【推荐1】The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. “Yet when we think of health, we tend to ________ physical well-being at the expense of mental health. Instead, we should tackle mental health the same way we tackle physical health-with an eye towards preventing disease by addressing the foundational forces that cause us to be sick or well.

About 15 percent of the world’s diseases are mental illnesses. Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, ________ an estimated 300 million people around the world. Depression is so widespread that the WHO has ________ that, by 2030, it will be the leading cause of the global disease burden.

Mental illness may be even more common than we think. Many mental health challenges are likely ________ . There are a number of reasons for this. They include differences of opinion within the mental health field about the characteristics of these disorders, as well as changes to how we study them across populations and cultures. We also have a long way to go before we create a culture where stigma no longer ________ people with mental illness from getting assistance. Thirty-eight percent of Americans have said they are “definitely or probably”________ to have a person with mental illness move next door to them. Their attitudes make it more likely that many people with mental illness will remain under the radar, making it ________ to accurately assess their true numbers.

Health — both physical and mental — is a ________ of the social, economic, and environmental conditions in which we live. Our minds, just like our bodies, are shaped by complex factors. including where we live, our genetics, our childhood experiences, and our ________ to material resources. Income, ________, is one of the most significant influences on health and is linked to a number of common mood — anxiety disorders. From 2009 to 2013, 8. 7 percent of people with annual incomes below the federals poverty line were reported to experience “serious psychological distress,” compared with the lower levels of psychological distress reported by individuals with higher annual incomes.

If we ________ an arm or develop an infectious disease, it will be difficult for anyone to consider us healthy. If, however, we struggle with mental illness — such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — it is possible that our disease will ________ few outward symptoms. At the same time, the stigma that is still too often ________ to mental illness can make those who develop a disorder less likely to seek the help they need. Given these challenges, and the reasons I have listed, it is ________ that we address mental health with as much energy and insight as we apply to physical concerns. Our health deserves ________ less.

【推荐2】Astronauts travelling in space meet forms of radiation uncommon on Earth. Some of this radiation is reportedly linked to cancers and ______ problems, which is harmful to human health. Yet a new American study shows it does not ______ astronauts’ lives.

Researchers studied nearly 60 years of health records and other ______ about male astronauts from the United States. They then compared this to information about a group of men: professional ______. The study found that ______ had higher rates of dying at a young age. In fact, both generally live longer than other Americans. The researchers ______ , “Astronauts are usually well-educated, earn more money and are in better physical condition than the ______Americans. But there has not been a lot of research on whether astronauts show ______ is known as the “healthy worker effect”, which leads people with ______ of any kind to have fewer medical problems than individuals who are ______ to work. One researcher called Reynolds said, “The challenge has always been to understand if astronauts are as healthy as they would be had they been comparably employed ______ had never gone to space at all.” His comments were ______ in an email sent to the Reuters.

The researchers found that both the players from MLB and NBA and astronauts had a lower risk of dying young. Astronauts were more likely to die of ______, and less likely to die from heart problems and all other ______ causes. The results suggest that being in contact with radiation in space ______ not lead to an early death for astronauts because of heart problems or cancers. Astronauts usually never smoked, also ______ to a lower risk.

Another researcher Delp said diet and ______ exercise also set astronauts and professional athletes apart from the rest. He said a job requiring physical ______ can add to the healthy workers effect. Even for other people, Delp said, “______ or becoming physically active and maintaining a well-balanced diet greatly improves overall health, and can ______ successful aging.”

【推荐1】A recent series of studies examined the role of talent in the sports world. They focused on three different sports: World Cup soccer, professional basketball, and professional baseball. The results are mixed. For soccer and basketball, the studies revealed that adding talented players to a team is indeed a (n) _______ strategy, but only up to a point. Performance _______ when about 70% of the players were considered top talent. Above that level, the team’s performance began to decline. Interestingly, this trend was not evident in baseball, where additional _______ talent continued to enhance the team’s performance. (Figure 1 and 2)

In looking for an explanation for the different results for different sports, the researchers _______one important factor — the extent to which a good performance by a team required its members to coordinate (协调) their actions. This task _______ distinguishes baseball from basketball and soccer.

In baseball, the performance of individual players is _______ teammates than in soccer and basketball. The researchers concluded that when, during the course of play, task interdependence is high, team performance will _______ when there is too much talent in the group. When task interdependence is lower, _______ individual talent will have a positive effect on team performance.

One explanation for this phenomenon is not so far from the pecking order (等级排序) situation among chickens. If a basketball star is pursuing his own personal goals,_______ trying to gather a high personal point total, he may be less ________ than team player. He may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a team mate, thus making the team’s overall performance suffer. “There is no________in TEAM,” young children learning to play team sports are often told. Apparently stars ________ follow this basic principle of sportsman ship.

Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may begin to________ This is referred to as the Ringelmann effect. Ringelmann conducted an experiment in which he asked two, three, four, and up to 28 people to participate in a game of tug-of-war. He measured how much force each person used to pull the rope. He found that whenever he added a person to the team, everyone else pulled with less force.

________ the ideal team — for sports, business, science, or entertainment — is more complicated than simply hiring the best talent. An A-team may require a________ not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.

【推荐2】In September 2016, six people came out from a small solar-powered building on the side of a volcano in Hawaii. They were _________ of a simulated (模拟的) mission to Mars, and they had been living in the building for nearly one year, _________ from the rest of the world.

This mission to Mars was part of an ongoing _________ to see how people would deal with the challenges of living on another planet. Based on the _________ of the experiment so far, here are four abilities you would need to _________ on Mars.

The first is Resourcefulness (足智多谋). When the water system broke, the group had two _________. They could figure out how to fix it or they could _________ months for supplies to be delivered from “Earth”—by which point they would be dead. So they _________ it themselves.

The second is Imagination. The group members have said boredom was a major _________. On Mars, you wouldn’t have Netflix or Xbox, so you’d have to __________ other forms of entertainment (娱乐活动).

The third is Tolerance (宽容). The building is only a quarter of the size of a basketball court. If you’re __________ annoyed by people, life on Mars might not be for you. Whether eating, working, exercising, or relaxing, you would hardly be __________.

The last is Independence. During a mission, there is no real-time __________ between the group and anyone on “Earth.” They have email, __________ messages are on a 20-minute delay (延迟), simulating how long it would take messages to __________ between Earth and Mars. So you would be removed from the lives of your loved ones back on Earth.

【推荐3】Climate Change: Yes, Your Individual Action Does Make a Difference

What can we do in the face of the climate emergency? Many say we should drive less, fly less, eat less meat. But others argue that personal actions like these are a pointless drop in the ocean when _____ the huge systemic changes that are required to prevent _____ global warming.

It’s a debate that has been raging for decades. _____ , in terms of global greenhouse gas emissions, a single person’s contribution is basically irrelevant (much like a single vote in an election). But my research, first in my masters and now as part of my PhD, has found that doing something bold like giving up flying can have a wider _____ effect by influencing others and shifting what’s viewed as “normal”.

In a survey I _____ , half of the respondents who knew someone who had given up flying because of climate change said they flew less because of this example. That alone seemed pretty impressive to me. Furthermore, around three quarters said it had changed their _____ towards flying and climate change in some way. These effects were _____ if a high-profile person had given up flying, such as an academic or someone in the public eye. _____ , around two thirds said they flew less because of this person, and only 7% said it had not affected their attitudes.

I wondered if these impressionable people were already behaving like squeaky-clean environmentalists, but the _____ suggested not. The survey respondents fly considerably more than average, meaning they have plenty of potential to fly less because of someone else’s example.

To explore people’s ______ , I interviewed some of those who had been influenced by a “non-flyer”. They explained that the bold and unusual position to give up flying had conveyed the seriousness of climate change and flying’s contribution to it; ______ the link between values and actions; and even reduced feelings of isolation that flying less was a ______ and sensible response to climate change. They said that “commitment” and “expertise” were the most influential qualities of the person who had stopped flying.

That people are influenced by others is ______ a shocking result. Psychology researchers have spent decades amassing evidence about the powerful effects of social influence, while cultural evolution theory suggests we may have evolved to follow the example of those in prestigious positions because it helped us ______ . Pick up any book on leadership in an airport shopping mall and it will likely ______ the importance of leading by example.