1 . Learning New Vocabulary During Deep Sleep
Sleeping time is sometimes considered unproductive time. This raises the question whether the time spent during sleeping could be used more productively, e. g. for learning a new language? Sleep research to date focused on the stabilization and strengthening of memories that had been formed during previous wakefulness. However, learning during sleep has rarely been examined.
There is considerable evidence for wake-learned information undergoing revision by a replay in the sleeping brain. The replay during sleep strengthens the still weak memory traces and embeds (嵌入) the newly acquired information in the preexisting store of knowledge. If the replay during sleep improves the storage of wake-learned information, then first-play, i.e. the initial processing of new information, should also be possible during sleep.
The research group of Katharina Henke examined whether a sleeping person is able to form new semantic associations between played foreign words and translation words during the brain cells’ active states, the so-called “Up-states”. It turned out to be that what they thought was reasonable. When we reach deep sleep stages, our brain cells progressively coordinate their activity. During deep sleep, the brain cells are commonly active for a brief period of time before they jointly enter into a state of brief inactivity. The active state is called “Up-state” and the inactive state “Down-state”. The two states alternate (交替) about every half-second.
New evidence for sleep-learning challenges current theories of sleep and theories of memory. The concept of sleep as an encapsulated (被概括的) mental state, in which we are separated from the physical environment is no longer reasonable. “We could disprove that complex learning be impossible during deep sleep,” says Simon Ruch, co-first-author. “In how far and with what consequences deep sleep can be applied to the acquisition of new information will be a topic of research in upcoming years, ” says Katharina Henke.
The research group of Katharina Henke is part of the Interfaculty Research Cooperation (IRC). Thirteen research groups in medicine, biology, psychology and information science are part of the IRC. The aim of these research groups is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in sleep, consciousness and cognition.
1. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?| A．“Up-state” and “Down-state” appear in turn during deep sleep. |
| B．“Up-states” is another name for the brain cells’ active states. |
| C．Semantic associations are important for language learning. |
| D．The brain cells’ active states are central for sleep-learning. |
| A．Make study in the following fields such as medicine and biology. |
| B．Separate us from the physical environment. |
| C．Apply deep sleep to information learning. |
| D．Discover the concept of sleep. |
| A．To introduce a new way of vocabulary learning. |
| B．To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms. |
| C．To challenge current theories of sleep and theories of memory. |
| D．To explain the possibility of vocabulary learning during deep sleep. |
| A．A novel. | B．A guidebook. | C．A scientific research website. | D．A diary. |
2 . Ever since I was 13 years old, I wanted to be a photographer. I had a dream of working for some magazines, which would allow me to travel around the world to
After leaving high school, I
I
I decided to transfer to Buffalo State College, where I would graduate the next year with Bachelor’s degree in Art Education. Studying in Buffalo totally
Now, as I’m finishing my senior year, I’m happy I made such a decision in my life. I believe this is
| A．acquire | B．spot | C．access | D．assess |
| A．joined | B．occupied | C．determined | D．majored |
| A．competence | B．option | C．life | D．profession |
| A．satisfied | B．suitable | C．acceptable | D．practical |
| A．relied on | B．related to | C．referred to | D．turned to |
| A．merely | B．conventionally | C．objectively | D．ultimately |
| A．find | B．classify | C．adopt | D．realize |
| A．above all | B．at last | C．in general | D．after all |
| A．stage | B．occupation | C．duty | D．responsibility |
| A．shone | B．contained | C．changed | D．demonstrated |
| A．amused | B．associated | C．involved | D．aided |
| A．astonished | B．guaranteed | C．inspired | D．struck |
| A．absolutely | B．naturally | C．eventually | D．gradually |
| A．just | B．even | C．already | D．ever |
| A．as to | B．except for | C．regardless of | D．thanks to |
3 . In the three decades since Darah Lady’s grandmother first arrived in this distant area of northern Brazil, clearing the forest by hand to build a house for her 14 children, the family has pushed deeper and deeper into the Amazon. It has been driven by a saying that good fortune comes when nature gives in to human control.
Yet their growing community there could ruin not only their children’s future but also that of the entire planet. More global pandemics are on the way, scientists say, and the next one is likely to crop up from a community like Darah Lady’s, where people are taking up more and more space of the natural world and erasing the buffer zone between themselves and habitats that existed long. As people cut down forest, they not only speed up the global warming but also greatly increase their risk of exposure to disease.
Scientists also say disease hot zones are expanding from Africa to South America, and that deforestation has already led to a rise in spreading disease. Zoologists have found that a third of all known disease outbreaks around the world were due to rapid land use change.
Darah Lady’s community of Maruaga is filled with risks for the spread of viruses. Their family has already battled zoonotic illnesses— the term used to describe diseases spread between animals and humans.
When 40% of a land area has been destroyed, according to Tom Gillespie, a university researcher, the region hits a sort of tipping point: Wild animals are pushed closer to humans for food, and viruses begin to spread.
Darah Lady seemed to notice the slight difference of deforestation. “I get kind of sad,” Darah Lady said, “Because the forest is something I’ve loved since I was little. And they are deforesting, right? It’s destroying nature.”
1. What do you know about Darah Lady?| A．She built a house for her 14 children. | B．She made a big fortune in Amazon. |
| C．Her family cut down trees for growing crops. | D．Her family lived in Amazon for decades. |
| A．The loss of the buffer zone. | B．The effect of global warming. |
| C．The lack of species variety. | D．The expansion of wildlife habitats. |
| A．A possible treatment for diseases. |
| B．A real example of the prevention of diseases. |
| C．A further ex planation of the spread of diseases. |
| D．A supporting evidence for the danger of diseases. |
| A．Entertainment. | B．Literature. | C．Health. | D．Environment. |
4 . Each year in different parts of the world, many countries celebrate different kinds of flower festivals where you can witness some splendid views in the world.
Chelsea Flower Show (London, United Kingdom)
London celebrates the world’s most famous flower festival for five days in May with flower arrangements every year. There are innovations and creativity, both of which make the event one of the most lively festivals in the UK. Every year, London gathers the best garden designers, plant specialists, and nurseries to make the flowers and plants the most beautiful flower exhibit around the world.
Floriade Festival (Canberra, Australia)
From mid-September to mid-October, Canberra celebrates Floriade every year with some of the amazing events and beautiful sight of blossoms with different colors and patterns. It is one of the biggest festivals in Australia. Hosted in Canberra’s Commonwealth Park, the event is a 30-day celebration with lots of food, entertainment, music etc.
Pasadena Rose Parade (California, United States)
Pasadena Rose Parade is celebrated on January 1st as an American New Year Tradition with some extremely fantastic flower parades and music celebrations. You can either witness this personally or even see the live broadcast which takes place throughout the local channels across the country.
The Rose Festival (Kazanlak, Bulgaria)
The Rose Festival is one of the most popular events in Bulgaria. The celebration for the blossom of the roses takes place in the first week of June every year. This is the season when the gentle Kazanlak roses come to bloom, filling the air with its sweet smell. The most beautiful girl in the city is chosen in a beautiful pageant (选美) activity.
1. What is special about Chelsea Flower Show?| A．Enjoying the beautiful roses in the city. |
| B．Joining the event hosted in Commonwealth Park. |
| C．Collecting the best artists to create various exhibits. |
| D．Welcoming New Y ear by witnessing flower parades. |
| A．Floriade Festival. | B．Chelsea Flower Show. |
| C．Pasadena Rose Parade. | D．The Rose Festival. |
| A．They are watched by live broadcast. |
| B．They show us the beauty contest show. |
| C．They are hosted in the National Park. |
| D．They are fantastic for music lovers. |
5 . My mother looks just like many grandmothers — short and white-haired. She comes from an old, traditional family in Canada, where she now still lives. She was a civil servant. In short, she didn’t do
That all changed a few years ago. She began to
In early 2015, the year she turned 75, she informed me she’d
My mother paid no attention to me. Off she went. When she returned, she told us it had been a wonderful success. As it
I couldn’t believe her naivety (幼稚) and explained that she had been
Well, I was
To my great shock, her rugs did arrive some weeks later, along with a lovely note from Mustafa. To my even greater surprise, the following year Mustafa himself arrived in Canada.
“I invited him for a cup of tea and he came,” my mother told me. I was
I wondered: “Is she not thinking straight?”
Her
I don’t think Mum knows what her next big “thing” is going to be. But I am sure, she is open to any
| A．complex | B．crazy | C．humorous | D．sensitive |
| A．surprise | B．amuse | C．comfort | D．attract |
| A．founded | B．taken | C．designed | D．canceled |
| A．allow | B．demand | C．chatter | D．delay |
| A．intention | B．knowledge | C．view | D．fear |
| A．turned out | B．came true | C．made sense | D．went ahead |
| A．approving | B．chasing | C．hiring | D．highlighting |
| A．invite | B．consume | C．switch | D．ship |
| A．dominated | B．ignored | C．cheated | D．abandoned |
| A．right | B．lucky | C．serious | D．wrong |
| A．frightened | B．depressed | C．disappointed | D．ashamed |
| A．If | B．Since | C．While | D．Once |
| A．promotion | B．interaction | C．independence | D．preference |
| A．enhanced | B．imitated | C．pretended | D．reminded |
| A．anxiety | B．adventure | C．embarrassment | D．well-being |
6 . In the past 15 years, Yang Yunda has single-handedly raised nearly 1 million yuan to help poor students to pursue higher education,
In 2007, Yang Yunda
As an average student with poor living conditions, my parents suffered from disabilities. Still worse, my family had been neck-deep in debt for years. Thinking twice, I
Mr. Yang knew how
He was so deeply disturbed that he
I will never forget what Mr. Yang did for me more than a decade ago. He was my
| A．giving | B．feeling | C．heading | D．making |
| A．employed | B．landed | C．founded | D．sought |
| A．guidance | B．help | C．assistance | D．combination |
| A．sensitive | B．identical | C．passionate | D．temporary |
| A．merely | B．academically | C．mindfully | D．optionally |
| A．at large | B．at random | C．at last | D．at most |
| A．desperate | B．admirable | C．attractive | D．ambitious |
| A．suggest | B．talk | C．inform | D．convince |
| A．while | B．than | C．as | D．when |
| A．adapt yourself to | B．rid yourself of | C．addict yourself to | D．dedicate yourself to |
| A．posted | B．clicked | C．updated | D．downloaded |
| A．reflected | B．reviewed | C．responded | D．contributed |
| A．teachers | B．students | C．acquaintances | D．parents |
| A．advocate | B．guardian | C．consultant | D．conductor |
| A．selfish | B．valueless | C．worthless | D．selfless |
7 . Online classes began to be popularized just a few decades ago. They are advertised as a way for adults to finish their education and students to learn the material at their own pace—it is far more suitable for people with busy schedules.
But after being enrolled in an online course last fall semester, I came to realize online classes were merely a means to fulfil course requirements.
First of all, students lack the desire to learn, and they simply complete their assignments to receive credit for a passing grade rather than genuinely engage with the course material.
As online courses tend to have more than 100 students, most of the assignments are short and simple. They are not designed for students to interact with the material in depth but designed to be graded easily to accommodate such a large number of students.
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of taking an online class is the absence of face-to-face interaction between the teacher and their students. Live sessions are infrequent and are often scheduled during the middle of the day when students have to attend other classes or work. The office hours of the professor may also be during inconvenient times for many students as well. Most interaction with the professor has to be through email which is often impersonal. It is nearly impossible for students to build a relationship with their professor.
There is also little interaction among students. It can be harder for students to create study groups and form relationships with their peers.
Online classes also require either a computer or laptop and a reliable Internet connection. Not all students have access to these types of resources, whether it is for financial or other reasons, and some students can be put at a disadvantage. Offering online classes certainly helps students who would otherwise not be able to attend classroom sessions. However, they fail to provide a true education with an emphasis on convenience rather than critical thinking. We need restructure online classes in which students can have a learning experience that will actually provide quality education.
1. What can we infer about students enrolled in online classes?| A．They are unmotivated to learn, |
| B．They can access course materials easily. |
| C．They rarely fulfil the course requirements. |
| D．They can learn at their own pace. |
| A．They are meant to facilitate interaction. |
| B．They are made convenient to mark. |
| C．They are given to accommodate students` needs. |
| D．They are based on easily accessible material. |
| A．They make professors’ offices much less accessible. |
| B．They are frequently scheduled at irregular times. |
| C．They provide little chance for students to build relationships with each other. |
| D．They tend to increase professors’ burden of replying students’ emails. |
| A．Teachers will worry about poor Internet connections. |
| B．Most students may get critical thinking skills from it. |
| C．Schools with limited resources will be at a disadvantage. |
| D．Some students may have difficulty attending them. |
8 . Has Iceland had its last whaling season?
Iceland’s last whaler has no plans to stop. But as global demand slows for whale meat, his business may be over anyway.
Iceland is a member of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) but goes against the 88-nation body’s ban on commercial whaling, in force since 1986. In 2006, the country began setting quotas(配额) for whale hunts in its waters. This year, after a four-year suspension caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Hvalur’s hunt restarted, from June through September. Iceland’s current quota of 161 fin whales(长须鲸) applies to the western region covered by the company’s license, which will be out of date at the end of 2023.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature, which last assessed fin whales in 2018, lists them in danger, largely because of their decrease by commercial whaling during the 20th century. Fin whales are speedy swimmers, and with the appearance of steam-powered ships and explosive harpoons, they became easier to catch. Since the 1970s, however, hunting restrictions have allowed these whales to rebound. The most recent estimate, in 2007, of fin whale numbers in the Iceland region was about 30,000.
In February, Svandís Svavarsdóttir, Iceland’s Minister of Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, told local news outlets that “there is little to justify allowing whaling” because of the controversial nature of the industry and the low demand these days for whale meat.
The percentage of Icelanders who oppose fin whaling has more than doubled since 2013, while the percentage of supporters ‘has fallen more than 20 percent, according to the International Fund for Animal Welfare. Only 2 percent of Icelanders say they eat whale meat regularly, and 84 percent had never tried it, a 2018 Gallup poll found.
“Continued whaling is a fool’s game, really, on the cost of the planet, biodiversity, the climate,” says Astrid Fuchs, policy manager at Whale and Dolphin Conservation, a nonprofit dedicated to marine conservation and welfare.
1. The Iceland’s whaling industry stopped for a while because.| A．global demand for whale meat is declining. |
| B．International Whaling Commission (IWC) forbids Iceland to carry on. |
| C．the pandemic has influenced it for years. |
| D．the whaling company’s license will be invalid. |
| A．There are restrictions on fin whales hunting. |
| B．Steam-powered ships and explosive harpoons appeared. |
| C．Humans killed the fin whales severely in the last century. |
| D．Some Icelanders eat whale meat regularly. |
| A．Hvalur’s license will not be out of date until 2023. |
| B．With the help of hunting restrictions, the number of fin whales has increased. |
| C．Svandís Svavarsdóttir is in favor of whaling. |
| D．The percentage of Icelanders who support fin whaling is 20 percent. |
| A．Hunting and Conservation of Whales Worldwide. |
| B．Favorable: opposition to The Whaling Industry. |
| C．Endangered Fin Whales by Iceland’s Whaling. |
| D．Definite: The Last Season of Iceland’s Whaling. |
9 . Anne and Todd thought something was a little different with their son Christopher during those early months. Over the next two months, Anne and Todd realized Chris wasn’t visually tracking objects properly and they became nervous. They began doing online research and the results were overwhelming. “We thought Christopher’s symptoms sounded like Optic. Nerve Hypoplasia(ONH), an underdevelopment of the optic nerve(视神经), but we didn’t want to believe it,” Anne recalled. Their baby doctor referred them to a renowned eye doctor, who confirmed their guessing.
Anne and Todd started Chris with treatments immediately and began receiving services from their local regional center. Then a parent referred them to the Blind Children’s Center (BCC), which would mark a turning point for the whole family.
Anne and Todd, who met at Southwestern Law School, were both working full-time and, admittedly, Christopher’s needs presented challenges. “Chris wasn’t sleeping well at night,” Anne remembered. “It became clear that one parent had to stop working, so after ten years as a lawyer, I decided to put my career on hold to focus on Christopher’s growth and education.” It was a difficult decision, but Anne and Todd knew it was the right one. The first call Anne made was to the BCC. Christopher would start immediately in the infant class(幼儿班).
Chris benefited from interacting with the other children in the infant program, some of whom were visually impaired like him, and some were sighted. “The inclusive environment was the major reason we wanted Chris to go here,” Anne said. “That atmosphere is non-existent in most schools. You don’t want your child in a class totally made up of children with special needs. Even if your scholastic environment caters to you, the outside world won’t.”
Now, Christopher’s speech and articulateness skills have improved a lot. He went from being an unfortunate infant to a lively and talktive child, Anne said. “He has patience and even when he gets disappointed, he pushes through and completes what he needs to complete. He believes in himself and he knows what it’s like to be successful.”
1. What did Anne and Todd do first when they found Chris’ difference?| A．They blamed themselves for carelessness. |
| B．They consulted an experienced eye doctor. |
| C．They searched the Internet for information. |
| D．They sought help from the local regional center. |
| A．management | B．expression | C．observation | D．calculation |
| A．It had both blind and sighted students. |
| B．It provided hands-on learning experiences. |
| C．It was totally for students with special needs. |
| D．It applied a student-centered teaching method. |
| A．Humorous and ambitious. | B．Determined and confident. |
| C．Generous and hard-working. | D．Courageous and conventional. |
10 . 2023 ZJU Global Recruitment
Basic Requirements
Applicants should work full-time at ZJU, with passion for education, rigorous learning spirit, cooperative spirit, good health, and high recognition of Zhejiang University culture and values.
Recruiting lists
Ⅰ. Position: Chair Professor
Benefits: 1. Salary: Competitive payment; Negotiable based on your need.
2. Housing: Temporary apartments; Welfare apartments can be bought.
3. Start-up fund: Negotiable according to actual demand.
4. Team building: Team building is vigorously supported; Recruitment of postdoctoral fellows will be supported.
Ⅱ. Position: Distinguished Scholar
Benefits: 1.Salary: Competitive payment.
2. Housing: Temporary apartments; Welfare apartments can be bought.
3. Start-up fund: Negotiable according to the discipline.
4. Team building: Team building is vigorously supported; Recruitment of postdoctoral fellows will be supported.
Ⅲ. Position: Young Professor
Benefits: 1. Salary: Competitive payment.
2. Housing: Temporary apartments; Welfare apartments can be bought after they receive tenure of Zhejiang University.
3. Start-up fund: Negotiable according to the discipline.
4. Team building: Team building is vigorously supported; Recruitment of postdoctoral fellows will be supported.
Application Materials:
Resume of continuous study and work from the beginning of undergraduate study to the date of application, published papers and works, achievements in major teaching and scientific research, research projects undertaken, patents and awards, etc.
1. If you want to decide your salary, which position can you choose?| A．Chair Professor. | B．Distinguished Scholar. |
| C．Young Professor. | D．Both B and C. |
| A．published papers. | B．achievements in team building. |
| C．patents. | D．research projects undertaken. |
| A．Administrative Department. | B．Accounting Department. |
| C．Scientific Department. | D．Human Resources Department. |
