact, imbalances of the yin and yang in the body block the channels through which chi travels in our body. The practice of acupuncture unblocks these chi pathways, thus ensuring the constant and free flow of energy through our body for mental and physical wellbeing.
The method may seem alien to many of us but it has been practiced in China for thousands of years. Acupuncture originated in China more than 2000 years ago—making it one of the oldest and most commonly practiced medical procedures in China. Research into acupuncture is still ongoing and practices and theories are being constantly updated. In essence, acupuncture is aimed at promoting well-being and relieving pain.
In more recent times, acupuncture has spread internationally and won growing global acceptance, and this wisdom of the Chinese tradition will continue to thrive, to bring health and happiness to friends here and afar.
1. What is the function of Paragraph 1?A.To introduce the topic. | B.To summarize the whole text. |
C.To present new ways in medicine. | D.To provide detailed information. |
A.All our chi is inborn. |
B.Chi decides the balance of the yin and yang. |
C.Meridians force chi to travel through our body. |
D.Smooth and constant flow of chi contributes to good health. |
A.It is fully accepted home and abroad. | B.It has a history of one thousand years. |
C.Research into acupuncture never stops. | D.It is the oldest medical practice in the world. |
A.Acupuncture Reaches Peak | B.Stepping into Acupuncture |
C.Effects of Chi on Well-being | D.Traditional Chinese Medicine Returns |
【推荐1】With the improvement of privacy protection awareness, everyone has questions about the telephone address, ID card information and so on. This visible privacy has been particularly concerned, but for chat photos and original pictures, it has not attracted enough attention. The topic “How much privacy can a photo reveal” has been trending on Sina Weibo, sparking concern and heated discussion about privacy awareness. In group chats, some people may post their original photos. But that may give away your home address and other information.
Images often contain a lot of information and various traces left by digital cameras or photo manipulation (处理) software. This data, called Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF), is a key tool for many professionals. It can detail whether the photographer used a flash, which digital effects were applied to a picture and when the photo was taken. EXIF can also contain the precise GPS coordinates (坐标) of the location where a photo was taken, according to CNN. If you take a landscape picture from your window and send the original picture to a group chat, it means that you are releasing your location data to all strangers in the group. They may even accurately infer your house number by analyzing the shooting time and angle.
Not just in a group chat, sending an image in a text message, email, or other delivery tools will also include the accompanying information. So how do we protect our privacy when sending photos? The most effective way is to avoid sending original photos in group chats. If it’s necessary, try not to tap the “original picture”. However, photos sent by WeChat Moments are automatically pressed by the system, and they travel without location and other information. To solve the problem at its root, we can delete and remove a picture’s EXIF data on a computer. If you are using an iOS smartphone, you can turn off location services for the camera in the privacy settings. If you’re using an Android, the settings vary. Typically, you can go to the setting menu and switch the services off for the camera, according to CTV News. There is one more thing you can do—photoshop your photos before you share it. What comes with your edited images is photos without stored location data.
1. What is the function of the first paragraph?A.To explain the meaning of privacy protection. |
B.To lead to the topic of privacy protection. |
C.To describe people’s concern about privacy. |
D.To tell the readers the importance of privacy. |
A.It can be used as a flash for the photographer. |
B.It may apply digital effects to a picture. |
C.It includes the home address of the viewers. |
D.It provides a photo’s shooting time and place. |
A.By switching off location services for Wechat. |
B.By sending out their EXIF data on our phone. |
C.By editing the photos with photo editing apps. |
D.By turning off Internet connection when taking photos. |
A.Securing Social Media | B.The Importance of Protecting Photos |
C.The Privacy a Photo Reveals | D.Getting Information from Photos |
【推荐2】This is Scientific America's 60-Second Science. I am Christopher Intagliata.
The Apollo missions brought back 842 pounds of rock and soil from the moon, that's nearly 2200 different samples. But the most interesting one, according to a scientist Meenakshi Wadhwa, is a sample named "Apollo 1-0-0-8-5 collected by Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11.
“He was about to step back into the lunar module(登月舱) when he turned around and saw there were little spaces in the rock box. He knew that geologists on earth would be just so excited to study these materials, so he just scooped up nine scoops(勺) of soil and put it into the box." Wadhwa explained.
It was one of the most well studied samples of the Apollo missions. And a geologist named John Wood noticed white flecks(微粒) of rock in the soil, which inspired him to dig deeper into the moon's ancient past.
“This was quite a leap of imagination — he proposed that the whole of the moon had been almost covered with a magma(岩浆) ocean nearly 4.5 billion years ago. This was a revolutionary idea at the time, because people had thought the moon had formed cold, so it completely changed our idea how the moon formed.”
But Wadhwa has a more personal reason to appreciate this sample. She met her husband Scott Parazynski also because of this rock sample. Scott, a mountaineer at that time, wanted to climb Mount Everest with a moon rock while Wadhwa was the chairman of the NASA committee that gives access to the samples for scientific purposes.
Neil Armstrong's last-minute scoop of moon dust brought two people together here on Earth and upturned our understanding of how the moon — and the Earth itself-got here.
Thank you for listening for Scientific American's 60-Second Science.
1. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that ________ .A.Neil Armstrong was excited to find the soil |
B.the spaceship was about to land on the moon |
C.Sample "Apollo 1-008-5" was collected at the last minute |
D.scientists were not satisfied with the samples brought back by Neil |
A.Scott made a new proposal about the moon's origin. |
B.The Apollo missions brought back 842 rock samples. |
C."Apollo 1-0-0-8-5" brought new evidence to the moon's formation. |
D.Wadhwa and her husband climbed Mount Everest with a moon rock. |
A.A short interview. | B.An introduction to a scientist. |
C.An inspiring speech. | D.A broadcast story of a program. |
A.A romantic story of a moon rock. |
B.A big leap made by Neil Armstrong. |
C.An unusual task for Apollo missions. |
D.An unexpected discovery in moon exploration. |
【推荐3】There’s a song by the great Jamaican singer Bob Marley called So Much Trouble in the World. Marley understood that part of the reason why there are so many problems in the world is the lack of tolerance between people. The UN understands this too — that’s why it made Nov.16 “International Day for Tolerance”.
But first of all, what is tolerance? French philosopher Voltaire (1694-1778) can give us some help. According to him, tolerance is the consequence of humanity. We are all formed of frailty (脆弱) and error; let us pardon each other’s folly — that is the first law of nature.
Nobody’s perfect; when we’re tempted to criticize another person, we should perhaps remember our own imperfections first.
Very often, people don’t realize that they’re intolerant. This is because intolerance has a lot to do with ignorance. For example, the UN’s campaign is in part about the treatment of females by males. But often, the behavior of men toward women is intolerant because men don’t put themselves in the shoes of women.
It’s worth thinking a little about the words “tolerance” and “intolerance”. Are they the best words to describe the evils of which we’re speaking here? To agree to be “tolerant” of someone isn’t necessarily a very respectful thing. When someone is tolerated, it implies that there’s something wrong with them.
But it seems wrong that people should agree to “tolerate” people with black skin, for example. And should women think they have received the respect they are due when men agree to “tolerate” them?
Still, what Voltaire said stands: We humans are not perfect and this weakness is something that we all share. That’s the reason why we should be tolerant.
It’s a little like generosity. We can give things to another person, and we can also give our forgiveness. Bob Marley understood this. In the song mentioned above, he advised: “All you got to do: give a little.” Or, as this older piece of wisdom says: “Write your love on a rock so it stays for eternity; write your hate in the sand so the waves will wash it away.”
1. According to Voltaire, tolerance is _________.A.being willing to express your love to others |
B.trying to overcome your imperfections |
C.giving a hand to vulnerable groups |
D.accepting each other’s weaknesses |
A.Humans are advised to treat others better. |
B.Humans learned to find faults in others. |
C.Humans need to give something to others. |
D.Humans will change their attitudes to others. |
A.giving things to others |
B.forgiving others |
C.different attitudes toward love and hate |
D.the fact that humans are imperfect |
A.The origin of the International Day of Tolerance. |
B.The meaning and importance of tolerance. |
C.The philosophy behind Bob Marley’s song. |
D.Effective ways to show tolerance. |
【推荐1】What would you think if someone suggested knocking down St Paul’s cathedral to widen the road, or pulling down Big Ben to make way for a car park? It’d be ridiculous, right? But when it comes to devastation(毁灭) of the natural world, we aren’t so easily shocked. But we should be...or we’ll be in a lot of trouble!
Nature is shrinking by the day. Ancient forests are destroyed. Wetlands are becoming dry. Woodland is disappearing, all in the name of progress. This is bad in itself, but it’s devastating for biodiversity.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals and other living things which are all inter-connected. The ecological services provided by biodiversity are vital to everyday life. The air we breathe is a product of photosynthesis(光合作用) by green plants. In fact, all life on earth exists thanks to the benefit of biodiversity. More than 90 percent of the calories consumed by people worldwide are produced from 80 plant species. And 30 percent of medicines are developed from plants and animals. Maintaining a wide diversity of species in each ecosystem is necessary to preserve all living things.
The loss of biodiversity could be devastating. “It is wrong to think that biodiversity can be reduced indefinitely without threatening humans,” said Harvard University biologist Edward O Wilson, known as “the father of biodiversity”. He warned, “We are about to reach a critical point beyond which biodiversity loss will be unavoidable.”
But what can we do? The problem is that the concept of biodiversity is so vague. People might care about giant pandas, but it is much harder to excite them about the fate of tiny sea creatures which are being boiled to death in the cooling systems of power stations along coastlines. The Guardian newspaper is trying to help. It has started the Biodiversity 100 campaign to try to convince governments around the world to take action to deal with the widespread concerns about biodiversity. This includes persuading the UK government to create a series of marine reserves to change the decrease in the sea-life caused by industrial fishing, stopping fishing sharks by the Japanese fishermen and banning the killing of dingoes in Australia, among many other things.
There is a lot to do. And we’d better act quickly if we don’t want to end up with a planet that can’t support life!
1. What does the author think of pulling down Big Ben to make way for a car park?
A.Unreasonable. | B.Necessary. |
C.Difficult. | D.Urgent. |
A.Nature is badly polluted by humans. |
B.Species are becoming fewer and fewer day by day. |
C.Rainforests are being cut down every day. |
D.Nature is full of mysteries to humans. |
A.it doesn’t matter to decrease the biodiversity |
B.people have done enough to preserve biodiversity |
C.the situation of biodiversity is very serious |
D.biodiversity loss has been unavoidable |
A.Plenty of marine reserves have been set up in the world. |
B.Fishing sharks is illegal around the world. |
C.It’s harmful to catch tiny organisms in the river. |
D.The Guardian newspaper has done a lot for biodiversity. |
【推荐2】Initial conversations can have a huge impact on how relationships develop over time. People are often stuck in the impressions they think they might have made the minute they finish speaking with someone for the first time: “Did they like me or were they just being polite?” “Were they deep in thought or deeply bored?”
To find out whether these worries are necessary, we have conducted nearly 10 years of research. In our studies, participants in the UK talked with someone they had never met before. Afterward, they were asked how much they liked their conversation partner and how much they believed that their conversation partner liked them. This allowed us to compare how much people believed they were liked to how much they were actually liked.
Time and time again, we found that people left their conversations with negative feelings about the impression they made. That is, people systematically underestimate how much their conversation partners like them and enjoy their company — a false belief we call the “liking gap”.
This bias (偏见) may seem like something that would occur only in initial interactions, but its effects extend far beyond a first impression. Surprisingly, the liking gap can constantly affect a variety of relationships, including interactions with coworkers, long after the initial conversations have taken place. Having a larger liking gap is associated with being less willing to ask workmates for help, less willing to provide workmates with open and honest feedback, and less willing to work on another project together.
There are numerous strategies to minimize your biased feelings. One place to start is shifting your focus of attention. Try to direct your attention to your conversation partner, be genuinely curious about them, ask them more questions, and really listen to their answers. The more you’re zeroed in on the other person, and the less you’re focused on yourself, the better your conversation will be and the less your mind will turn to all the things you think you didn’t do well.
1. Why did the author carry out 10 years of research?A.To dismiss national concerns. | B.To check out a potential bias. |
C.To enhance human communication. | D.To develop harmonious relationships. |
A.Fewer chances of new projects. | B.Underestimation of their ability. |
C.Bad relationships with people around. | D.Low willingness to interact with others. |
A.Restate opinions. | B.Deliver warnings. | C.Give suggestions. | D.Make a summary. |
A.Liking Gap May Influence Work Performances |
B.First Impressions Rely On Initial Conversations |
C.People Probably Like You More Than You Think |
D.How People Like You Matters Less Than You Assume |
【推荐3】About two years ago, several lunar missions showed that some lunar soil contains minute amounts of water molecules. But where did water on the moon come from? Answering that question can help us understand the moon’s history and evolution, but also allow future engineers to potentially tap into this resource when building a sustainable moon base.
Chinese scientists have discovered that minerals in lunar soil might have got that substance (物质) critical for life from solar wind bombarding (轰炸) the moon’s surface with hydrogen ions (氢离子), according to a study published in the journal Nature Communication on Saturday.
In a previous study, published in June, Chinese scientists concluded that most water found on the moon may have originated in its interior. That study, like the new one, was conducted on lunar samples from China’s Chang’e-5 mission in 2020.
The study in June found that lunar soil had around 30 parts per million of water content in the form of hydroxyl (羟基), a close chemical relative of water. However, lunar minerals may contain water content of up to 179 ppm. One ppm of water would yield (产生) around 1 gram of water per metric ton (公吨) of soil.
The latest study essentially confirmed the estimates from the previous research, and those lunar minerals could contain even more water. Moreover, the new study identified solar wind as a key mechanism for the existence of water on the moon’s surface.
The study found that the solar wind resulted at least 170 ppm of water content in lunar samples gathered by the Chang’e-5 mission. Lunar minerals such as pyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine are likely the main reservoirs (水库) of solar wind-derived water.
“This study has important implications for understanding the evolution of water on the lunar surface and evaluating the contribution of solar wind protons (质子) to the water reservoirs of the lunar surface, ”the researchers said.
Lunar samples collected during the Chang’e-5 mission may hold the keys to answering these questions, since they are much younger than the ones collected by US and Soviet moon missions. So, the water content in the Chinese samples has had less time to be influenced by other factors, making these samples ideal for studying the moon’s water.
1. What is the first paragraph intended for?A.To answer the question. | B.To introduce the topic. |
C.To clarify a concept. | D.To help us know the moon better. |
A.It could mainly come from the solar wind. |
B.It could originate in the moon’s interior. |
C.Lunar soil contains abundant amounts of water. |
D.Lunar minerals contain less water than expected. |
A.Lunar soil contains more water than Lunar minerals do. |
B.Lunar minerals contain rich water coming from solar wind. |
C.Solar wind should account for the existence of water on the moon. |
D.The latest study basically confirmed all the estimates of previous study. |
A.To report the success of the Chang’e-5 mission. |
B.To introduce how to build a sustainable moon base. |
C.To explain the role of solar wind on the moon. |
D.To report the findings of recent studies on the moon. |
Reviews | |
Cultural Breaks by Brian Aldiss Reviewed by Paul Kincaid Brian Aldiss is an amazing and frustrating writer.When he is on song, his style is forceful, disturbing and delectable.But he is a restless writer.He came into his own in the enthusiastic and experimental atmosphere of the New Wave, and he has been driven to try the new and the different ever since.That he is still experimenting now, 50years after his first appearance, is a measure of a man who has never been prepared to settle back on his laurels. | |
The Secrets of Jin-Shei by Alma Alexander Reviewed by Donna McMahon With so many fantasy novels using European-derived settings and mythology, ancient China makes a refreshing change.The landscape is tempting and yet familiar enough to feel very real, and the author uses magic sparingly, in ways appropriate to her society.This and the complex detail put into the backdrop makes the novel feel very much like historical fiction. | |
Straken by Terry Brooks Reviews by Nathan Brazil The third novel in the High Druid of Shannara series jumps straight back into the story where it left off.It continues the quest of unlikely hero Penderrin Ohmsford.Now equipped with the means to break in-and back out-of the Forbidding, where his aunt, the overthrown Ard Phys of Druids, is stranded, Pen must first get back to Paranor.His rescue attempt can only begin from within the chamber where Grianne Ohmsford disappeared.Unfortunately, this will deliver him straight into the hands of those responsible for his aunt's disappearance. |
1. The reviewer admires Brian Aldiss’ ability to .
A.write so many novels |
B.continue to be inventive in his writing |
C.write disturbing plots |
D.have a writing career spanning over four decades |
A.It is a good science of fiction setting |
B.It is mysterious. |
C.It is a less common choice of setting |
D.It is very magical. |
A.the adventures of an unsuspecting hero and his attempts to rescue his aunt |
B.a quest about the High Druid of Shannara in a secret chamber in Paranor |
C.the disappearance of a druid which foils the plans of the enemies |
D.liberating a stranded aunt who is key to the knowledge of the Forbidding. |
【推荐2】Laughter is a kind of universal body language that is shared by people of all nationalities, skin colors, cultures and traditions. But did you know that the ability to tell real laughter apart from fake (假的) laughter also varies among cultures?
Greg Bryant, a professor of communication at the University of California, published a study in late July. In the study, 884 people from 21 countries were asked to listen to random recordings of laughter. Some of the recordings were made up of laughs from the bottom of the heart, while others were made by people who were asked to laugh on command.
The study showed that people around the world have the ability to pick out real laughter, although their abilities vary from country to country. Residents of the Samoan Islands, were particularly good at it, correctly identifying real laughter 56 percent of the time. According to Bryant, people from smaller, less industrialized nations “are more accurate in identifying a natural smile” because they rely heavily on emotional engagement in order to predict others’ behavior and create stronger social relationships.
But how do people from different cultures detect natural laughter so easily? And what characters does real laughter have? As Professor Jessica Wolf of the University of California told the Association for Psychological Science, in real laughter, we produce qualities, such as higher pitch (音调) and volume, as well as faster bursts of no clear sounds.
By contrast, fake laughter will “sound like speech”. According to Science Daily, fake laughter is controlled by the same brain system that controls the lips and tongue. Bryant further explained that this system has active ability, saying “with this speech system, you can make a lot of different noises, including crying, laughter or scream. That’s where fake laughter comes from”.
So that? s something to think about: next time one of your friends laughs at something you say, will you be able to tell if it’s real or fake?
1. What did the study find?A.Real laughter is produced from people’s heart. |
B.People can tell real laughter from fake laughter. |
C.People have trouble recognizing real laughter. |
D.Laughter is a kind of universal body language in the world. |
A.They put much emotion to knowing others. |
B.They often predict others’ behaviors. |
C.They aren’t well educated. |
D.They have a strong social relationship. |
A.Clearer words. | B.Slower speed. |
C.Higher sound. | D.More like a speech. |
A.It controls ears and eyes. |
B.It works like speech systems. |
C.It encourages people to copy others. |
D.It can make people produce various noises. |
【推荐3】Any foreigner who has tried to learn Chinese can tell how hard it is to master the tones required to speak and understand. And anyone who has tried to learn to play the violin or other instruments can report similar challenges.
Now researchers have found that people with musical training have an easier time learning Chinese. Writing in the online edition of Nature Neuroscience,researchers from Northwestern University say that both skills draw on the same parts of the brain that help people discover changes in pitch(音调).
One of the study's authors,Nina Kraus,said the findings suggested that studying music “actually tunes our sensory system”.This means that schools that want children to do well in languages should hesitate before cutting music programs,Dr. Kraus said. She said music training might also help children with language problems.
Mandarin(普通话)speakers have been shown to have a more complex encoding(编码) of pitch patterns in their brains than English speakers do. This is because in Mandarin and other Asian languages,pitch plays a central role. A singlesyllable word can have several meanings depending on how it is intoned.
For this study,the researchers looked at 20 nonChinese speaking volunteers,half with no musical background and half who have studied an instrument for at least six years.
As they were shown a movie,the volunteers also heard an audio tape of the Mandarin word “mi” in three of its meanings:squint,bewilder and rice. The researchers recorded activities in their brain stems to see how well they were processing the sounds. Those with a music background showed much more brain activities in response to the Chinese sounds.
The lead author of the study,Patrick C.M.Wong,said it might work both ways. It appears that native speakers of tonal languages may do better at learning instruments.
1. When learning Chinese,a foreigner will find ________.A.he has a difficult time learning music at the same time |
B.he has an easier time learning music at the same time |
C.it is hard to master the tones required to speak and understand |
D.it is easy to use the brain to help him discover changes in pitch |
A.Because there is the same difficulty in learning Chinese and music. |
B.Because skills to learn the two make use of the same parts of the brain. |
C.Because music training might help people with language study. |
D.Because people who do well in Chinese study do well in music. |
A.created | B.spelled | C.seemed | D.pronounced |
A.Mandarin Speakers Are Smarter than English Speakers |
B.Skilled Ear for Music May Help Language Study |
C.Pitch Plays a Central Role in Chinese Learning |
D.Schools Need to Develop Music Programs |