In the 19th century, tuberculosis (肺结核) epidemics were spreading over Europe and the United States, killing an estimated one out of seven people. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates called it “the most considerable of the diseases.”
The fight against tuberculosis reached a turning point on March 24, 1882, in a small meeting room of the German Physiological Society at Berlin. A doctor named Robert Koch used more than 200 microscopic preparations to identify the bacterium that causes tuberculosis: tubercle bacillus.
In 1872, Koch took up the post of district physician in what is today Wolsztyn, Poland. His patients, many of them farmers, were dying from anthrax, an illness that destroyed their cows.
Koch set out to solve the anthrax riddle. First, Koch visited anthrax-stricken farms to observe the cows. He witnessed how a healthy animal would die in a matter of days as its blood turned black. People in close contact with sick cows and sheep also fell ill. Examining drops of black blood from dead cows under his microscope, Koch spotted structures shaped like thin grains of rice, which blood from healthy animals did not have. These germs were Bacillus anthracis.
To see if the bacteria were the cause of the illness, Koch designed his own testing methods. First, he soaked (浸泡) a wood splinter (碎片) with a sick animal’s blood; then he made a small cut at the base of each mouse’s tail and inserted (插入) the splinter into their bodies. The next morning, the mice were dead. When Koch checked their bodies, he found the same microscopic structures in their blood.
In 1880, Koch’s team perfected his plate technique (技术) for generating pure cultures of bacteria, which was crucial in identifying the cause of tuberculosis. In 1890, he announced he had found the cure for tuberculosis. He called the medicine tuberculin, a substance taken from tubercle bacilli. The news gave rise to enormous hope around the world, but tuberculin turned out to be a major disappointment. More than ineffective, it even contributed to the death of some patients. To this day, no completely effective vaccine for tuberculosis has been found, but tuberculin has become a crucial part of testing for the disease.
1. Why does the author mention Hippocrates in paragraph 1?| A．To introduce the spread of tuberculosis. |
| B．To show the huge impact of tuberculosis. |
| C．To explain the concept of tuberculosis. |
| D．To describe the history of tuberculosis. |
| A．People found a cure for anthrax. |
| B．Fewer people died from tuberculosis. |
| C．Tuberculosis-causing bacteria were recognized. |
| D．Anthrax stopped spreading beyond animals. |
| A．He fed a mouse with a dead cow’s food. |
| B．He inserted a wood splinter into a cow’s tail. |
| C．He infected healthy mice with a sick animal’s blood. |
| D．He examined a dead person’s blood under his microscope. |
| A．It has cured many people. |
| B．It was taken from healthy people. |
| C．It was an effective tuberculosis vaccine. |
| D．It has been used in testing for tuberculosis. |
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Have you ever started sneezing when eating peanuts, getting rash on your skin or feeling your heat starting to beat faster? Statistics show that around 12 million Americans suffer from food allergy, with 6.9 million allergic to seafood and 3.3 million allergic to peanuts or tree nuts.
Food allergic symptoms occur immediately after having an allergen food. The food is treated as harmful to the body, by the immune system, which defends our organism from harmful external attacks. Here are a few guidelines about things you should know and how to put them into practice to prevent food allergies and eat healthily.
When buying food, read attentively the labels on the food products. All manufacturers according to the new Food Allergen and Consumer Act must clearly list all the elements of the product including the 8 food allergens even if they are present in very small amounts. Don’t buy these products, even if they might be cheaper.
Parents should be very careful when preparing food. The table and cooking tools used need to be clean. It is recommended to cook the food of the allergic person in the first place.
Food allergic persons should have a little patience. In certain people, the allergy disappears gradually. Visit your doctor at regular times to find about the progress of your allergies instead of having strict diets every day.
Keep a diary to note the foods that worsen your food allergies, new experiences and changes that you notice. Being tempted to have a piece of cake can be very dangerous. Your health is much more worth than it. Always think about the efforts people around you are putting to create an allergic-free environment for you.
Allergic persons should avoid consuming cakes that are not homemade and should always carry some snacks on them. Buying food in restaurants is risky.
| Food Allergy | |
| Preventions | |
Getting skin rashFeeling | l Check food labels cautiously; l Prepare food carefully; make l Be l See doctors l Keep a diary of allergen foods and the they have on you. l Resist any temptation to eat l Carry snacks instead of |
【推荐2】As hundreds of thousands of people continue to die each day from this disease, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic(流行病) continues to impact almost every aspect of daily life for the global population.
The COVID-19 has devastated economies and caused great challenges to healthcare and food systems around the world. Globally, billions of people have been ordered to stay at home as a result of lockdowns. Social distancing and lockdowns have reduced diagnosis(诊断) rates of infectious diseases by reducing social contact.
However, individuals have avoided seeking help for other health problems due to lockdowns and avoidance of medical settings, leading to reduced diagnosis and treatment despite the problem still being there. Meanwhile, even in diagnosed cases, treatment for diseases and conditions such as cancer had to be put off in many cases due to the immediate threat of COVID-19 consuming health systems and their resources. Scientific research around the world has also focused on COVID-19, potentially delaying research and breakthroughs on other diseases.
Before the pandemic, around half of the world’s population did not have access to essential healthcare, and this number has been increased by the pandemic. Healthcare systems across the globe need to become more accessible and need to be prepared for future pandemic-like events in a way that will reduce the impact on the management of other diseases.
Overall, it is generally believed that no country was fully prepared to handle a pandemic, particularly one at the degree of the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the most significant lessons that can be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is the importance of political will in its role in protecting people from pandemic diseases. In order to ensure that the world is better prepared for the next new infectious agent, public health systems must remain committed to developing adequate surveillance (监察) programmes and prompt diagnostic techniques.
1. The underline word “devastated” in Paragraph 2 most probably means “_________”.| A．destroyed | B．resisted |
| C．secured | D．boosted |
| A．In order to lighten people’s mental health burden. |
| B．Reducing social contact can make it less likely to infect COVID-19. |
| C．Because the bad weather prevents people from going out. |
| D．Because all public transport is halted. |
| A．People should learn to protect themselves from infection. |
| B．Health systems need to become more accessible and improve their technologies. |
| C．Government should take more strict prevention measures. |
| D．People should stay at home and reduce social contact. |
| A．How the COVID-19 infects people. |
| B．The measures used to prevent the spread of the COVID-19. |
| C．The effects of the COVID-19 and lessons learned from it. |
| D．The causes of the outbreak of the COVID-19. |
【推荐3】Most of us have at least a few prized possessions we’d have trouble letting go of. But those with a hoarding (囤积) disorder are forced to hold onto their belongings, even when doing so means severely messy surroundings that decrease their quality of life and threaten their safety through the risk of fire or personal injury.
The hoarding disorder is an under-recognized condition. “People with a hoarding disorder are often hesitant to seek or stay in treatment because of anxiety,” says Marla Deibler, a clinical psychologist based in Princeton, New Jersey. Now scientists at Stanford University are exploring a new treatment to help individuals with a hoarding disorder.
The recent pilot study shows that therapy powered by a virtual reality headset and handheld controllers can help those who hoard to practice letting go of their possessions using a simulation (模拟) of their homes before they clean the space in real life.
The study was conducted over 16 weeks and allowed its participants — all diagnosed with a hoarding disorder — to enter virtual models of their homes to practice sorting and discarding (丢弃) items which they found hard to part with. The virtual layout of their homes and possessions are created with photos uploaded to create a 3D simulation, so the items are known and valued by each participant before they practice throwing them out.
“78% of the participants noted virtual reality contributed to their motivation in increasing real-life discarding,” says Carolyn Rodriguez, the lead author of the study. “Such results are promising, especially when the study’s participants ranged in age from 60 to 73 years old — the group in which hoarding is most common.”
The Stanford study builds on work done at the University of Chicago, published in 2020, which also showed that individuals struggling with a hoarding disorder were motivated to have a clean environment by using virtual reality to explore their homes. The uniqueness of the Stanford research, however, lies in the opportunity it has provided for participants to take part in the discarding process — a crucial step in emotionally separating themselves from each item.
1. What do we know about the people with hoarding disorder?| A．They always keep their valuables safe. |
| B．They are longing for proper treatment. |
| C．They rarely spend quality time with their families. |
| D．They are overly attached to their belongings. |
| A．The significance of the study. | B．The details of the study. |
| C．The purpose of the study. | D．The application of the study. |
| A．Approving. | B．Dismissive. | C．Concerned. | D．Neutral. |
| A．Increasing their motivation to clean their houses. |
| B．Offering them a chance to explore their homes. |
| C．Involving them in a clean-up with virtual reality. |
| D．Providing an opportunity to strengthen emotional bonds. |
The shower, I find, is the best place to cry. The water covers the sound of my sadness, while washing away any evidence of my pain. I shower after the kids have gone to bed; it's the only time I can be alone.
I always did my best to protect my two children from my tears. If I needed to cry, I cried by myself. Yet, I encourage my two boys to cry. My 7-year-old prides himself on never crying at school. "Oh, but you must cry," I insist, "Crying is good. It gets the sadness out. Never hold back your tears."
But then I did just that. What might it do to them to see their mother upset? Then my father died, and there was no way I could schedule my grief and keep my feelings inside. I tried to get on with things, but the sadness still came. The realization that my dad was actually gone hit me with an intensity(紧张) that was impossible to cover up. To my surprise, my boys didn't seem too alarmed. Later, they found me hiding in the bedroom one afternoon, weeping. "It's OK, mommies get sad too," I told them, smiling through my tears. "Don't be sad, Mommy. Granddad is coming back as a baby," my 7-year-old said, his tiny arm stretched across my shoulders. "Think about love," he went on. "Think about all the people who love you."
I realized that in hiding my pain, I was only denying what it means to be human. I felt as if I had led my sons to believe that "negative" emotions are only a concept, and not something they should possess. It's one thing to tell my children it's OK to cry. It's another to show them how it's done. We owe that to our children, according to social researcher and author Brene Brown. During her TED talk, Brown said, "It's necessary we let ourselves be seen—deeply seen."
"Our job is not to protect our children, to keep them perfect," said Brown, "Our job is to look and say, 'you're imperfect, and you're made for struggles, but you are worthy of love and belonging'."
1. According to the passage, the author ________.| A．usually hides her grief | B．believes boys should be tough |
| C．finds inspiration when she showers | D．seldom gets her sadness out |
| A．She felt moved by his comforting words. |
| B．She was surprised he completely understood her sadness. |
| C．She realized how she handled sadness had misled her children. |
| D．She was glad that her children didn't worry about her sadness. |
| A．Tell kids it's not all right to cry. | B．Get any of their emotions out. |
| C．Push children to work toward perfection. | D．Teach their children how to deal with grief. |
【推荐2】Ida Keeling’s daughter, Cheryl, a lifelong athlete, thought that maybe what would pull her mother out from under her dark cloud was something that would get her pumping again. She suggested a run. Not just a jog around the block, but an official run. At the time, Ida Keeling was 67.
Keeling had grown up poor in Harlem, and had done hard work in factories. She had lost her husband early to a heart attack, and two of her four children—both of her sons— died in unsolved drug-related incidents in 1978 and 1981.
Keeling had sunk into a deep depression (消沉), and her health had begun to slide. Her daughters began to worry that they soon might be losing their mother as well.
It had been decades since Keeling had done any running, and she would later recall that first “mini-run” feeling as if it would never end. But when it did, “I just threw off all my bad memories.”
She hasn’t stopped running since, and it’s no longer the tough work it was during that first meet. Since then, the small Keeling has set records for 60 meters in the 95-to-99 age group, and in 100 meters for the over-100 group.
“I was just exercising,” she says regarding that first run, “and now I'm all over the world.”
When she’s not running, she’s working out. She’s in the gym three to four days a week, running on tread-mills (跑步机), working out with weights and pedaling on the exercise bike, and even squeezing in some squats (深蹲) while she’s cooking. Part of her healthy diet is occasional brandy wine mixed with her coffee or water to aid circulation (血液循环).
She’s written a book about her experiences, titled Can’t Nothing Bring Me Down: Chasing Myself in the Race Against Time. Her philosophy is also suitable for a runner: “Every day is another day forward.”
1. What do the underlined words “get her pumping” mean in paragraph 1?| A．Free her from great pressure. | B．Fill her with life and energy. |
| C．Equip her with self-confidence. | D．Remind her of her problems. |
| A．She had grown up poor. | B．She had done hard work. |
| C．She had been in poor health. | D．She had lost her husband and sons. |
| A．Travelling around the world. | B．The mini-run experience. |
| C．Working out whenever possible. | D．Brandy wine mixed with coffee. |
| A．Athletic and strong-willed. | B．Caring and sport-loving. |
| C．Friendly and hard-working. | D．Humorous and outgoing. |
| A．Run forward. | B．Never too old to learn. |
| C．Live healthily. | D．Never give up hope in life. |
【推荐3】I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I had as a child dealt with books. There was not one night that I don’t remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say “I can’t believe what’s printed in the newspaper this morning” made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her. I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors. When mom said “The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf”, I knew where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A’s on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn’t enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I’m growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex I find myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone. I don’t have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We’re taught to read because it’s necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I’ve found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
1. Why did the author want to take the newspaper suddenly out of mom’s hands?| A．She was dying to know what had happened. |
| B．She wanted mom to read the news to her. |
| C．She couldn’t wait to destroy the newspaper. |
| D．She couldn’t help but stop mom from reading. |
| A．Her special way to find a place. |
| B．Her eagerness to develop her reading ability. |
| C．Her effort to remind mom to respect traffic rules. |
| D．Her growing desire to know the world around her. |
| A．A way to develop a love for learning. | B．A way to create a mysterious land |
| C．A way to get away from a confusing world. | D．A way to learn about the adult world. |
| A．The Methods of Reading | B．Growing Up with Reading |
| C．The Process of Reading | D．Reading Makes a Full Man |
【推荐1】George Whitmore, a member of the first team of climbers to scale El Capitan in Yosemite National Park and a conservationist who devoted his life to protecting the Sierra Nevada, has died.
His team spent 45 days fixing pitches on a course more than 3, 000 feet high. They used siege tactics (攻城术) to link camps, coming down for school and work. But then they launched a 12-day final push, which they completed on November 12, 1958. “It’s really like walking on the moon,” author and climber John Long said. “There’re certain things that are influential. Not just for climbers or surfers or astronauts, but for all mankind. And that was one of them. It revolutionized what everybody thought was possible.”
“He never mentioned what he’d done unless somebody asked,” Whitmore’s wife Nancy said. “He didn’t go around and say, Oh, I was the first person to climb The Nose of El Capitan.” But if you really asked George, his greatest accomplishment wasn’t the climb up El Capitan, Nancy said. It would be the decades he spent advocating for conservation.
Whitmore helped establish the Kaiser Wilderness — a protected area located 70 miles northeast of Fresno — in 1976. He helped bring the California Wilderness Act of 1984 into effect, adding 1. 8 million acres into the National Wilderness Preservation System. Whitmore was a part of efforts by the Sierra Club to prevent The Wait Disney Company from developing a ski resort at Mineral King in the 1960s. The project was stopped, and the site became part of Sequoia National Park.
He often weighed in on development in the area. Lawmakers about conservation learned to trust him because they knew that he would not just say something off the top of his head. And if he didn’t know, he would say, “I don’t know and I’ll find out,” Nancy said.
“He was a climber but that was secondary,” she added. “His love of the wilderness is the most important gift that he has left us.”
1. What did John Long think of Whitmore’s scaling EI Capitan?| A．It seemed unlikely at that time. | B．It was dangerous to climb that high. |
| C．It interested surfers and astronauts. | D．It inspired people to explore the moon. |
| A．an administration branch | B．a Walt Disney’s think bank |
| C．a preservation society | D．an outdoor ski organization |
| A．Propose | B．Approve | C．Survey | D．Comment |
| A．Modest | B．Grateful | C．Ambitious | D．Thoughtful |
【推荐2】“The mountains are calling and I must go” — the famous quote is from John Muir(1838-1914), who is described as “the wilderness poet” and “the citizen of the universe.” He once jokingly referred to himself as a “poet-geologist-botanist and ornithologist (鸟类学家)-naturalist etc. etc.!” He is known as the Father of American National Parks.
Famed documentary filmmaker Ken Burns recently said, “As we got to know him… he was among the highest individuals in America; I’m talking about the level of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and Thomas Jefferson— people who have had a transformational effect on who we are.”
So where is the quote from? Well, John Muir was a productive writer. Whether he was writing poetry or simply letters to his family, John Muir was always putting pen to paper. The quote is from within one of his many letters written to his sister:
September 3rd, 1873 Yosemite Valley Dear sister Sarah,I have just returned from the longest and hardest trip I have ever made in the mountains, having been gone over five weeks. I am weary, but resting fast; sleepy, but sleeping deep and fast; hungry, but eating much. For two weeks I explored the glaciers of the summits east of here, sleeping among the snowy mountains without blankets and with little to eat on account of its being so inaccessible. After my icy experiences, it seems strange to be down here in so warm and flowery a climate. I will soon be off again, determined to use all the season in carrying through my work—will go next to Kings River a hundred miles south, then to Lake Tahoe and surrounding mountains, and in winter work in Oakland with my pen. Though slow, someday I will have the results of my mountain studies in a form in which you all will be able to read and judge them. The mountains are calling and I must go, and I will work on while I can, studying incessantly (永不停息地). I will write again when I return from Kings River Canyon. Farewell, with love everlasting. Yours, John |
1. What can we learn from John Muir’s self-description in paragraph 1?
| A．He longed to expand his own career. |
| B．He enjoyed his involvement in nature. |
| C．He wanted to find his real advantage. |
| D．He valued his identity as a poet most. |
| A．Muir’s political influence. | B．A documentary film on Muir. |
| C．Muir’s historic significance. | D．The social circle around Muir. |
| A．Relieved but regretful. | B．Exhausted but content. |
| C．Excited but lonely. | D．Defeated but hopeful. |
| A．To go on with his mountain studies. |
| B．To seek freedom from social connection. |
| C．To attend an appointment in Oakland. |
| D．To experience the hardship of wilderness. |
【推荐3】Meredith J. Eberhart completed the 2, 190-plus mile Appalachian Trail on Sunday, becoming the oldest person to hold the honor.
Eberhart has probably hiked over 50,000 miles in his life though he doesn’t keep track. The 83-year-old man started walking when he retired more than 25 years ago, and never stopped.
Eberhart started the 261-day, 15-state trip back in February, with the goal of beating previous record holder Dale “Greybeard”Sanders, who finished the entire Appalachian Trail at the age of 82 in 2017. The trail covers over 2,190 miles from Springer Mountain, Georgia, all the way to Mount Katahdin, Maine. However, Eberhart began his journey far from the trail, at his home in Flagg Mountain, Alabama. That added hundreds of extra miles to the route. But Eberhart wasn’t worried about that. He once hiked 4,400 miles from the Florida Keys to Northern Quebec, and another time from Chicago to California on Route 66.
Eberhart admitted that he was feeling his age and the trail got tough at points, even for an experienced hiker like himself. He fell a few times on slippery rocks, and at one point he got his elbow scratched. However, the accidents didn’t stop him.“I’ve got a couple of injuries on me, but I’m okay,”he said.“You’ve got to have incredible determination to do this.”
Eberhart hiked the trail out of order in sections so he could complete each part in fine weather. Mindful of his age, Eberhart walked at a rate of no more than eight hours each day. He finished his journey in Massachusetts, where he celebrated with champagne wine and friends. And while some people think this will be his last hike, Eberhart seems to strongly disagree.
1. What set Eberhart apart from other Appalachian Trail hikers?| A．The maximum age. | B．The longest distance. | C．The minimum time. | D．The steepest trail. |
| A．Relaxing. | B．Challenging. | C．Pleasing. | D．Appealing. |
| A．To conserve his energy. | B．To catch up with other hikers. |
| C．To make use of good weather. | D．To avoid getting injured. |
| A．Life lies in movement. | B．All roads lead to Rome. |
| C．He who laughs last laughs longest. | D．It’s never too late to go after dreams. |
