If you think a high-factor sunscreen (防晒霜) keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong. Research in this week’s Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas (黑素瘤) and delays their occurrence, it can’t prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, of if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun. Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.
There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas — the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer. An Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed. A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn’t have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats, long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection. This study said other forms of sun protection — not sunscreen — seemed most beneficial. The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it’s not entirely reliable. But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.
Also many people don’t use sunscreen properly — applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long. It is sunburn that is most worrying — recent research shows sunburn on Episode 5 in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.
The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign. So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (抹上) sunscreen and slap on a hat.
1. What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen?A.It is ineffective in preventing melanomas. |
B.It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight. |
C.It is ineffective with long-term exposure. |
D.It is ineffective for people with fair skin. |
A.Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures. |
B.High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen. |
C.Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good. |
D.Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas. |
A.It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection. |
B.It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen. |
C.It is not based on direct observation of the subjects. |
D.It confirms the results of the first Australian study. |
A.Using both covering up and sunscreen. |
B.Staying in the shade whenever possible. |
C.Using covering up instead of sunscreen. |
D.Applying the right amount of sunscreen. |
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【推荐1】Napping during the day is an ancient custom that is practiced worldwide. Short naps, which last from 20 to 30 minutes at the right time, can benefit vitality and overall health in countless ways.
Short naps can boost mental functioning and memory, as well as improve vitality, attention and reaction time.
What’s more, it appears the brain uses nap time to process information gathered throughout the day.
So, to maximize benefits while reducing risks, please keep naps short in the early afternoon to avoid sleep inertia and nighttime sleep disruptions.
A.But napping can come with drawbacks as well. |
B.The reason for this phenomenon is mostly unknown. |
C.Therefore, that appears to enhance problem-solving abilities. |
D.Short naps are also linked to increased productivity and creativity. |
E.Napping can also be associated with a reduced risk of heart diseases. |
F.Napping should not serve as an alternative for enough nighttime rest. |
G.Besides, for those aged 60 and up, longer naps may increase the risk for heart diseases. |
Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor.Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don't want to embarrass themselves. If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better option for you. It's a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision of a fitness instructor. If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, !you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track. Don't let
fitness frighten you!
If you're serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it's extremely important to surround yourself with people who'll provide you with the proper emotional support. I wouldn't scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn't expect anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Make fitness even more fun by trying something new or any group fitness class, with a friend. Plan to go for a jog together. Then try a fun healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar! Fitness can be both fun and social!
Surrounding yourself with people who'll provide you with respect support can be very beneficial while working towards reaching health and fitness goals. First, decide to do it for yourself and work towards staying positive. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don't let negativity ruin your motivation.
1. The first paragraph focuses on .
A.the greatest challenge of group exercise |
B.the most effective way to improve physical fitness |
C.the contribution of group exercise to psychological health |
D.the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups |
A.cheerful | B.average | C.serious | D.temporal |
A.to sustain a colorful lifestyle |
B.to party on weekends with positive people |
C.to try a fun healthy restaurant regularly |
D.to surround yourself with supportive people |
A.Seeking Support | B.Supporting Health |
C.Improving Your Strength | D.Building Up Fitness |
The analysis comes just two years after Australian researchers found that people who said they watched TV for more than four hours a day were 46% more likely to die of any cause than people who said they spent less than two hours a day watching TV. Those watching TV more than four hours a day were also 80% more likely to die of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. “Long-sitting behavior is something we need to take note of beyond telling people to get 30 minutes of activity a day ,” said Peter T. Katzmarzyk, one of the lead researchers. But while the evidence of illnesses is increasing, it remains difficult for many people to find time to get on their feet, especially if they do desk jobs.
“Try to stand as much as you can,” Dr Katzmarzyk said. “Typically when you are on the telephone you can stand and use the speakerphone. Instead of e-mailing someone in the office, just get up and so to talk to them.” However , Dr Katzmarzyk added, standing shouldn’t be alternative to exercising, but an alternative to sitting . “Several studies show that when you’re sitting , your leg muscles are completely inactive,” he said . “When you’re sitting and completely inactive, this is when you run into trouble managing blood sugar.”
1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A.Watching TV too long can worsen our mental health. |
B.We should be active and give up smoking. |
C.Sitting for too long a time can shorten one’s life. |
D.Smoking too much can be harmful to health. |
A.making comparisons(比较) | B.listing figures |
C.giving examples | D.classifying facts |
A.It warns people to exercise 30 minutes a day. |
B.It’s a bad behavior worth considering seriously. |
C.It can lead to death at once. |
D.It is good for desk job workers. |
A.phone your friends and talk about your problem |
B.put on weight quickly and become more inactive |
C.want to have more sugar for your meals |
D.find it hard to keep your blood sugar proper |
【推荐1】At a conference last week, I received an interesting piece of advice: “Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a fellow psychology professor. He wasn’t objecting to any particular claim I’d made — he was offering a strategy for pursuing better science, and for encouraging others to do the same.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back — to the nature of science itself. Despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories change, so do scientific methods.
Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks, and for scientific arguments to develop into personal battles. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to be viewed as a helpful pointer, a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong — a goal that your critic probably shares.
Nosek’s advice may sound pessimistic, but it’s not so foreign to science. Philosophers of science sometimes refer to the “pessimistic meta-induction (元归纳)” on the history of science: All of our past scientific theories have been wrong, so surely our current theories will turn out to be wrong, too. That doesn’t mean we haven’t made progress, but it does indicate that there is always room for improvement—ways to be less wrong.
I like the advice because it builds in an awareness of our limitations and a readiness to accept the unknown (“there are things I do not know!”) along with a sense that we can do better (“there are things I do not know yet!”). It also builds in a sense of community — we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right. Perhaps the focus on a shared goal — our goal as scientists and humans of being less wrong — can help make up for any harm in scientific motivation or communication.
1. Why did Nosek send the advice?A.To express opinions about my claims. | B.To remind me to be open to criticism. |
C.To encourage me to take up science. | D.To better my understanding of psychology. |
A.It motivates scientists to make efforts. | B.It addresses personal attacks and conflicts. |
C.It sets a constructive improvement goal. | D.It contributes to a deeper insight into yourself. |
A.Dynamic. | B.Testable. | C.Pioneering. | D.Well-established. |
A.Accept the Unknown | B.Aim to Be Less Wrong |
C.Get Engaged in Psychology | D.Dig into the Nature of Science |
【推荐2】Is beauty something always positive? Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable jobs. Personal advisors give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive(主管的) circle, beauty can become a disadvantage.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. Handsome male executives were considered having more honesty than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to lead to their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less honesty than unattractive ones; their success was connected not with ability but with factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more honesty and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally manly position appears to lack the manly qualities required.
This is true even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 college students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males completely defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive unchangeably received the fewest votes.
1. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness ________.A.makes women look more honest and capable | B.strengthens the manly qualities required |
C.is of no importance to women | D.often enables women to succeed quickly |
A.affects men and women alike | B.has as little effect on men as on women |
C.is more of a disadvantage to women | D.turns out to be a disadvantage to men |
A.practical | B.one-sided | C.old-fashioned | D.supportive |
A.the disadvantages of being attractive | B.the advantages of being attractive |
C.equal rights for women | D.the importance of appearance |
【推荐3】Are you addicted to computer games? Do you stay up all night playing them? Do you feel happy after you play computer games?
There’s no doubt that the excitement and appeal of games these days make them hard to put down. We are attracted by the choice when it comes to gaming: You can role play — creating your own fantasy characters and stories, giving you chance to step out of everyday life into an imaginary world. And there are shooting games where you can let out your anger and depression in violent situations where you kill people with guns. You can get excited from the games.
However, can these kinds of games really be fun and can being absorbed in virtual reality be good for us? Should we worry about their effects on our health? Popular games like Grand Theft Auto have been blamed for everything from falling results at school to causing acts of extreme violence. Internet safety advisor, Alan MacKenzie, thinks “many people understandably will just think that a game is just a game and not realizing the exact content that’s in there”. He gives an example of the violence, which he says is “wholly inappropriate for anybody, not to mention children” .
Others will argue that gaming is a harmless form of entertainment. There is evidence that playing video games could actually be good for us. Some games like Game of Thrones and World of Warcraft are educational and using games certainly can help children learn good qualities. Studies have also shown that the skills used in playing games can cause growth in certain areas of the brain, the ability to think in 3D and even improve our eyesight.
Video game players are also no longer just simple creatures. For some, gaming is having a positive effect on their social lives with games like Halo and World of Warcraft often being played in groups. When your group works together to win the game, your sense of achievement is higher than when winning by yourself.
So every coin has two sides. It seems today, gaming isn’t just for game fans and if used in a proper way, we can all take part. If video games have two sides, which side do you stand by?
1. The writer used a lot of questions at the beginning to .A.lead into the topic of the passage |
B.show his worries about the effect of playing computer games on health |
C.doubt the advantage of playing computer games |
D.ask the readers for their own opinions about games |
A.games contain extreme violence |
B.the contents of the game are complex |
C.gaming is a harmful form of entertainment |
D.popular games lead to students’ falling results at school |
A.Li Hua learnt many English words from playing games. |
B.Han Meimei passed the exam after playing the games. |
C.Yang Li let out her anger and depression. |
D.Sun Yang worked well with his teammates. |
A.with descriptive words |
B.by giving some examples |
C.with some research results |
D.by providing some numbers |
【推荐1】The giraffe is the tallest animal on land. It is one of the best-known species in Africa, known for their very long necks, long legs and the brown and white patterns that cover their bodies.
Craig Hilton-taylor is head of the Red List program. He says there were between 152,000 and 163, 000 giraffes in 1985. But now, the number of them has fallen to about 98 , 000. “It is a huge tragedy and it's been sort of a silent disappearance that we just really haven't detected until now." Fifty years ago, groups of giraffes usually had 20 to 30 animals in them. Now, observers are only seeing six animals in a group. Until now the disappearance of the animals has not been observed closely. They live in such a wide area across Africa.
What is causing this decrease? Hilton-taylor says, “It is due to the effect of people, whether it's people causing loss of habitat for the species, hunting the species for food or harvesting for medicine or for wood. ”
He says pollution and the effects of climate change are just a few of the other problems affecting the species. Some people are moving into protected areas where giraffes and other animals live because of a lack of rain that affects food production. Sometimes the animals are killed for their meat. Also, civil wars in Africa make it more difficult to protect the animals.
Hilton-taylor says giraffes can be helped. “It's not too late, and we can turn things around. ” Some of the ideas that work include community involvement and tourism. Tourism, for example, provides jobs for local people. He also says there needs to be a giraffe action plan put in place to observe and survey the animals across the continent of Africa. Hilton-taylor adds that finding answers to the problems people face, like drought linked to climate change, food shortages and civil unrest, will provide answers for people to help giraffes.
1. What does the underlined word “detected" mean in the second paragraph?A.changed | B.noticed | C.doubted | D.confirmed |
A.Civil wars in Africa. | B.Loss of the habitats. |
C.Climate change. | D.Their wide living space. |
A.By attracting more tourists to Africa. | B.By stopping the global warming. |
C.By learning more about the community. | D.By moving local people away. |
A.Giraffes are changing Africa. | B.Silent disappearance of giraffes. |
C.Tourism and nature protection. | D.Wildlife can be saved in future. |
【推荐2】Compared to dogs, cats are often considered to be aloof (冷漠的)with respect to their human owners. It is usual for them to be indifferent (无动于衷的)when humans call their names. Are we sure that they don’t understand human voices at all?
A recent study published in the journal of Scientific Reports suggests that we’ve been fooled. Japanese scientists found that cats can recognize their names if their owners regularly use them. In the study, scientists recruited 78 domestic cats. They played recordings of voices of their owners saying five words: the first four words were random nouns that sounded similar to their names while the final word was the cat’s name. Then they observed the cats’ responses, if there were any.
Most of cats moved their ears or heads when they heard their names, while they made no response to other words. That suggested, “cats were paying attention to you, what you say and what you do,” John Bradshaw, an expert on human-animal interactions (互动) at the University of Bristol, UK, told The Times. “And cats were just as good as dogs at learning,” she added.
In the study, when people called their names, cats often associated (联系) the words with rewards, such as food or play, or with “punishments” such as having a bath or going to the vet . This made cats sensitive (敏感的) to words. After the cats had been called several times, they could respond to the words. But the scientists added that while dogs have evolved (进化) to follow their owners’ orders, cats have not. Although cats appear to be aloof, they do have special relationships with their owners.
According to study co-author Atsuko Saito, cats have evolved not to show their emotions as a survival method. One example is illness, which they tend to hide because “in the wild, no one can rescue them” and predators (捕食性动物) are more likely to pay attention to them, Saito explained.
However, technology may help bridge the communication gap between cats and us. There are now mobile apps available to explain what their meows mean. So, the next time you hear “meow, meow”, your cat may be telling you: “Hi, you haven’t cleaned my litter box recently.”
1. What did the recent study find about cats?A.Cats learn more slowly than dogs. | B.Cats are cleverer than dogs. |
C.Cats can recognize their names. | D.Cats are willing to follow orders. |
A.They want to protect themselves from harm. |
B.They associate words with punishments. |
C.They are not sensitive to the human voice. |
D.They don’t pay much attention to their surroundings. |
A.It is difficult to understand cats’ meows. |
B.Interaction with your cats is very important. |
C.Cats do have good relationships with their owners. |
D.We may know cats better with the help of technology. |
【推荐3】Dreaming of summer picnics filled with family and fun? We’ve come up with 4 of the top picnic areas across the US.
Cumberland Islands, Georgia
Just a few hours south of Savannah, this national seashore is a wonderful picnic place. It’s an unspoiled place in the Deep South with over 50 miles of hiking trails (小径). Covered in Spanish moss, the trails are lined with trees and since it’s still a rural area, the stars line up for a grand show at night and create the perfect evening starlit picnic opportunity.
Grant Park, Chicago
If you are looking for delicious food in Chicago, go for a taste of a 20-day, lake-front, foodie festival that happens in October each year. Grab a spot near the fountain to enjoy your picnic, appreciate the city scenery and lake views and relax with family and friends. If you are there on July 4th, be sure to plan the day to include the fireworks display at the Navy Pier.
Cranberry Islands, Maine
Here, you’ll enjoy natural picnics with island views. The islands are a delightful group of islands about 20 minutes offshore from Acadia National Park. You can visit the islands by private boat or ferry service. Bring a picnic basket along for the ride as it’s a romantic picnic area to take your special someone or go for a family outing to visit the islands.
Big Sur, California
The Point Lobos State Reserve is a small gem. Besides the coastal wildlife there are rare plant communities, and unique geological formations. It’s good to have a picnic there. We recommend bringing a telescope, because much of the wildlife can be seen only at a distance.
1. Why does the writer advise us to go to Cumberland Islands?A.Because they are just next to Savannah. |
B.Because they have a grand show every night. |
C.Because they are almost covered in Spanish moss. |
D.Because they keep their original ecology (生态). |
A.At the Navy Pier. | B.At the Point Lobos State Reserve |
C.At Acadia National Park. | D.In the Deep South. |
A.In a personal dairy. | B.In a science report. |
C.In a geography textbook. | D.In a travel magazine. |
【推荐1】As teachers we wonder if we were able to teach them or reach them. They pull at our heartstrings. You know, the students who run, not walk, into the room, bounce around in their seats, have a need to get out of their seats every five minutes or so, throw something away, and always have an excuse to leave their seats.
Our classes are 80 minutes long instead of the traditional 40 minutes. There are no bells to signal the beginning and ending of a lesson.
On this particular day, I am to be observed by two professors. Of course, I am proud of the fact that the class is conducted entirely in Spanish and the students do feel comfortable expressing themselves in Spanish. They come to this Spanish class with a Spanish name.
On this day, Paco comes running through the door with a sandwich in hand and a bowl of sauce for dipping. “ After all, my lunch is not until next period. I'm hungry and I hope you don’t mind if I just quickly eat this sandwich.”
I say, “Go ahead, Paco, finish your sandwich.”
All the students are working in their groups, engaged in the assigned activity. Suddenly, Paco raises his hand. “ Mrs. M., it is raining in my pants.” I know that it was his way of requesting to go to the bathroom. You can just imagine the laughter from the other students and the chuckles from visiting professors.
I always wondered just how much Spanish Paco learned in that class, but I know he learned more than just Spanish based on an email he recently wrote to me:
“ I know I was a handful but you actually cared. You knew I had potential but I messed up a lot and you never backed down..., everything you taught me about Spanish. My attitude to life will stick with me the rest of my days...”
1. What does the underlined sentence mean ?A.They become a serious headache to us. | B.They are a heavy load on our mind |
C.They come into our mind naturally. | D.They make us feel strong sympathy. |
A.Two professors came to judge the writers. |
B.The class had to be entirely conducted in Spanish. |
C.Every student in the Spanish class needed a Spanish name. |
D.The class could begin and end at any time. |
A.Paco's eating sandwich with sauce. | B.Paco's humorous requesting to go to the toilet. |
C.Paco's complaining about the 80-minute class. | D.Paco's terrible way of speaking Spanish. |
A.To show his concern. | B.To prove his level of Spanish. |
C.To express his gratitude. | D.To apologize for his behavior. |
【推荐2】Various animals are respected and even worshipped(崇拜)in different cultures.In Hinduism, for example, cows are valued for their gentle nature.However, in ancient Egypt, crocodiles(鳄鱼) were regarded as living representations of the god Sobek.
During the serious drought in the 15th century, the Mossi were led to an undiscovered pond by the crocodiles.This not only allowed the Mossi to survive, but also led to the founding of the village Bazoulé.
As the villagers owe their survival to the crocodiles, they now care for and live side by side with them.The villagers even bury the crocodiles and hold funerals for them after their death.The crocodiles are not only regarded as protectors of Bazoulé,but also fortunetellers that give best wishes to the villagers.It seems that the worship of the crocodiles has paid off.For over 70 years, there has never been a death from a crocodile attack in Bazoulé.It’s normal for women to wash their clothes in the water and gather plants nearby.And it is also normal to see children playing around the water where the crocodiles live.
Naturally, this strange relationship between the villagers and crocodiles has attracted a lot of attention.Tourists from all over the world come to the village, hoping to catch sight of this unlikely bond between humans and crocodiles.Visitors have the opportunity to buy a chicken, with which they can attract the crocodiles out of the water.You can pose for pictures, and if you’re brave enough, you can sit on a crocodile’s back just like the local children usually do.
The village is trying to develop its tourism, but unfortunately, it was found to be threatened by global warming.Lower annual rainfall means that the pond will vanish one day.Perhaps the legends are true, and when this happens,the crocodiles will lead the Mossi to a new water source.
1. Why were the Mossi so grateful to the crocodiles?A.They never did harm to the Mossi. |
B.They once happened to help the Mossi. |
C.They led the Mossi back to their homes. |
D.They provided clean drinking water for the Mossi. |
A.The crocodile attacks cannot cause any death. |
B.The villagers get along well with the crocodiles. |
C.The crocodiles can bring good luck to the villagers. |
D.The crocodiles can protect the villagers from danger. |
A.Move. | B.Freeze. | C.Narrow. | D.Disappear. |
A.More and more tourists will visit the village. |
B.The crocodiles will probably move to a new place. |
C.Villagers will take measures to protect the crocodiles. |
D.The crocodiles in the village are becoming less and less. |
【推荐3】The year 2020 is stormy, but rainbows are everywhere. Across the COVID-19 stricken world, bright and happy rainbows have become window colors and choices on store shelves.
The rainbows started appearing all over Italy within a few days of schools closing for the first lockdown, back in March. Crayon drawings were taped to the inside of windows; poster-painted banners hung from balconies.
When the pandemic came to Britain, the rainbows came too, with the Italian message of positivity morphing into thanks to the NHS. Then, during the months of lockdown, the rainbows moved inside our homes, with a craze for arranging books by colour in pursuit of an aesthetically pleasant Zoom background.
In April this year, the largest cabin hospital in the Philippines was completed, divided into six wards of different colors. The colors of the rainbow were not only pleasing to the eye, but also conveying a positive and optimistic spirit to patients.
The rainbow is to 2020 what “keep calm and carry on” was to 1939. And just as “keep calm and carry on” began as a public information campaign but became a tea towel industry, what began as a gesture of hope is now a big business. John Lewis reports that a rainbow baubles nearly festive bestseller. Tracksuit enthusiasts are sitting out the second lockdown in Olivia Rubin’s £150 rainbow stripe tracksuits.
Optimism is the hottest commodity of 2020. But some people are irritated by the way consumer culture commodifies the human experience, packaging our hopes and dreams as if they were just another product in the warehouse. But the fashion editor-turned-designer JJ Martin says, “It’s great to have the colourful dress, but the magic of a rainbow isn’t really about the pot of gold. What actually counts is the flame you turn on inside yourself. ”
1. Where might people see the rainbow?A.In the Italian message of thanks to the NHS. | B.On the banners of the schools under lockdown. |
C.In the study with the books sorted by color. | D.On the outside of Britain’s largest cabin hospital. |
A.Fascinated. | B.Angered. | C.Challenged. | D.Embarrassed. |
A.They helped people out of the lockdown. | B.They conveyed thanks to the medical staff. |
C.They came to the same end | D.They displayed a feature of the towel industry. |
A.The relaxation of mind is equal to wealth. |
B.The tracksuits of Olivia Rubin are to be mass-produced. |
C.The commercialization of feelings is somewhat reasonable. |
D.The significance of the rainbow is to lift people up. |