1 . As we enter into adulthood and continue to navigate everything that comes with it—work, kids, mortgage, you know—our childhood starts to feel further and further away.
Research shows that major issues in adulthood—from addiction and anxiety to compulsive overeating and relationship issues—can be better understood, and resolved, by looking back toward our childhood.
For anyone who experienced trauma (创伤) in their early years, those feelings can resurface later in life, explains Diane Young, a senior mental doctor at South Pacific Private.
“Many of us who see ourselves as ‘successful’ adults don’t relate our current behaviors and values to childhood experiences, until something becomes problematic and a professional connects it back—this can often be a light-bulb moment. Childhood is where we learn how to relate, where we develop our sense of self-worth and our interpersonal skills, so even minor forms of trauma, abuse or neglect can have an outsize influence later on in life,” Young says.
Want to know about how childhood experiences can affect your adult relationships? Here, Young helps us connect the dots between our past and our present.
How is childhood trauma defined?
“It is any experience that has a negative impact and is overwhelming to the child. It includes abandonment, neglect, divorce, death, being raised in a family with addicted parents or parents suffering with mental health issues. Some families can look perfect on the outside, but may be common with painful and destructive relational patterns that have long-lasting consequences.”
How can you recognize that you have a problem and that it’s linked to past events?
“When the behavior, substance or emotions seem to have control of you, rather than you having control of them—that’s a key sign that you have a problem. When thinking about the past, you will do everything to not feel the pain, fear or shame of those experiences. Other signs include feeling on ‘high alert’ all the time, having flashbacks, experiencing high levels of anxiety, codependent relationships and low self-esteem.”
How can someone break the habit of repeating past negative behaviors?
“Reach out for help—usually this is from a partner, friend or family member. And make the call to a mental health professional—a therapist, or an adviser. There is help available if you reach out.”
1. The passage mainly focuses on the fact that ________.| A．childhood and adulthood is closely related |
| B．childhood has slight influence upon adulthood |
| C．childhood’s negative experiences are unavoidable |
| D．adulthood has a cure for childhood’s behaviors |
| A．repeat | B．rediscover | C．reappear | D．recover |
| A．adulthood is someway a reflection of childhood |
| B．a successful person is one without problems in childhood |
| C．childhood experiences are most important throughout lifetime |
| D．adulthood experiences have little to do with childhood |
| A．Problematic families always have painful and destructive consequences on children. |
| B．South Pacific Private is an organization that deals with childhood mental health issues like trauma. |
| C．A light-bulb moment is when a person experiences most troublesome moment. |
| D．When you experience high levels of anxiety, it’s a key sign that you suffer a trauma. |
2 . Don’t teenagers hate being treated like children? Shouldn’t we accept that they are growing up? Yes, of course, they are growing up and may want to change things about their habits or activities, but parents trying to be “supportive” and encourage these changes often do more harm than good.
For example, you and the rest of your family are heading up to the mall for hours. Your teenage daughter Laura has shown resistance to being seen with you in public recently, so you decide not to persuade her to come with you. This seems like a very respectful thing to do that takes into account her feelings and opinions, but when you return she is upset. What went wrong? Well, many things could have gone wrong while you were away. She could have been caught up in friend drama, boy drama, or any other kinds of drama. Or she could be feeling hurt. Maybe she really didn’t want to go to the mall with you, but maybe you should have at least talked with her about it. Even knowing that you wanted to spend time around her probably would have felt good.
Some people say that this is an unreasonable expectation for parents to be “enabling” their kids to demand constant attention and validation (确认). I say, spending 30 extra seconds to make sure your children know you care about them is only “enabling” them to have a part of the self-worth they are so lacking at this time in their lives.
Expecting them to be removed and emotionally distant from you only re-enforces the idea that they should be. Always give them the choice to be an independent teen or your baby girl. When they need a break from the high school soap opera, you will both be glad you didn’t close that door.
1. Which can replace the underlined word “resistance” in Para. 2?| A．agreement | B．hesitation | C．interest | D．unwillingness |
| A．Teenagers need to be respected. |
| B．Teenagers want to be independent. |
| C．Teenagers are not mature enough. |
| D．Teenagers are changeable in character. |
| A．Teenagers’ self-worth is ignored. |
| B．Teenagers’ privacy is not respected. |
| C．Parents ignore teenagers’ feelings and opinions. |
| D．Parents are too busy to notice teenagers’ presence. |
| A．Analyse the real cause of the case. |
| B．Add some background information. |
| C．Try to find a solution to the problem. |
| D．Introduce a new topic for discussion. |
3 . Motion sickness is an uncomfortable feeling. The sickness it causes can strike people on an airplane, playing video games, or, commonly, when riding in a car. In a future where people may find themselves running around streets in self-driving vehicles, the problems could get worse.
We typically sense our physical position and movement in the world by relying on our eyes, the feeling we get in our body, and our inner ear. Motion sickness may develop when there's disagreement between what your eyes see and what your inner ear senses. If you're looking at your phone in a moving vehicle, your eyes see a stationary screen but your inner ear feels that you're moving. The result of that dissonance can cause sickness. The common-sense solution is to just stop looking at your phone, but some of the appeal of self-driving cars is that you could use the time to be productive or entertained by what's on a screen.
Researchers of a car-making company and a video game company have been studying ways to address these issues. And their solution uses an interesting medium: sound. The research had two goals: to explore if sound could help relieve motion sickness, and to help people trust self-driving cars more. They experimented with two different categories of sound: tips that tell passengers what's about to happen, and noises that alert passengers when the device has noticed something, like a pedestrian.
The most convincing experiment took place on a closed airport runway in Sweden, near Gothenburg, in August of last year. On that track, brave participants had to ride in the backseat of a car driven by a human and read from a tablet while the car navigated the course. With just 20 people, the study was small, but according to researchers, the presence of sound tips made people report that they felt less ill. Participants said the sounds helped prepare them physically, or adjust their bodies for what was about to happen.
1. When does motion sickness usually happen?| A．Sleeping during travels. | B．Closing eyes on vehicles. |
| C．Driving vehicles speedily. | D．Riding in moving vehicles. |
| A．Confusion. | B．Potentiality. | C．Randomness. | D．Disagreement. |
| A．Uncertain. | B．Optimistic. | C．Concerned. | D．Dissatisfaction. |
| A．A study of motion sickness. | B．Self-driving vehicles. |
| C．A convincing experiment. | D．The cause and handling of motion sickness. |
4 . Free school meals are back in the news. Footballer Marcus Rashford’s petition(请愿书) to extend free school meals provision(供给) into the school holidays has collected 1.1 million signatures, causing the government to reverse policy. It has restarted the debate over free school meals, fuelled, most recently, by figures forecasting that if the government ends as planned the current £20 top-up(附加款), another 200,000 children will slip into poverty. This is in addition to the 550,000 children already living in poverty previous to Covid-19.
The roots of the current school meals system lie in the mid-19th century. In Manchester, independent charities as well as official bodies started to provide free meals for undernourished children in the 1870s. When education became compulsory in the following decades, the extent of the issue became apparent. Proponents of feeding starving children pointed out that it was due to government order that children were in school, not working and contributing to the family food budget, so the government should pay.
Reception was mixed. Then, as now, children rejected foods they weren’t used to. Diaries of the time talk of “little bags of mystery” (sausages). Some children were put off brassicas(芥菜类) for life. Finding the balance between cheap and good proved hard. The chief medical officer talked about the lack in calorie value and elements of a well-balanced diet which a needy child does not get at home, such as milk, cheese, eggs, green vegetables, fruit and meat”. In 1980, the Tory government, desperate to cut costs, made provision largely optional and abolished nutritional standards. Over the next 15 years convenience and cost became the most important.
Today, school meals provision is linked to benefits: in England around 17 per cent of children are entitled to free school meals. Provision is outsourced(外包), leading to huge variation. In the last year, we’ve seen all of the age-old debates repeated once more. How do we decide who is entitled? How do we guarantee quality? Who decides what children eat? Who pays? Undernutrition does not just have physical effects, but also affects behavior and ability to learn. It has a lifelong impact. The arguments around free school meals seem never to end. But they are hugely important and, until poverty is ended, they will not and should not go away.
1. Why did Marcus Rashford start the petition?| A．To feed an increasing number of children in poverty. |
| B．To restart the debate over free school meals. |
| C．To raise fund for hunger relief for children. |
| D．To lift children out of poverty. |
| A．Officials. | B．Charities. |
| C．Advocates. | D．Critics. |
| A．Some children liked brassicas provided in the school. |
| B．School meals were both tasty and cheap. |
| C．School meals failed to meet children’s nutritional needs. |
| D．The Tory government chose nutrition over cost. |
| A．Never-ending. | B．Meaningless. |
| C．Influential. | D．Necessary. |
5 . Starman, the dummy(仿真人) riding a cherry-red Tesla Roadster(特斯拉敞篷车) through space, has made his closest approach ever to Mars. The electric roadster and its passenger were attached to the top of a Falcon Heavy rocket during the SpaceX rocket’s first test launch on 6 February 2018. Two years later, the Falcon Heavy rocket and the vehicle at its tip are making their second trip around the Sun. Mr. McDowell, a Harvard astrophysicist, found that Starman passed 7.4 million kilometres from Mars at 06:25 GMT 7 October, 2020.
The closest recent approach between the Earth and Mars was 56 million kilometres in 2003, though the planets are often hundreds of millions of miles apart depending on where they are in their orbits. No one can see the Falcon Heavy rocket at its current distance, but orbits over periods of a few years are fairly straightforward to predict, and Mr. MeDowell used data about how the rocket was moving when it left the Earth’s gravity behind to locate its recent movements exactly.
Last time Starman circled the Sun, MeDowell said, it crossed Mars’ orbit while the Red Planet was quite far away. But this time the crossing lined up with a fairly close approach, though still not close enough to feel a strong tug from Mars.
At this point in time, if you were able to go look at the Roadster, it would probably look pretty different. The strong solar radiation environment between the planets would probably have destroyed all the exposed organic materials. Without the Earth’s atmospheric and magnetic(磁场的) protection, even the plastics and carbon-fibre materials would start to break up. Over the course of decades or centuries, the car will end up with its aluminium(铝) frame and hard glass parts----that’s assuming that none of them get destroyed in impacts with passing space rocks.
1. What can we infer from the first paragraph?| A．Starman has set out on its second trip around the Sun. |
| B．Starman has travelled 7.4 million kilometres after launch. |
| C．Starman is now circling around the Earth in its orbit. |
| D．Starman still has a long way to go before getting to Mars. |
| A．By keeping Starman under visual observation. |
| B．By predicting its future orbit around the earth. |
| C．By analyzing data about the rocket’s movement. |
| D．By seeking professional help from SpaceX. |
| A．pressure | B．drive | C．resistance | D．pull |
| A．Be reduced to its frame and glass. | B．Crash onto Mars. |
| C．Return to SpaceX on the earth. | D．Be recovered during its next space mission. |
6 . Plastic baby bottles shed microplastics when heated. Should you be worried about its side-effects? We still don’t have enough evidence of health risks posed by microplastic consumptions by infants or adults.
“The last thing we want to do is unduly alarm parents,” said John Boland, a professor at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland and one of the authors of the Nature Food study. While the health effects of microplastics are still unknown, parents can significantly reduce their infants’ exposure by adding some steps to their bottle preparation routine, Boland said. He recommends letting plastic bottles cool completely after sterilization(消毒) in hot water, then washing them out at least three times with water that’s been allowed to cool to room temperature after being sterilized by boiling. Researchers here also found that plastic tea kettles, plastic instant noodle cups and plastic food storage containers all released similarly high levels of microplastics when subjected to heat.
As for what those microplastics may be doing in our bodies, the evidence so far is quite limited and unclear, Schwabl said that points to a need for more research into microplastics released from plastic food storage containers, especially when they are subjected to higher temperatures. He noted some research has found microplastics can cause inflammation(发炎) in the organs, while other studies “show they do not harm.” “The threshold at which they cause problems has not been determined for humans,” Schwabl said. For now, Schwabl agrees we shouldn’t panic. He’s avoiding plastic containers in his daily life – “not so much that I am afraid of the ingestion, but I think thereby I may be contributing to reducing the amount of plastic waste” that makes its way into the environment.
At the moment, there is no need to be afraid, but it is an open question and definitely an unmet need.
1. What does the underlined word “unduly” mean in paragraph 2?| A．Properly. | B．Extremely. | C．Obviously. | D．Specially. |
| A．Temperature. | B．Products. | C．Time. | D．Containers. |
| A．Panic. | B．Caring. | C．Indifference. | D．Critical. |
| A．By providing the examples. | B．By reasoning the readers. |
| C．By analyzing the figures. | D．By comparing the findings. |
7 . Girls are doing better than ever. Don’t let the pandemic block them.
For much of human history and in many places, girls were considered property. Or, at best, subordinate people, required to obey their fathers until the day they had to start obeying their husbands. Few people thought it worthwhile to educate them. Even fewer imagined that a girl could grow up to govern Germany, run the IMF or invent a vaccine.
In most of the world that vision of girlhood now seems not merely old-fashioned but unimaginably remote. In field after field girls have caught up with boys. Globally, young women now outnumber young men at university. The speed of change has been violent.
When societies handle girlhood well, the knock-on effects are astonishing. A girl who finishes secondary school is less likely to become a child bride or a teenager-age mother. Education boosts earning power and widens choices, so she is less likely to be poor or to suffer domestic abuse.
And she will pass on considerable advantages to later generation. A recent study by Citigroup and Plan International estimated that, if a group of emerging economies ensured that 100% of their girls completed secondary school, it could lead to a lasting boost to their GDP of 10% by 2030.
The COVID-19 pandemic could block progress for girls in poor countries, or even reverse it. During previous disasters, they have often suffered most. When Ebola forced west African schools to close in 2014,many girls dropped out, never went back and ended up pregnant or as child laborers. UNICEF warns that something similar could happen with COVID-19—but on a larger scale.
The risk of going backward is real. So it is crucial that, even if governments of poor countries have to tighten their belts, spending on education and girls should be a top priority.
1. The underlined word “subordinate” in the second paragraph could possibly mean ________.| A．lower | B．best | C．selfless | D．adorable |
| A．girls have suffered great unfairness |
| B．girls can perform better than boys in many fields |
| C．girls play a vital and profound role in the society |
| D．girls shouldn’t become child brides or teenager age mothers |
| A．show its relation with COVID 19 | B．stress its bad effect on girls |
| C．arouse public attention to girls | D．serve as a helpful reference. |
| A．Content and relaxed. | B．Disappointed but optimistic. |
| C．Satisfied but worried. | D．Admirable and positive. |
8 . Mareus Eriksen was studying plastic pollution when he met camel expert Ulrich Wernery. He went deep into the desert and spotted a camel skeleton（骨架）.Eriksen was not prepared for what he saw in the desert. It was justappalled," he said. “Inside the camel's body was a mass as big as a medium-sized suitcase, all plastic bags. "
Wernery is a scientist working in a researeh lab in Dubai. Since 2008. Wernery s team has examined 30,000 dead camels. Of these, 300 had gutspacked with plastic. As camels wander in the desert, they eat plastic bags and other trash that drift into trees and pile up along roadsides. "To a camel, if it s not sand, it's food," explains Eriksen.
Tightly packed masses of indigestible things can build up in the gut of people or animals. Scientists call them bezoars. Normally, these are made of vegetable fibers or hair. Wernery and Eriksen call those found in the camels “polybezoars”. It points to their origin：plastic polymers.
A bezoar can be dangerous. As it fills the stomach. an animal may stop eating. No longer feeling hungry, they might starve to death. Plastic can also release harmful chemicals. The polybezoars may even carry bacteria that can poison camels.
In a new study, Eriksen and Wernery report data suggesting that each year these polybezoars are killing off around 1 in every 100 of camels. Of five camel bezoars analyzed for this study, the plastic content ranged from 3 to 64 kilograms. "If 1 percent mortality（死亡率）due to plastic is confirmed by future and more detailed studies, then plastic pollution will certainly represent a reason of concern for camels." says Luca Nizzetto. an environmental scientist. Such studies are important, he says, because they "raise social awareness about this pollution”.
Banning plastic bags and single-use plastics is crucial for protecting camels and other wildlife, Eriksen says. “Plastic bags are escape artists. They blow out of garbage cans, out of landfills and out of people's hands. ”What's more, he adds, “They travel for hundreds of miles.”
1. What does the underlined word “appalled” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?| A．Ashamed. | B．Shocked. | C．Confused. | D．Annoyed. |
| A．They mistake them for food. | B．They have to survive on them. |
| C．They find them very delicious. | D．They are surrounded by them. |
| A．They make camels feel hungry. | B．They consist of vegetable fibers. |
| C．They are rare poisonous bacteria. | D．They are hard to digest for camels. |
| A．They can certainly lead to the ban on plastics. |
| B．They can educate people on plastic pollution. |
| C．They are quite simple but offer enough details.' |
| D．They are very convincing but less inspirational. |
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10 . Lack of sleep among children and teenagers in China has worsened in the past decade, with more than 80 percent getting insufficient sleep on school days, a new report has found.
Chinese youngsters snooze 7. 8 hours a night on average on school days, down 0. 3 hours from 2009, according to the report released on Monday by the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Psychology.
Researchers surveyed more than 15,800 students from Henan, Hebei and Guangdong provinces from April to July, asking what time they go to bed and wake up on days they take offline classes on campus.
Only 46. 4 percent of them sleep for at least 8 hours, compared with 47. 4 percent in 2009.
According to an action plan laying out measures to be taken from 2019 to 2030 to promote the health of citizens, primary school students are recommended to get a minimum of 10 hours of sleep a night. For junior high school and senior high school students, the recommended sleep durations per night are 9 and 8 hours respectively.
By this set of standards, more than 95 percent of students from primary schools, nearly 91 percent at junior high and 84 percent at senior high, did not get enough sleep on school days, heightening the risk of them developing cognitive, mental and physical health problems, the report said.
Hou Jinqin, a researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences who co-authored the study, suggested local authorities implement measures instructed by the Ministry of Education, such as lessening academic burdens, postponing start times at school and encouraging children to be enrolled at institutions closer to home, in order to prolong sleeping hours.
In terms of the COVID - 19 outbreak's impact on sleep, she said available research overseas shows school closures forced by the COVID - 19 epidemic have added two hours of sleep to young students studying-gat home.
In China, some studies have revealed no marked differences in sleeping patterns of students before and after school reopened, she added.
1. What does the underlined word "insufficient" in Paragraph 1 mean?| A．Unconditional. | B．Inadequate. | C．Untypical. | D．Incalculable. |
| A．7 -8. | B．8 -9. | C．≥ 9. | D．≥ 10. |
| A．Reducing their course load. | B．Starting school a bit earlier. |
| C．Attending extra — curricular courses. | D．Promoting a new sleeping pattern. |
| A．To introduce a new study on sleep habits. |
| B．To advise people to lengthen their sleeping hours. |
| C．To analyse the reasons why youngsters lack sleep. |
| D．To propose measures to handle student sleep shortfall. |
