1 . If you’ve ever emerged from the shower or returned from your walk with a clever idea or a solution to a problem you had been struggling with, it may not be a surprise. Rather than constantly concentrating on a problem, research from the last 15 years suggests that people may be more likely to have creative breakthroughs when they’re doing a habitual task that doesn’t require much thought.
“People always get surprised when they realize they get interesting, novel ideas at unexpected times,” says Kalina Christoff, a scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, “because our culture tells us that we should do it through hard work.”
Now researchers begin to understand why these clever thoughts occur during more passive activities and what’s happening in the brain. They have found that the key is a series of brain activities—within what’s called the default mode (DM) network—that occur while an individual is resting or performing habitual tasks that don’t require much attention.
“Simply put, it is a state that your brain returns to when you’re relaxed,” explains Christoff. “By contrast, when you’re working on a demanding task, the brain’s executive control (EC) systems keep your thinking focused, analytical, and logical.”
Researchers find that the DM network is also involved in the early stages of idea generation, drawing from past experiences and knowledge about the world. When your mind wanders, you’re allowing thoughts to playfully cross your mind, which helps you combine information and ideas in new ways and something clicks.
“A cautionary note: While the DM network plays a key role in the creative process, it is the EC systems that help you to evaluate and apply the creative ideas effectively to your problems in the real world,” Christoff says. “So it’s unwise to place blind faith in the discovery that creative ideas can be generated in the shower or during any other kinds of mind wandering. Instead, you have to do the work to set the groundwork for creative ideas to emerge in the first place.”
1. What is the most unlikely function of the EC systems?A.To start your thinking process. | B.To help you analyze. |
C.To let you get novel ideas | D.To keep you focused. |
A.A clever idea occurs. | B.Something drops down. |
C.A memory disappears. | D.A funny thought happens. |
A.Disapproving. | B.Positive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Unconcerned. |
A.Practice makes perfect. |
B.Where there is a will, there is a way. |
C.Everything comes to him who waits. |
D.All work and no break makes Jack a dull boy. |
2 . Central Park
Explore Central Park, one of the largest city parks in the world and one of the most famous symbols of New York. Let’s have a look at its main sights.
Central Park is New York’s largest city park and one of the biggest in the world, with an area of 843 acres (about 3.4km2). This park is home to man-made lakes, waterfalls, grass and wooded areas. You will also find the Central Park Zoo, among other attractions in this greenspace of New York.
Besides being the city’s primary green lungs, Central Park is also a favorite spot for many New Yorkers. It is perfect for sunbathing, going for walks, or doing any outdoor sports. Something that we found curious is seeing so many people running with their babies in prams (婴儿车).
On Foot or by BicycleTo get to know some of the wildest parts of Central Park we suggest walking. However, to get a general feel for the whole park, the best thing to do is hire a bicycle and enjoy the scenery.
If you decide to hire a bike, you will find lots of bike rental stores around Central Park that are not very expensive.
Open TimeFrom 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. on weekends.
From 6 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. on weekdays.
PriceEntry to the Park is free. But if you visit some parts like Central Park Zoo, you need to buy a ticket.
TransportSubway: Line 5, 6, 7, A, B, C and D.
Bus: Line M1, M2, M3, M4 and M10.
Nearby placesMetropolitan Museum of Art (447 m)
Guggenheim Museum (564 m)
American Museum of Natural History (688 m)
Whitney Museum of American Art (1 km)
The Frick Collection (1.3 km)
1. What can we learn about the Central Park from the text?A.It is home to lakes and waterfalls. |
B.It is perfect for doing outdoor sports. |
C.It is the largest city park in the world. |
D.It is the most famous symbol of New York. |
A.Hiring a bicycle. | B.Entrance to Central Park. |
C.Visiting Central Park Zoo. | D.Going to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. |
A.In a science report. | B.In a geography book. |
C.In a fashion magazine. | D.In a travel guide. |
3 . Marilu Arce loves her job, but for a time she considered leaving. The traffic-plagued commute from her home to her office, nearly two hours each way, meant her daughters couldn’t enroll in after school activities because she couldn’t get home in time to take them.
Then her employer adopted a policy permitting her to work from home two days a week, and “I feel like it changed my life,” she said. Her stress level has dropped. Her daughters are thrilled. She likes her job more. That’s the type of reaction Arce’s boss likes to hear as the company measures the success of the work-from-home policy which was instituted three years ago in hopes of improving employee retention. So far, it seems to be working: turnover was less than five percent last year—its lowest ever.
Flexible work policies top employee wish lists when they look for a job, and employers increasingly have been offering them. Studies have shown working remotely increases employee engagement, but in moderation because there is still value in the relationships nurtured when colleagues are face to face. The key, advocates of flexible work policies say, is to match the environment with the type of work that needs to be done.
The flexibility hasn’t hurt productivity, which is up 50 percent. There is “something lost” when colleagues don’t gather at the water cooler, but it’s outweighed by the retention and happiness gains, he said. As jobs that require physical work decline, thanks to technological advances, life superficially appears to get better. Consumers benefit in the form of cheaper prices. Labor-saving appliances all make things easier and suggest that even more and better benefits are on the horizon. But is something lost?
Talk long enough to the most accomplished academics, they will brag about a long-ago college summer job waiting tables or repairing hiking trails. They might praise the installer who redid their kitchen. There seems to be a human instinct to want to do physical work. The proliferation of hard-work reality-television programming reflects this apparent need. Indeed, the more we have become immobile and urbanized, the more we tune in to watch reality television’s truckers, loggers, farmers, drillers and rail engineers. In a society that supposedly despises menial jobs, the television ratings for such programmes suggest that lots of Americans enjoy watching people of action, who work with their hands.
Physical work, in its eleventh hour within a rapidly changing Western culture, still intrigues us in part because it remains the foundation for 21st century complexity. Before any of us can teach, write or speculate, we must first have food, shelter and safety. And for a bit longer, that will require some people to cut grapes and nail two-by-sixes. No apps or 3D printers exist to produce brown rice. Physical labour also promotes human versatility: Those who do not do it, or who do not know how to do it, become divorced from—and, at the same time, dependent on—labourers. Lawyers, accountants and journalists living in houses with yards and driving cars to work thus count on a supporting infrastructure of electricians, landscapers and mechanics. In that context, physical labour can provide independence, at least in a limited sense of not being entirely reliant on a host of hired workers.
1. The author mentions the example of Arce to show that________.A.she dislikes the present job for the long commuting time |
B.she is having trouble balancing work and school life |
C.people usually don’t work hard outside office |
D.employers are facing the problem of staff drain |
A.it helps to increase job satisfaction for the employees |
B.it improves harmonious relationship among colleagues |
C.the decline in physical work gives employees more mobility |
D.employees are entitled to request it according to their work |
A.They entertain those employees burned out with overwork. |
B.People can learn some basic labour skills from these programmes. |
C.There’s an ongoing need for physical labour skills that technology doesn’t possess. |
D.They offer instructive information for both employers and employees. |
A.The Emergence of Alternative Work Arrangements |
B.The Rise of Automation, the Decline in Need for Labour |
C.Time to Rethink in the Face of the Evolution of Work |
D.New Challenges for Today’s Employers and Academics |
4 . I walked to Mrs. Windsor’s house and waited outside. She was working with another student, and I was not supposed to
The door opened and Wendy Barton came out. I walked in, sat down on the piano bench and began to
With a smile, Pasha sat beside me on the piano bench, opened my sheet music to the beginning page and asked me to play. I
After about a page or two, Pasha gently put her hand on top of mine as it to
She closed her eyes and took a deep breath, letting her fingers
A.scare | B.bother | C.inform | D.remind |
A.daydreamed | B.predicted | C.decided | D.regretted |
A.taste | B.desire | C.gift | D.memory |
A.in advance | B.for free | C.as usual | D.as well |
A.sort through | B.come over | C.go over | D.look down |
A.introduced | B.begged | C.ordered | D.selected |
A.rested | B.opened | C.arranged | D.covered |
A.follow | B.match | C.equal | D.resemble |
A.professional | B.skillful | C.stubborn | D.mechanical |
A.touch | B.press | C.warm | D.calm |
A.anxiously | B.strangely | C.sadly | D.gratefully |
A.river | B.flower | C.story | D.princess |
A.dance | B.flow | C.fly | D.jump |
A.left | B.dropped | C.rose | D.departed |
A.source | B.entrance | C.middle | D.edge |
5 . A great many studies have been conducted to distinguish between babies learning their first language and children or adults learning a second language.
A baby’s brain comes into the world prepared to learn any human language they hear spoken around them. The brain gets the same stimulation(刺激)from exposure to any language, although it adapts to certain features of the language such as specific sounds. Learning a language is natural for all babies, like learning to walk.
In fact, babies can even acquire two or more languages together, if they hear them regularly. The languages can be similar, like Portuguese and Spanish, or very different, like English and Chinese. Their bilingual(双语的)brains already understand something about the ways that languages can be different.
But scientists found that changes exist if people already speak a language and are learning a second one. A language that is very different to the one they already know is going to seem harder than the one that’s quite similar to their first language.
For example, if your first language is English, Spanish words like león for “lion” or sal for “salt” are going to be easier to learn than, say, Chinese shīzi and yán, or Turkish aslan and tuz. To make English words plural(复数), you usually add-s or-es, and the same is true in Spanish, so “lions” is leones. But in Turkish “lions” is aslanlar, and in Chinese there’s no difference between “lion” and “lions” at all. It’s mainly the difference from your first language that can make another language “easier” or “harder”, not the language itself.
Scientists used to think that there was a cutoff point, at around the age of 12 or 13, after which it was impossible to learn a new language completely. We now know that young people can learn another language throughout their teen years. After that, it does become harder — but not impossible — to reach high levels of fluency in a new language.
1. Why can babies acquire different languages according to the text?A.They receive more stimulation. | B.They can make specific sounds. |
C.They have well-developed brains. | D.They are natural language learners. |
A.To arouse interest. | B.To make predictions. |
C.To show the diversity. | D.To explain the finding. |
A.Adults can learn a new language easily. |
B.Teenagers can not reach high levels of fluency. |
C.Languages should be learned at a younger age. |
D.The cutoff point makes no difference in language study. |
A.Benefits of acquiring languages. | B.Learning difficulties in language. |
C.Age influence on language learning. | D.Differences between children and adults. |
6 . The Forbidden City, widely regarded as one of the most popular destinations at home and abroad, houses amazing Chinese cultural and historical relics, for which the Forbidden City is always well-known. But Masters in the Forbidden City does not just focus on the stories of the past.
Instead, the documentary movie, which came out in Chinese cinemas on Dec. 16, focuses on ordinary people—the restorers of relics and antiquities.
The stories are told at a slow and relaxed pace, reflecting the restorers’ work. Restoration of cultural relics and antiques can be time-consuming, and sometimes boring. Yet these restorers’ patience and peace of mind are especially precious in a society where everything is changing so fast.
“If you choose this job, you have to put up with hours of work sitting on a chair. You need to be quiet and get used to being quiet,” says Wang Jin, an ancient clock repair expert.
A touching part of the documentary is the spirit of craftsmanship (工艺)in the restorers. “Years of humdrum work requires not only skill, but also faith and spirit,” China Daily commented, “Looking for preciseness and perfection, devoting yourself to work, patience, endurance, loneliness... All these qualities come from the craftsman spirit.”
But unlike the popular idea of serious experts who sit around being serious, the documentary shows off the enthusiasm of the restorers. They play their guitars and make jokes about each other after a long day of restoration work.
One scene that has been very popular with Internet users features a young female restorer riding a bicycle through the empty Forbidden City on a Monday. While she is doing this, a narrator says, “The last person to do this was Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty.”
Masters in the Forbidden City has proved wrong many people’s ideas about antique restorers, allowing them to realize that they are not old, dull professors, but people in their 40s, 30s and even 20s who can be quite pleasing to the eye.
1. According to the text, what’s the main purpose of the documentary Masters in the Forbidden City?A.To draw attention to Chinese antique restorers lives. |
B.To display relics seldom seen by ordinary people. |
C.To show people how antiques are restored. |
D.To praise the craftsmanship of Chinese antique restorers. |
A.Masters in the Forbidden focuses on the story of the past. |
B.The inspiration of the documentary came out on Dec. 16. |
C.Masters in the Forbidden shows the passion of the restorers. |
D.Masters in the Forbidden involves the story of serious experts. |
A.he often gets tired with his work |
B.antique restorers need to be patient and peaceful |
C.there is no need to do restoration work fast |
D.it takes years of hard work to adapt to antique restoration |
A.remind the audience of the last Qing emperor |
B.show the strange hobbies of young antique restorers |
C.encourage the young to consider a career in antique restoration in the future |
D.show that the documentary breaks from the old, dull image of antique restorers |
7 . When Kellie Barker welcomed her third child into the world, she noticed he behaved differently. Baby Oscar wouldn’t wave or say ”mama“, and he’d
Then at the age of two, Oscar was diagnosed with autism (自闭症) and later extreme anxiety and ADHD(多动症). But that didn’t the
”Oscar is severely autistic and strongly
”Oscar
But strangers haven’t always been so
“Autism is a beautiful thing. Our little boy wakes up most days
A.even | B.still | C.never | D.again |
A.strengthen | B.change | C.show | D.return |
A.Instead | B.Besides | C.Therefore | D.However |
A.attractive | B.rewarding | C.flexible | D.thrilling |
A.motivated | B.discouraged | C.affected | D.scared |
A.positive | B.confident | C.serious | D.strange |
A.chance | B.method | C.atmosphere | D.scene |
A.work | B.perform | C.behave | D.play |
A.doubt | B.regret | C.boredom | D.disagreement |
A.amazes | B.annoys | C.entertains | D.tricks |
A.taste | B.gift | C.memory | D.use |
A.surprised | B.curious | C.picky | D.kind |
A.hug | B.hand | C.response | D.lesson |
A.Defeated | B.Guided | C.Inspired | D.Impressed |
A.took over | B.handed down | C.set up | D.gave away |
A.teach | B.remind | C.promise | D.warn |
A.treatment | B.trust | C.communication | D.care |
A.confused | B.concerned | C.relaxed | D.excited |
A.conclusion | B.shift | C.difference | D.mistake |
A.acceptance | B.company | C.competition | D.cooperation |
8 . Accents are a sign of belonging and something that separates communities. Yet we can probably think of people who seem to have lost their accent and of others whose accent stays firmly in place. Given the personal and social importance of how someone speaks, why would anyone’s accent change?
A conscious or subconscious desire to fit in can influence the way you speak. If someone moves from Australia to America to work, for example, they will probably at least change their accent in order to get a better sense of belonging. This may be out of a need or desire to be more clearly understood and to be accepted in a new community. They might also want to avoid ridicule for the way they speak.
For people whose accents do shift, the way they speak may be less important to their sense of identity, or their identity with a social or professional group may be more pressing. Even before we are born, we are exposed to the speech patterns of those around us. We progress through various stages of speech development that result in us having speech patterns similar to those around us.
For others whose accent does not seem to change, it could be because they feel safe in their identity, and their accent is much part of that identity — or that keeping the difference is valuable to them.
Meanwhile, brain damage may result in foreign accent syndrome (FAS), which results from physical changes that are not under the speaker’s control. Suffering from FAS, speakers may lose the ability to speak at all or experience strange changes in the way they pronounce. In some cases, listeners might look down upon a person with FAS as they believe them to be foreigners. It’s no wonder many people unconsciously protect themselves by adapting their speech to those around them.
1. What does the underlined word ”This“ in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.The desire to fit in. | B.The change of career. |
C.The adjustment of accents. | D.The influence on language. |
A.The result of brain damage. | B.Their strong sense of identity. |
C.Their desire to learn about locals. | D.The need to adapt to new environment. |
A.They may be taken as foreigners. |
B.They can not help making a sound. |
C.They suffer from emotional changes. |
D.They may change accents to gain respect. |
A.To explain the loss of accents. |
B.To introduce the history of accents. |
C.To analyze why accents are lost or kept. |
D.To show the significance of accent changes, |
9 . The Best Writing Contests of 2023
A.No entry fee is required. |
B.Local culture is the focus. |
C.There is maximum word count for entries. |
D.One entry per person for each week is allowed. |
A.Top prize winner will be awarded $300. |
B.It is open to anyone from across the world. |
C.Children’s stories on any theme are greatly appreciated. |
D.Contest entries should be submitted before July 31, 2023. |
A.Weekly Writing Competition. | B.Anthology Travel Writing Competition. |
C.Fiction Factory Flash Fiction. | D.Imagine 2200. |
10 . People trained to detect lies often rely on multiple signs, such as eye contact, length of responses and the details in what people say, but studies have shown that assessing a wide range of behavioral information can make it harder to decide if someone is lying. Bruno Verschuere at the University of Amsterdam and his colleagues wondered whether solely focusing on the detail of statements could provide more consistent results.
To test this idea, researchers asked 44 students to go for a walk or steal from a mock(模仿的)crime. Students were instructed to lie if they committed the fake theft.
Next, the researchers recruited 171 people to watch six truthful and six deceptive(欺骗的) interviews from these recordings, ranking interviewees’ eye contact and detail level. The results revealed that both truth-tellers and liars averted (转移) their gaze a similar amount, but truthful statements were substantially more detailed than deceptive ones, suggesting the latter is a more useful way to tell that someone is lying.
The researchers then asked 405 people to judge the true nature of six truthful and six deceptive statements randomly chosen from the interviews. Around half of the participants used multiple cues to identify liars. The remaining participants solely ranked the level of detail in answers on a scale of 1 to 10, with l a 6 or above counting as truthful. Those using multiple cues distinguished lies from the truth 59% of the time, while those relying solely on detail achieved 66%.
“Our take is that using just one cue can provide a simpler way to judge lies from the truth,” says Verschuere. Nevertheless, in the real world, you would probably need to confirm the accuracy of statements through extra further investigations or follow-up questions, he says.
1. Bruno Verschuere and his colleagues conducted the research to confirm that__________.A.behavioral information played a vital role in finding out the truth |
B.it’s relatively easier to identify liars by relying only on the detail of statements |
C.truhtellers and liars shared something in common when performing the task |
D.people should be trained to detect lies by referring to multiple cues |
A.Truthful statements included considerably more details than deceptive ones. |
B.Liars turned away their eyes more often than truth—tellers. |
C.It’s difficult for participants to detect liars by using multiple cues like eye contact. |
D.Participants who relied on one cue pan distinguish lies from the truth faultlessly. |
A.It had no potential market | B.It made no sense. |
C.It could be perfectly applied. | D.It had some limitations. |
A.To introduce readers to the classification of fies. |
B.To encourage readers to apply the results in real life. |
C.To inform readers of scientific findings on detecting liars. |
D.To warn readers of psychological harm of telling a lie. |