Anyone who’s tried different weight-loss diets is probably familiar with their pitfalls. Low-calorie diets often leave you tired and hungry. Low-fat diets are also tough to follow and, contrary lo popular belief, they do not seem lo prevent heart disease.
Another diet trend, intermittent fasting, takes a different approach. Rather than limiting what you cat, this diet limits when you cat. It normally involves eating only during a certain time window, usually eight hours, over a single day. For example, you would eat only during the hours of 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. and then fast during the other 16 hours. For some people, thal change may be easier to manage,says Dr. Eric Rim, professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
Short-termism studies suggest that people stick to intermittent fasting diets as well as or better than they do to other diets. And according to a 2019 review article in the journal Nutrients, intermittent fasting promotes weight loss and may reduce risk factors linked to heart disease, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and unhealthy blood lipid levels.
“However, we are currently unsure about how well this diet works over the long term,”says Dr. Rim, noting that there are just two long-term studies of intermittent fasting,each lasting a year. Nor are there large populations of people who’ve followed this eating pattern for years. That’s in contrast to two other diets linked to a healthy heart and healthy body size—the Mediterranean diet and a vegetarian diet.
Some experts add that intermittent fasting diets typically don’t specify what foods you should eat. ”As a nutritional epidemiologist, that makes me a little uncomfortable,“ Dr. David Mushen admits. Eating burgers and French fries five days a week and a single breakfast sandwich on your low-calorie day wouldn’t be-healthy, he says. But with any diet, it’s often a good idea to ease into the changes. You could start by trying a 5:2 diet or time-resisted eating. Once you start losing weight, you can gradually introduce more healthy foods, he suggests.
1. The underlined word“pitfalls”in the first paragraph means| A．problems | B．procedures |
| C．Alternatives | D．assumptions |
| A．To demonstrate the appropriate approach to dieting. |
| B．To show uncertainty about the effect of the new trend. |
| C．To illustrate the popularity of low-calorie eating patterns. |
| D．To stress the importance of a healthy heart and body size. |
| A．Giving priority lo nutrition. |
| B．Conducting further research. |
| C．Losing weight step by step. |
| D．Proceeding with extreme caution. |
| A．Ready to Restrict Your Dict? |
| B．Time to Try Intermittent Fasting |
| C．What’s Wrong with Intermittent Fasting |
| D．How Different Weight-loss Methods Work? |
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【推荐1】It’s one of the ultimate tests of willpower: you’ve been wandering around the market for hours and you’re tired and hungry. Then you catch a smell of something fragrant(香的) and delicious, probably fried and almost certainly fattening. Junk food companies are well aware that the smell of their product sets off a desire in your brain and that you’ll pay for that later. It is a response that has been researched, and you’d better believe your favorite fast-food chains have marketing teams that are using that research to their advantage.
Let’s take a closer look at this process. Have you ever noticed that whatever indulgent food(放纵型食品)catches your attention tends to be most appealing just after you first smell it? A couple of minutes later you are standing in line, and it isn’t quite inviting as it was just moments ago, but now you’ve invested time, so you trust your first feeling to treat yourself.
But a recent statement says that this is actually the right moment to walk away Dipayan Biswas, a marketing professor, found there is a direct connection between how long a person is exposed to indulgent food smells and choosing healthier foods. “The results of a series of experiments show that extended exposure of more than two minutes to junk food smells leads to fewer purchases of unhealthy foods compared with no smell or a non-junk food-related smell,” reads the summary of his study.
What appears to be going on here is that the brain doesn’t necessarily distinguish between a pleasurable smell and a pleasant taste. “Extended exposure to an indulgent food smell brings pleasure in the mind, which in turn reduces the desire for actual consumption of indulgent foods,” he explains. So next time you feel you don’t have the willpower to resist cookies, smell all that sweetness for just a minute or two. To your brain it’s the same as actually eating cookies, and the purchase desire would decrease.
1. What can we learn about junk food smells from the first paragraph?| A．They can make a difference in marketing. |
| B．They hardly affect people’s food choices. |
| C．They are unlikely to fool wise customers. |
| D．They finally decrease people’s purchase desire. |
| A．An argument. |
| B．An example. |
| C．A comparison. |
| D．A comment. |
| A．The brain can’t tell where sensory pleasure is from. |
| B．The senses of taste and smell are closely linked. |
| C．The influence of food smells changes over time. |
| D．The behavior of smelling food doesn’t equal eating it. |
【推荐2】The analysis in The Lancet looks at obesity (肥胖) trend in over 200 countries. In the UK, one in every 10 young people aged 5 to 19, is obese. Obese children are likely to become obese –adults, posting them at risk of serious health problems, say experts. Researchers believe wide availability of cheap, lattening food is one of the main drivers.
Although child obesity rates appear to be stabilizing in many high-income European countries, including the UK, they are accelerating at an alarming rate in many other parts of the world. The largest increase in the number of obese children has been in East Asia. China and India have seen rates “balloon” in recent years. Polynesia and Micronesia have the highest rate of all — around half of the young population in these countries is overweight or obese.
The researchers say that if current world trends continue, “obese” will soon be more common than “underweight”. “We have not become more weak-willed, lazy or greedy. The reality is that the world around us is changing.”
Dr Fiona Bull from the World Health Organization suggested tough measures to prevent “calorie-rich, nutrient-poor food” and entourage more physical activity. “But so far, just over 20 countries around the world have introduced a tax on sugary drinks,” she said.
Dr Alison Tedstone, chief nutritionist (营养学家) at Public Health England, said, “Our sugar reduction programme and the government’s sugar tax are world-leading, but this is just the beginning of a long journey to meet the challenge of a generation. The evidence is clear that just telling people what to do won’t work. While education and information are important, deeper actions are needed to help us lower calorie consumption and achieve healthier diets.”
1. What mainly contributes to child obesity according to the researchers?| A．Children don’t take enough physical exercise. |
| B．Children are driven to consume cheap diets. |
| C．Children become more weak-willed and greedy. |
| D．Children can reach cheap and fattening food more easily. |
| A．Alarming. | B．Steady. |
| C．Slow. | D．Ballooning. |
| A．It is world-leading. | B．It is not effective enough. |
| C．It needs to be promoted further. | D．It should be made to be less tougher. |
| A．England is the first to tax sugary drinks. |
| B．Solving the problem of child obesity is a hard nut. |
| C．Education plays a small role in controlling child obesity. |
| D．People should be told about the danger of being overweight. |
【推荐3】“In high school, I decided to stop eating meat. I love animals. I couldn’t see them suffering.” Babulski says, who is a biologist at Monroe Community College in New York. Teenage Babulski initially lived on starches (淀粉食物) and salads. Eventually she learned to eat a more balanced vegetarian (素食者的) diet. But, Babulski remembers, her mom still wished she’d give up the madness. Mom thought she was going to straight up die.
The decision by Babulski and others to go vegetarian can be threatening to those who view eating animals as typically American. Eating meat is the norm in the United States, even though medical experts have long encouraged people to eat less processed and red meat for health reasons. What is becoming clear is that a meat-heavy diet is also terrible for the planet.
Shifting demand from meat to beans, whole grains, fruits, vegetables and nuts could have many benefits for the climate. A more recent April report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, suggests that the world’s wealthiest individuals could greatly decrease emissions (排放) through lifestyle changes. That’s because households with incomes in the top 10 percent produce roughly 36 to 45 percent of global emissions, while households with incomes in the bottom 50 percent contribute just 13 to 15 percent. Therefore, wealthier individuals, who adopt a low-carbon lifestyle, can help establish new, more sustainable social norms.
Babulski learned about the environmental impacts of meat production. She now shares her personal journey with students in her environmental science course. Many of her students come to realize the power of their individual choices. The little things they do actually do add up and make a difference.
1. Why did Babulski’s mother object to her becoming a vegetarian?| A．She felt threatened. | B．She was a meat lover. |
| C．She misunderstood her. | D．She was worried about her health. |
| A．It is a personal lifestyle. | B．It can cause health problems. |
| C．It is harmful to the environment. | D．It is an essential part of their life. |
| A．The factories. | B．The government. |
| C．The low-income families. | D．The wealthy people. |
| A．Neutral. | B．Supportive. | C．Critical. | D．Uninterested. |
【推荐1】What are the things that scare you: snakes, spiders or frightening crawlies? Or maybe you have a fear of heights or visiting the dentist. Although some of us just get scared or a bit nervous about these things, for others it can cause a ridiculous reaction that can’t be controlled - something we call a phobia. It occurs when someone develops an extreme or unrealistic sense of danger about a situation or object.
Sometimes it’s good to be aware of the possible dangers from things. Our brain warns us about the risks that might lie ahead, but then we often assess the risks and overcome them. Clinical psychologist Warren Man told the BBC, “Our fears are hard-wired into our brains - we don’t need to learn to be afraid of animals like snakes or spiders.” But phobias are stronger than just fears. Warren says, “An area called the amygdala in the brain is recognizing a threat and preparing your body for fight or flight.” With a phobia, your breathing gets quicker, your pulse speeds up, you sweat, there’s more glucose (葡萄糖) in your blood, increasing your energy, and your brain is unable to control these reactions.
But where does a phobia come from? Lauren Rosenberg, a fear and phobia expert, says, “Phobias usually are a copy behaviour from a higher authority, like a parent or teacher, or something you have learnt from your own experience, or an injury from a past event that comes back to haunt you. ”
There are many different complex phobias some people suffer from, such as agoraphobia - caused by being away from home for too long, social-phobia-feeling anxious in social situations, and iatrophobia-fear of doctors. But how can they be overcome? Cognitive behavioral therapy is one option, where you gradually get used to whatever you fear. Lauren Rosenburg says she likes to work with people to clear their subconscious memory and help them breathe. But if you do have a phobia, continually trying to avoid what you’re afraid of is likely to make the situation worse, so it’s a good idea to find help to overcome it.
1. Which is true according to Warren’s words?| A．Phobias are stronger than fears. |
| B．Fear is a hard reaction to something scary. |
| C．Phobias can cause irrational and uncontrolled reactions. |
| D．Amygdala plays an crucial role in the process of developing a phobia. |
| A．Tom who has taken in too much glucose. |
| B．Jackson who saw a movie about harms in the school last week. |
| C．Mary living with her respectable mother that has a social-phobia. |
| D．Lily, once bitten by a dog, who still adores dogs. |
| A．Visiting a dentist. |
| B．Studying at a boarding school. |
| C．Staying in a room without any light. |
| D．Playing pirate ship with best friends. |
| A．Avoiding what you are afraid of. |
| B．Disconnecting from everyone around. |
| C．Seeking professionals’ assistance. |
| D．Communicating with people who have similar problems. |
【推荐2】Most people who own iPhones use them as their alarm clocks — making it very easy to check emails one last time before falling asleep and hard to ever feel away from work and social networks.
Several years ago, my boss fainted due to exhaustion after staying up late to catch up on work. She banged her head and ended up with five stitches (缝针) — and became what she calls a “sleep evangelist (传教士).” Now she leaves her phone charging in another room when she goes to bed and encourages her friends to do the same.
“I sent all my friends the same Christmas gift — a lovely alarm clock — so they could stop using the excuse that they needed their very attractive iPhones by their beds to wake them up in the morning.” she said.
If your phone wakes you up in the morning, it may also be keeping you up at night. A 2008 study showed that people exposed to mobile radiation took longer to fall asleep and spent less time in deep sleep. “The study indicates that during laboratory exposure to 884 MHz wireless signals, components of sleep believed to be important for recovery from daily wear and tear are severely affected,” the study concluded.
A quarter of young people feel like they must be available by phone around the clock, according to a Swedish study that linked heavy cellphone use to sleeping problems, stress and depression. Unreturned messages carry more guilt when the technology to deal with them lies at our fingertips. Some teens even return text messages at midnight.
Most of us choose not to set limits on our nighttime availability. Nearly three quarters of people from the age of 18 to 44 sleep with their phones within reach, according to a 2012 Time poll. That number falls off slightly in middle age, but only people aged 65 and older are leaving the phone in another room as common as sleeping right next to it.
1. Why did the author’s boss give her friends alarm clocks as Christmas gifts?| A．Alarm clocks don't give off any radiation. |
| B．Alarm clocks are better at waking her friends up. |
| C．She advised them to replace phones with alarm clocks. |
| D．She used alarm clocks to remind them not to work too late. |
| A．Mobile radiation makes people unable to fall asleep. |
| B．Mobile phones can release 884 MHz wired signals. |
| C．Sleep can help people fight against radiation. |
| D．Components of sleep can be seriously affected by wireless signals. |
| A．How Mobile Phones Affect Sleep |
| B．Why Alarm Clocks Are Better than Phones |
| C．How We Can Sleep Better at Night |
| D．How Mobile Phones Affect Health |
| A．Her friends encouraged her to sleep on time. |
| B．Mobile phones couldn't wake her up on time. |
| C．Her friends sent her a lovely clock to wake her up. |
| D．She got hurt due to working too late. |
【推荐3】Dolphins, African gray parrots and some other animals also understand the idea of “zero”, but researchers were surprised to find that honeybees also comprehend this concept, considering the insects’ tiny brains, according to a new study. Honeybees have fewer than 1 million neurons (神经元), compared with the 86 billion neurons in humans—and yet, they grasp a concept that humans, by some measures, don’t start to understand before preschool.
The researchers set up two cards, each of which had a set of symbols on them, like triangles or circles. Then, they trained a group of bees to fly to the card with the lower number of symbols. The bees quickly learned what the humans wanted them to do to get their delicious, sweet rewards. The trained bees were then shown a card that was empty and one that had symbols on it. There was no need for the bees to be trained to fly more often to the empty card —thus showing that they understood that “zero” was a number less than the others.
Although they flew more often to an empty card than to one that had one symbol on it, it became easier for them to distinguish when the symbols on the card increased in number. For example, they more often flew to the empty card when the other card had four symbols than when it had one.
Perhaps these findings will explain the brain mechanism (运行机制) behind what allows us to understand the concept of “nothing”, Adrian Dyer, a researcher said. This understanding, in turn, could help in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) that also understands this concept. “If bees can understand zero with a brain of less than a million neurons, it suggests there are simple, efficient ways to teach AI new tricks,” Dyer said in the statement.
1. What is it that shocked the researchers?| A．Bees can understand zero with tiny brains. |
| B．Many animals also understand the idea of zero. |
| C．Humans can’t understand zero before preschool. |
| D．Humans are the only species to know about “nothing”. |
| A．Fly more often to the card with more symbols on it. |
| B．Fly more often to the card with fewer symbols on it. |
| C．Fly more often to the card without any symbol on it. |
| D．Fly more often to the card with tiny symbols on it. |
| A．With 2 symbols. | B．With 4 symbols. |
| C．With 6 symbols. | D．With 8 symbols. |
| A．To explain how the brain works. |
| B．To understand abstract concepts. |
| C．To gain new skills with simpler ways. |
| D．To express complex emotions with simple words. |
【推荐1】Every day, as I took long walks through North Vancouver, I would think about the potential joys of a physically closer network. Wouldn’t it be great to have someone who could join me at a moment’s notice? How good would it be to have more non-scheduled hangs instead of ones that had to be planned weeks in advance?
This doesn’t have to be just a dream. Although technology is making it easier to maintain long-distance connections, nothing can replace seeing friends in person. Researchers have found that happiness spreads “like an emotional contagion (传染)”, especially among those who live close together.
Friends who live in the same city could decide to move within walking distance of one another — the same neighborhood, block, or even apartment building. Doing so would likely involve a lot of effort, but the resulting community could pay emotional dividends for years. Doing so would make it easier to support one another materially and emotionally.
Moving close to your friends requires some masterminding. Cities can make doing so easier by ending single-family zoning codes and encouraging a variety of housing types in neighborhoods. But even without official policies, people can make it work on their own. Sam Unger, 32, a food scientist and a friend of mine, has created a chosen family like this in Montreal, where about 15 of her friends live within walking distance of one another. When someone moves away, they try to transfer (移交) their lease (租约) to other friends. And when pals based elsewhere in the city are looking to move, Unger will try selling them on the positives of her neighborhood and sometimes even look for housing for them. “It’s funny,” she told me. “The other day, I bought a fire extinguisher, and she’s like, ‘Oh, well, I have one. You could just call me if you had a fire, and I’d be right over with it.’”
1. What kind of lifestyle does the author prefer?| A．Alone. | B．Modern. | C．Scheduled | D．Free. |
| A．Needs. | B．Benefits. | C．States | D．Effects. |
| A．To tell Sam Unger has a talent in business. |
| B．To prove people can move closer on their own. |
| C．To show how important the official policies are. |
| D．To suggest how one can get on well with others. |
| A．Live Closer to Your Friends |
| B．The Internet Brings People Closer |
| C．A Way to Maintain Relationships |
| D．Technology Harms Friendships |
【推荐2】In the Hollywood industry, most of the studios are using AI to make movies for various reasons such as getting the actors out of danger, replacing the actors indifferent scenes, forming appealing atmosphere to enhance（增强） the views, etc.
Directors and producers are using VFX (Visual effects), animations and AI to make a model that looks like the actor and replaces the actor's place. In particular, AI is used in scenes where actor shave to produce certain stunts（特技） to develop setups in the studio artificially. VFX is used to later change the internal studio backgrounds to a different place in the movie.
There are many movies with two characters of the same actor. When AI was not a part of the film, editors used different methods to show the two aspects of the same actor in one scene, but now AI is being used to form the second character of the same actor and is being performed to the viewers.
By a perfect combination of animation, VFX and AI, realistic models are being created. And the most fun part is the fictitious character can hold the face of the actor but the age, hairstyles, and clothing can be changed to create more enhanced looks according to the movie scene and story. With the help of AI, the directors are creating appealing scenes to enhance the thrill and excitement. In Jurassic Park, no dinosaurs were running but with the help of AI and visual effects, we could enjoy the scenes and the atmospheres.
The directors and the producers direct to form a green screen including the obstacles and those green screens get replaced with the views that are made from AI and VFX, and the actors make the scenes alive and deliver the most suitable action-packed movie scenes. This method also enhances the viewers' experience, which makes the movie a blockbuster（大片）.
1. What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 1?| A．How AI helps actors. |
| B．What AI brings to movies. |
| C．Why AI is applied to movies. |
| D．Where AI is made full use of. |
| A．AI can be used as an editor. |
| B．Editors consider AI irreplaceable. |
| C．Editors used many methods to replace AI. |
| D．AI makes what used to be complex scenes easier. |
| A．Supportive. | B．Sceptical. |
| C．Unconcerned. | D．Enthusiastic. |
| A．What AI Brings Out Hollywood Movies |
| B．Why AI Is Applied to Hollywood Movies |
| C．Which Hollywood Movies Make Much Use of AI |
| D．How AI Is Being Applied to Hollywood Movies |
There are some special features of poetry, which make it quite different from other forms of literature. First of all, poems have rhythmic patterns. Generally most parts of a poem follow the same form of rhythm. Poems may have rhyme, but they don't have to. The lines are neatly arranged together so that they express a particular feeling or emotion.
There can be various types of poems but according to the pattern or the form, there are mainly three types:
Lyrics: The lyric mainly concentrates on human thoughts and emotions rather than a story. Lyrics always bear song-like appeal. These are mainly short poems. Popular lyric poem forms are the elegy, the ode and the sonnet. William Shakespeare, Edmund Waller and Keats are some of the greatest lyric writers of all times.
Narrative poems: This type of poetry tells a story. Narrative poems are usually long poems. Epics(史诗) and ballads fall under this type. Some of the greatest epic poets are John Milton, Dante, Edgar Allan Poe, Alexander Pope, William Shakespe are, etc..
Dramatic poems: Any drama that is written in verse is a dramatic poem. These poems generally tell a story. Black verse, dramatic monologue(独白) and closet drama belong to this type. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson are some of the greatest dramatic poets.
Whatever the form is, one thing, which cannot be denied, is that poetry is one of the most powerful tools to express our feelings.
1. What do we know about lyrics?
①They are similar to songs.
②They usually tell stories.
③They are not very long.
④The sonnet is a type of lyrics.
| A．①②③ | B．②③④ | C．①②④ | D．①③④ |
| A．poems are weak in showing feelings |
| B．some poets write more than one type of poem |
| C．narrative poems are shorter than lyric poems |
| D．the sonnet and the ballad belong to the same type |
| A．tell us some simple facts about poetry |
| B．teach us how to write poems |
| C．give some advice on reading poems |
| D．make us interested in poems |
