1 . Rising global meat consumption is likely to have a destructive environmental effect, increasing carbon emissions(排放)and reducing biodiversitiy (生物多样性), scientists have warned.
A new analysis suggests that meat consumption is set to climb sharply as the world population increases along with average individual incomes.
“What's happening is a big concern.” said Tim Key from the University of Oxford. “On a broad level you can say it is bad for the environment.”
The review,published in the journal Science, found that high levels of meat consumption also have negative health consequences, leading to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.
The average amount of meat consumed per person globally has nearly doubled in the past 50 years, which means total meat production has been growing much faster than the rate of population growth, having increased four-or five-fold(五倍)since 1961.
There are recent indications that some countries,including the U.K.,may have reached "peak meat". The U.K's 2017 National Food Survey found meat consumption have fallen by 4.2% and that of meat products by nearly 7% since 2012. However, middle-income countries, particularly China and others in East Asia, are still seeing a rise. A recent review by the UN outlines how meat production-particularly livestock(家畜)-is linked to far higher carbon emissions than vegetables, fruit and grain.
Livestock farming is also a major contribution to biodiversity loss, as forests and wild land are given over to agricultural land to grow animal feed.
Processed meat has been ranked by the WHO alongside alcohol and tobacco as cancer causes. According to research of cancer, if no one ate processed or red meat in Britain, there would be 8,800 fewer cases of cancer a year.
1. What's the environmental effect of eating meat?| A．Raising livestock may destroy grasslands and forests. |
| B．Eating meat leads to the increase of human population. |
| C．Meat production adds to the amount of carbon emissions on Earth. |
| D．Keeping too much livestock destroys the balance of nature. |
| A．Eating huge amounts of meat. |
| B．Increasing carbon emissions in the air. |
| C．Reducing diversity of plants. |
| D．Risking developing cancer. |
| A．People farm forests and wild land to grow food for livestock. |
| B．Plants and animals die from carbon released by livestock. |
| C．Many plants and animals have become food for livestock. |
| D．Farm animals have consumed what humans use for food. |
| A．It's a necessary part of human diet. |
| B．It's like cigarettes and alcohol which can cause cancer. |
| C．It can reduce carbon release. |
| D．It contributes to the fall of meat consumption. |
2 . To most of us, school means classes, teachers, schedules, grades and tests. But for the children at Sudbury Valley School, Massachusetts, school is very different.
Firstly, there are no lessons. All the children, aged between 4 and 19, do whatever they want to do. There are no teachers—only “staff members”. The idea behind this is that you do not need to make children learn, because children want to learn anyway. “You do not need to say to a three-year-old, ‘Go to explore your environment.’ You can’t stop them!” says Daniel Greenberg, a founder of the school. “But if you make children do what you want all day, they will lose all taste for learning.”
At Sudbury Valley School, you will permit children to talk, read, paint, cook, work on computers, study French, play the piano, climb trees, or just run around. Two boys spent three years just fishing!
The other way that Sudbury Valley School is different is that the children can decide the rules. Every week, there is a school meeting where both children and staff have one vote each—even the four-year-olds. They decide the school rules, how to spend the school budget, and even which staff they want and do not want any more.
When the school first opened in 1968, people said it would never work. But today, the school has 200 students, and 80% of its students go on to college. Even the two boys who went fishing all the time have successful careers today. One of them is a musician and the other is a computer scientist.
1. Who decide the school rules?| A．the children | B．the teachers | C．the parents | D．the scientists |
| A．in 1980 | B．in 1908 | C．in 1986 | D．in 1968 |
| A．An unusual school. | B．Children’s hobbies. |
| C．A school without rules. | D．Education in the US. |
| A．Teachers cannot teach children well. |
| B．Children learn best by doing what they want. |
| C．Learning is for adults rather than children. |
| D．Children should do what teachers tell them. |
| A．Parents well accepted the school. |
| B．Some students have been ignored. |
| C．Fishing is good for students’ study. |
| D．The school’s idea succeeds in some way. |
3 . Age has never been a problem for 16-year-old Thessalonika Arzu-Embry. After all, she’s already got her master’s degree.
The North Chicago-area teen started homeschooling at the age of 4. She began having an influence on others soon after. When she was 6 years old, she was an inspirational speaker at an organization called Tabitha House Community Service, which is for people who were forced to leave their homes because of earthquake, flood and other natural disasters.
At the age of 11, she graduated from high school and then earned her bachelor’s degree in psychology in 2013. She completed those classes online as she was traveling for church events and leadership meetings.
She doesn’t stop there, though. The teen plans to focus on aviation psychology (航空心理学) for her further study, a decision inspired by her father who is a pilot. She grew up around airplanes and took fights all the time. Her goal is to use it to help pilots deal with problems that could have deadly results once the plane takes off — a topic that has been in the news lately. For her, it’s a mix of two of her interests.
In her free time, Thessalonika enjoys playing tennis, swimming and being active in her youth group at church. She also has three self-published books, which are on her site. Jump the Education Barrier is written to help students finish college, and in the future aims to help business owners with trends. Her third book The Genius Race is designed to help people to be talents in various areas of life.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about Thessalonika?| A．When she was 6 years old, she started homeschooling. |
| B．She gained her master’s degree at the age of 11. |
| C．She majored in science and technology. |
| D．In 2013 she got her bachelor’s degree through completing courses online. |
| A．Major in aviation psychology. |
| B．Deliver inspiring speeches for church events and leadership meetings. |
| C．Be active in her youth group at church. |
| D．Write another book to help people to be talents. |
| A．It aims to help people to be geniuses. |
| B．It is intended to give students a hand to complete college. |
| C．It is designed to arouse people’s awareness of psychology. |
| D．The author hope to share her own experience with others. |
| A．The Story of Thessalonika | B．To be a talent |
| C．Three Published Books | D．Homeschooling |
4 . Marty Verel, a 59-year-old kidney transplant patient in Ohio, should have been near the top of the list to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Yet like millions of others, he wasn't having any luck. Marty and his wife, Nancy Verel, would sit with computers on their laps trying for hours to book an appointment on different sites, all of which were complex. “I felt hopeless,” Nancy says.
Then Nancy heard about Marla Zwinggi, a 40-year-old mom of three who was spending up to ten hours a day online trying to secure appointments for vulnerable (易受攻击的) individuals. As a result, Nancy messaged Marla on Facebook: “Can you help?” Twenty-five minutes later, Marla responded by asking for Marty's legal name, date of birth, and other information. Nine minutes after that, Marla reported back—Marty had an appointment.
Marla's vaccine hunting started on February 1, when she learned that her parents—her father has leukemia (白血病) and her mother is a breast cancer survivor with a heart condition, were unable to get appointments themselves. She hated that they had to wait. Clicking around on vaccine registration sites, Marla discovered just how difficult it was to book an appointment. “It was like trying to get a World Series ticket,” she says.
She applied strategies that web insiders are familiar with (keeping multiple browsers open, refreshing sites every 20 seconds, erasing cookies) and added a few of her special skills. “I’m determined. I drink a lot of coffee, and I’m a fast typer,” she says. Soon enough, Marla had secured appointments for her parents. “I felt like a rock star,” she says.
Marla decided that helping others would be her way of giving back. “I feel like I need to will us out of this pandemic (大流行病),” she says. On February 10, she logged on to Facebook to let people know that she was assisting with bookings. By March 2, she’d secured appointments for 400 seniors, a feat that made Nancy and Marty fail to make an appointment themselves?
1. Why did Nancy and Marty fail to make an appointment themselves?| A．They had no access to the websites. |
| B．Too many people applied at the same time. |
| C．They were not among the first seniors to be vaccinated. |
| D．The registration sites were too difficult for them. |
| A．To help old people. | B．To provide guidance to Nancy. |
| C．To assist her sick parents. | D．To give back to society. |
| A．Helpful and skillful. | B．Reliable and humorous. |
| C．Confident and generous. | D．Ambitious and cooperative. |
| A．An effective way to book a vaccination appointment online. |
| B．An old couple's trouble during the pandemic. |
| C．An angel helping others online. |
| D．A woman's special way of giving back during the pandemic. |
5 . Girls can easily get sad. If your friend is feeling blue and calls you, what will you do? Here are some tips on how you can make her smile again.
Listen to her. When people feel sad, they often have the feeling of needing to be heard. So, listen carefully to what she is saying and do nothing else. Your friend will surely thank you for being the shoulder she can cry on.
Once you are done with listening, you can offer some advice or remain silent and let her feel everything and let it all out by crying. As a friend, you might think you should give her some advice. But if you have no idea about what to say, just remain silent and be there for her.
In order to be able to help your friend in need, don't be sad yourself. How can you help your friend when you are also feeling down.
A hug can make a difference in the world. It makes you feel warm and special. A hug makes you feel safe. So give your friend a hug when she needs it the most.
Spend more time with your friend who wants to be happy. Do things together like washing dishes, cleaning, or going out for fun. The more time you spend together, the stronger your friendship will become.
Sometimes, it is much better that you avoid a crying friend in your life. But by doing so, you are also keeping your friend at a distance and will make her wonder if you are her true friend. If you are there when she needs you, your friendship will be much stronger.
1. The writer wrote this passage mainly to tell us ________.| A．why girls can easily get sad | B．what to do when we are sad |
| C．how to make new friends with girls | D．how to make a sad female friend happy |
| A．We should ask her why she feels sad. |
| B．We should say something nice to her. |
| C．We should spend time listening to her. |
| D．We should give her some good advice. |
| A．hugging a sad friend can make you feel warm |
| B．your sad friend may feel much better if you are sad |
| C．it's not a good idea to be silent facing a sad friend |
| D．giving a hug to a sad friend is very helpful |
| A．We should spend more time with our friends. |
| B．We should help our friends with their housework. |
| C．We ought to spend time with our friends every day. |
| D．We ought to ask our friends to take part in activities. |
6 . Like the rest of us, scientists have long suspected the healing capacity (修复能力) of a good hug. Unlike the rest of us, they’ve gone about trying to prove it.
“Laboratory studies suggest that things like hugs help us feel safer. They can also make us less sensitive to physical pain and less reactive when we’re faced with threatening experiences,” says Michael Murphy. He is a research professor in the department of psychological sciences at Texas Tech University. “This lab work has shown that hugs and other touch behavior are related to stress. The more stress we have, the more our heart rates and blood pressure go up. At this time, hugs and other forms of personal touch may give off all sorts of feel-good chemicals, so that stress can be reduced.”
“There’s a lot that we still need to learn, and there’s a lot we don’t know,” Murphy says. “However, what seems to be rising up is that hugs, as well as other forms of loving and gentle touch, are really powerful. They remind people that they’ re cared about and that they have someone in their corner.”
We expect touch. When we were born, we were placed in our mothers’ arms almost immediately. In that first year of our life, we spend a lot of time being held by other people. And as we grow up, we seek out hugs and touch as a way of connection. I think what we have lost in the past few years are these really easy opportunities to be reminded of connection.”
While he was at Carnegie Mellon, Murphy was the lead author of a hug-centered 2018 article in the scientific journal PLOS One. In a series of interviews with 404 adults over a two-week period, the researchers found that receiving a hug is associated with the attenuation of negative emotions that occur on days with interpersonal conflicts. That is to say, generally, hugs help to reduce the negative impacts that personal conflicts may cause in our daily lives.
1. What can we infer about hugs from the laboratory studies?| A．They show people’s good social relationships. |
| B．They can cure us of our mental disease. |
| C．They can put much pressure on people. |
| D．They make us feel calm and at ease. |
| A．To recall childhood memories. |
| B．To keep connected with others. |
| C．To solve relationship problems. |
| D．To express their social politeness. |
| A．Expression. | B．Influence. |
| C．Suffering. | D．Reduction. |
| A．The Power of Hugs |
| B．How to Reduce Stress |
| C．How to Care for Others |
| D．The Importance of Interpersonal Relations |
7 . If you’re around 65 or have been collecting disability income for 24 months, you’re suitable for Medicare health service. Congratulations! Signing up is a piece of cake. If your Medicare doesn’t start automatically (自动地), then you’ll have to enrollin (参加) Medicare in 1 of 3 ways below.
Sign up for Medicare on line
More people than ever are enrolling in Medicare online. First, you will need an account with the Social Security Administration. Once you have that, click on “Start a New Application” for Medicare on Social Security’s website and immediately receive your application.
Apply for Medicare over the phone
Believe it or not, you can make Medicare happen over the phone. Just call Social Security’s Medicare at 1-800-772-1213. This option will take more time than signing up online, but less time than visiting a Social Security office.
Apply for Medicare in person
The classic way to apply for Medicare is to visit your local Social Security office and take a number. You’ll have a one-on-one session with a federal employee, who will deal with your application. Make sure to ask for a printed confirmation of your Medicare enrollment before you leave the office. If you don’t know where your local Social Security office is, use the SSA office locator to find one nearby. You can visit any Social Security office, not just the closest one to you.
1. Who can apply for Medicare health service?| A．A 9-year-old child. | B．A 58-year-old woman. |
| C．A 70-year-old man. | D．A man who has collected disability income for 18 months. |
| A．Apply online. | B．Apply over the phone. |
| C．Apply in person. | D．Talk with a manager. |
| A．Call 1-800-772-1213. | B．Use the SSA office locator. |
| C．Ask your neighbour for help. | D．Search on Social Security’s website. |
8 . Jerilee Melo has been teaching preschool for four years. When COVID-19 shut down her school, she began to wonder what her next Career move would be.
After several months, Melo decided to take a risk. She found a bus on Facebook Marketplace and purchased it in hopes of setting up her own teaching space.
Melo renovated (翻新) the bus and in August began teaching her first preschoolers, many of them her students in previous classrooms. To keep safe, Melo spread her class so that there were never more than five children on the bus with masks on.
Melo doesn’t move the bus during lessons, but parks it at a certain location and allows it to serve as a mobile classroom that utilizes the surroundings.
While her bus was renovated for teaching, Melo hadn’t been able to decorate it. In November she decided to enter a contest with Brittany Jeltema, a former teacher who now hosts giveaways for classroom makeovers (重新布置). Much to Melo’s surprise, Jeltema reached out telling her that she won.
“Jeri’s application stood out, because it was such an innovative approach to education,” Jeltema said.“Jeri submitted pictures of her bus before the makeover, and my brain lit up with ideas. I knew I could help create an engaging environment for her students.”
Over the course of a weekend, Jeltema and her team flew to Valencia, California, and transformed Melo’s mobile classroom into a 70’s style bus.
With her bus, Melo hopes to inspire other teachers to get creative during these unprecedented times.
“A lot of teachers are scared right now, because they feel they need to be in a classroom to educate. And they don’t,” Melo said. “I think teachers need to expand and go beyond the classroom, because what they have is valuable.”
1. Why did Melo buy a bus?| A．To test a risky business. | B．To build a market. |
| C．To expand her living space. | D．To continue her career. |
| A．By driving the bus along. | B．By reducing learning duration. |
| C．By reducing the class size. | D．By teaching in remote surroundings. |
| A．Scared. | B．Impressed. | C．Surprised. | D．Curious. |
| A．By following their dreams. | B．By beautifying classrooms. |
| C．By thinking outside the box. | D．By concentrating on students. |
9 . The National Capital Confucius Institute at Carleton University is pleased to announce its sixth China Study Tour, including a two-week visit to China from February 4-19, 2019
Program Details
This tour is open to 20 students of Carleton University.
Students of Mandarin Chinese courses will be preferred.
This program is not open to native Chinese nationals.
Students must complete at least one HSK Exam at the end of December, 2018.
Fees
$1950, international travel and hotels included. The Chinese Embassy will charge visa fees separately.
Activities
Cultural orientation(情况介绍) at the Confucius Institute Headquarters in Beijing. Visits to major cultural attractions, historic sites, and universities in Beijing, Xi’an, Wuhan and Shanghai. Chinese language and culture courses at Central China Normal University in Wuhan.
Application Process
Click here to download your application form
Students must submit(提交)an application by email to confucius@carleton.ca or in person to Carleton International at 509 Tory Building
Contact Information
613-520-260 ext 2628
carleton.international@carleton.ca
1. Who can take the program?| A．Any student who is taking Mandarin Chinese courses. |
| B．A Carleton University student who has passed HSK Exam. |
| C．A Chinese student who is studying at Carleton University. |
| D．A student who will take his / her first HSK Exam in 2019. |
| A．Stay in Chinese families. |
| B．Study at Beijing University. |
| C．Visit the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. |
| D．Learn Chinese at the Confucius Institute Headquarters in Beijing. |
| A．A newspaper. | B．A travel guidebook. | C．A magazine. | D．The Internet. |
10 . The fried foods,salty snacks and meat are major foods of the Western diet,which account for about 30 percent of heart attack risk (风险) across the world. Meanwhile, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, the so-called “Prudent” diet, can lower the risk of heart attack, according to a study.
The research which looked at dietary habits in 52 countries,found people who ate a Western diet had a 35 percent greater risk of having a heart attack,compared to those who ate little or no fried foods and meat.Those who followed a “Prudent” diet had a 30 percent lower risk of heart attack,compared to those who eat little fruits and vegetables.
The authors also looked at an “Oriental” diet, rich in tofu, soy and other sauces (酱类), and found it did not increase or decrease the risk of a heart attack.
Previous studies have reached similar conclusions about the “Prudent” and Western diet in the United States and Europe,but did not include the Oriental pattern of eating.While some food of the Oriental diet may protect against heart trouble,the higher sodium (钠)content of sauces counter(抵消) that benefit.“This study indicates that the same relationships that are observed in western countries exist in different regions of the world,”a professor of medicine at McMaster University said.
Canadian researchers analyzed risk factors in food choices and the risk of heart attack in about 16,000 people in 52 countries.Almost 6,000 people had heart attacks,while the rest had no heart disease.
1. According to the passage,the ________ can lower the risk of heart attack by 30%.| A．Western diet | B．“Prudent” diet | C．“Oriental” diet | D．not mentioned |
| A．fried foods | B．tofu | C．soy | D．sauces |
| A．study and diet | B．diet and heart attack |
| C．the Western diet and the “Oriental” diet | D．the United States and Europe |
