It can be truly terrifying to fall through ice on a frozen lake, but if you remain calm, it can save your life. Most people don’t realize that you have more time than you think. This is due to the concept of body temperature and how your body deals with the shocking cold that immediately surrounds the body.
As you first hit the freezing water, you will almost immediately breathe quickly. It is important that you remember to get control of your breathing and not to move around. It can help to remember the “1-10-1 principle”. This means that it takes about one minute to gain control of your breathing, and then you have 10 minutes to move before you get too cold. The final one is to remind you that it will take one hour before you become unconscious.
Take that first minute and fully focus on your breathing. Slow it down, and then look around to see if you can locate the thickest area of ice. When you locate the ice, stretch your arms over the surface, and then begin to do flutter-kick(上下打水) until your body becomes horizontal with the surface. Kick hard and use your arms and hands to climb out of the water.
It is possible that you can live for several hours after passing out if you can get out of the frigid water. This, however, does require some planning. You only have about 10 minutes after falling in before your muscles and nerves become too cold to work. If you feel too weak to get out, place your arms over the surface of the ice and just remain still. The point is to encourage your coat to freeze to the ice, so that if you lose consciousness(意识) you will keep your head out of ice. Additionally, you will remain visible for rescue, even if you pass out.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to?| A．Keeping clam. |
| B．Having enough time. |
| C．Pushing through ice. |
| D．Dealing with the cold. |
| A．Moving around. |
| B．Calling for help. |
| C．Breathing rapidly. |
| D．Holding their breath. |
| A．How to use the first minute. |
| B．How to locate the thickest ice. |
| C．How to control the floating ice. |
| D．How to pull yourself onto the ice. |
| A．Take off your coat. |
| B．Do some workouts. |
| C．Keep your head above water. |
| D．Relax your muscles and nerves. |
| A．1-10-1 principle. |
| B．Hitting the freezing water. |
| C．Floating over the icy water. |
| D．Surviving falling through ice. |
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【推荐1】Critical (批判的) thinking is the art of using reason to analyze ideas and dig deeper to get to our true potential. It doesn’t mean you’re thinking harder or longer.
Question your assumptions. We make a lot of assumptions about almost everything. It’s how our brain processes certain pieces of information, and how we get along in everyday life. You could say they are the foundation of our critical framework.
Don’t take information on authority until you've investigated it yourself. Instead of double-checking everything anyone says, we tend to label information as either coming from a trustworthy or not trustworthy source. This keeps us from double-checking every piece of information that comes our way, saving time and energy. But it also keeps us from getting to the bottom of things we think of as coming from a trustworthy source, even when they don’t.
Put yourself in other people’s shoes. Empathy can also help you develop your critical thinking skills.
| A．Actually, it’s about thinking better. |
| B．Surround yourself with people smarter than you. |
| C．Be someone that people know that they can count on. |
| D．You should not judge others until you fully understand their situation. |
| E．But what if they turned out to be wrong, or at least not entirely truthful? |
| F．The reason is that understanding does not always go with the right action. |
| G．So what is published in a magazine or online doesn’t mean it’s necessarily true. |
【推荐2】You probably spend a lot of time preparing for job interviews. But it's not just about being ready with answers to the interviewer's questions.
Companies are looking woo (争取) candidates in this job market and want to put their best foot forward—but it's important that you go into the conversation knowing what you are looking for from an employer. Asking what a typical day looks like can give you a helpful sense of the workplace balance and responsibilities.
Ask about career growth and development
Ask how to be successful
Ask autonomous questions
While most interviewers will finish the meeting asking if you have any questions, you don't have to wait for that moment.
| A．Ask what it's like to work there |
| B．The process is a two-way street |
| C．If you have some important questions |
| D．We all want to make a living by working hard |
| E．If the interviewer says something interesting or vague |
| F．Knowing how your performance is going to be measured is important |
| G．We all want to work at a place where we have the opportunity to grow professionally |
【推荐3】Want to travel easily? Here are some tips that help you reduce the size of your luggage.
Roll clothes instead of folding them. Many people try to fold their clothes into their little suitcase.
Use vacuum bags(真空袋), when possible.
Always take travel bottles. Even though you are allowed to take full sized bottles in your suitcase, to make sure that you are under the weight allowance, it’s recommended that you still stick to travel-sized bottles.
Research the weather in advance. A great way to prevent packing clothes that you won’t end up wearing is to research what the weather is going to be like where and when you go on holiday.
| A．It will free up enough room for you. |
| B．Don’t put any shoes in your suitcase. |
| C．It will make your suitcase much lighter. |
| D．Purchase a high and soft-sided suitcase. |
| E．Wear anything that takes up a lot of room. |
| F．There are plenty of websites that can predict it. |
| G．This is not the best way to pack your holiday goods. |
【推荐1】In the 1770s, an English doctor called Edward Jenner gave his gardener’s son cowpox (牛痘) and then deliberately infected him with smallpox (天花) to test his assumption that people who were frequently exposed to cowpox, a similar but less severe virus, would avoid catching smallpox. It worked and cowpox as the vaccine (疫苗) was highly effective. “Vaccination”, from the Latin word for cow, soon became commonplace.
Challenge trials are forms of research where, rather than relying on data from natural infections, we intentionally expose someone to a disease in order to test the effectiveness of a vaccine or treatment. Things have changed a lot since Jenner’s time, of course, when it was not uncommon for doctors to conduct this kind of research. Even so, there’s the continuous sense that there’s something immoral about making someone ill on purpose.
But this shouldn’t blind us to the extraordinary power of challenge trials. They could become increasingly important weapons in the medical research, in a situation where vaccine technology is advancing and the threat of diseases jumping from animals into human beings is increasing.
Much has been done to reduce the risks of challenge trials. Like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), researchers have involved adults who are at a low risk of severe illness. These acts have already cut down a massive range of vaccine candidates. With their help, the world will soon have the first vaccines against RSV, which kills tens of thousands of newborn babies each year. But not all diseases are like these ones. We don’t always know the dangers volunteers might face; we don’t always have treatments ready. What then?
We could, of course, just avoid these questions entirely, and rely on other types of research.But that doesn’t always work: sometimes, animal testing is tricky and uninformative, because the disease doesn‘t develop in the same way as it would in humans. In contrast, challenge trials can be deeply informative within weeks, with far fewer volunteers. And the benefits can be surprisingly high. Take the latest pandemic. At the end of last year, as the number of deaths is estimated to have reached about 17.8 million, it’s also estimated that 20 million had been saved by vaccines.In the years to come, they will hopefully save millions more.
In order to make sure we are as protected as possible from current and future threats, we should try to get rid of the misbelief in challenge trials, making them a more familiar part of our tool kits. Perhaps the greatest reward of all would be to make sure participants’ efforts are worthwhile: by designing trials to be fair and effective and applying them when and where they might make a real difference. In short, by helping them to save thousands, if not millions of lives.
1. The author tells the story of Edward Jenner mainly to______.| A．give a definition of challenge trials |
| B．introduce the topic of challenge trials |
| C．highlight the effectiveness of his vaccine |
| D．explain the origin of the word “vaccination” |
| A．The issues behind challenge trials can be solved. |
| B．The dangers of challenge trials outweigh the benefits they bring. |
| C．Challenge trials can benefit numerous lives in spite of their risks. |
| D．Challenge trials can set back the development of vaccine technologies. |
| A．People should still be careful about challenge trials. |
| B．A more open attitude should be taken towards challenge trials. |
| C．Challenge trials guarantee participants protection against threats. |
| D．More volunteers involved can improve the accuracy of challenge trials. |
| A．Should we use challenge trials to find cures? |
| B．Can challenge trials be a block to medical progress? |
| C．Can challenge trials be the end of infectious diseases? |
| D．Should we replace animal testing with challenge trials? |
【推荐2】This year’s United Nations Prize for Research in the Life Sciences（UNPRLS）goes to a Chinese scientist, Tu Youyou, for the discovery of artemisinin（青蒿素）and its use in the treatment of malaria（疟疾）—a medical advance that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world.
Tu’s pioneering work on malaria began on May 23, 1967 when the Chinese government started a program aimed at finding a cure for the deadly disease.
Tu combed the Chinese traditional medicine texts for possible treatments, and by 1972, had made 380 extracts（提取物）from 200 herbs. Her team then tested the extracts one by one on the malaria-infected mice. One of the extracts from Qinghao—or sweet wormwood—sharply reduced malaria growth in the animals.
At a March 1972 meeting of the project’s key participants, Tu reported that the natural plant extract wiped out the malaria in mice and monkeys. Later that year it proved effective in treating human patients.
The first English-language scientific journal（期刊）mentioning successful clinical trials for artemisinin appeared in late 1979 and two years later, Tu presented her discovery at an international meeting at the World Health Organization（WHO）and it was immediately recognized as a breakthrough. In 2015, she was finally awarded the Nobel Prize for her discovery.
Artemisinin is still the most powerful anti-malarial drug presently available, and an artemisinin-based drug combination is now the standard drug for the disease. The WHO lists artemisinin and related drugs in its catalog of “Essential Medicines”
“It is clear that Tu’s work has saved millions of lives, particularly in the developing world, and continues to bring about long-term medical benefits in the ongoing fight against this deadly disease,” the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization（UNESCO）prize committee writes in a statement published today.
1. What has served as the major inspiration for Tu’s discovery？| A．The English-language scientific journals. |
| B．Exchanges with scientists at international meetings. |
| C．Her malaria-fighting experience in the developing countries. |
| D．Her extensive reading of the Chinese traditional medicine books. |
| A．About 6 years. | B．About 7 years. | C．About 9 years. | D．About 43 years. |
| A．It has to be taken from the natural plants in China. |
| B．It is still the most effective drug in curing malaria. |
| C．It must be combined with other drugs for treatment. |
| D．It is the only anti-malarial medicine used in the world. |
| A．Her pioneering work has rid the world of malaria. |
| B．Her drug has promoted the use of natural herbs. |
| C．Her team discovered artemisinin and tested it successfully. |
| D．Her discovery has helped to save millions of lives in the world. |
【推荐3】A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis(催眠) can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging (医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉).
A French medical-imaging technologist— also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的) state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection(注射) becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.
1. One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .| A．a better understanding of children |
| B．less use of certain medicines |
| C．new medical-imaging technology |
| D．an improved reputation of the hospital |
| A．creating a perfect world for patients |
| B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep |
| C．putting patients into an unconscious state |
| D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality |
| A．uncertainty | B．worry |
| C．enthusiasm | D．criticism |
| A．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures. |
| B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis. |
| C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology. |
| D．An easy way to communicate with patients. |
