1 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper from of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Witches’ Loaves

Miss Martha Meacham kept the little bakery on the comer (the one where you go up three steps, and the bell rings when you open the door.)

Miss Marths was forty, her bank-book showed a credit of two thousand dollars, and she possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart. Many people have married     1    chances to do so were much inferior to Miss Martha’s.

Two or three times a week a customer came in, in whom she began to take an interest. He was a middle-aged man, wearing glasses and a brown beard     2    (shape) to a careful point. He spoke English with a strong German accent. His clothes were worn in some places, and wrinkled in     3    . But he looked neat, and had very good manners.

He always bought two loaves of stale bread. Fresh bread was five cents a loaf. Stale ones were two for five. Never     4    he call for anything but stale bread.

Once Miss Martha saw a red and brown stain on his fingers. She was sure then     5    he was an artist and very poor. No doubt he lived in a garret (阁楼), where he painted pictures and ate stale bread and thought of the good things to eat in Miss Martha’s bakery.

Often     6    Miss Martha sat down to her chops and light rolls and jam and tea, she would sigh, and wish that the gentle-mannered artist might share her tasty meal instead of eating his dry bread in his draughty garret. Miss Maltha’s heart, as you have been told, was a sympathetic one.

In order to test her theory     7    his occupation, she brought from her room one day a painting that she had bought at a sale, and set it against the shelves behind the bread counter. It was a Venetian scene. A splendid marble palazzo stood in the foreground—or rather fore-water. For the rest there were boats-with a lady     8    (dip) her hand in the water—clouds, sky, and shades of color in plenty.

No artist could tail to notice it.

Two days afterward the customer came in.

“Two loaves of stale bread, if you blease.”

“You haf here a fine bicture, madame,” he said while she     9    (wrap) up the bread.

“Yes?” says Miss Martha, indulging in her own calculation. “I do so admire art and” (no, it would not do to say “artists” thus early) “and paintings,” she changed her tone. “You think it is a good picture?”

“Der balance,” said the customer, “is not in good drawing. Derbairspective of it is not true. Goot morning, madame.”

He took his bread,     10    (bow), and hurried out.

2 . Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control people's self-interest in the service of the common good. The _______ of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives (激励) can also _______, minifying the very behavior they're meant to encourage.

A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood   _______ the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of scientific evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives--showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right in so many cases that businesses should _______.

Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity _______ the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments(情绪)”. The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff-- we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. _______ , people desire to be respected by others as ethical and _______. And they don't want to be taken for losers. Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being _______ than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer _______ the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with __________ for performance is textbook economics, but it can lead to the depression of employees.

Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we're being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted and they can imply--sometimes wrongly--what __________ us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they __________ or diminish our ethical sensibilities.

This does not mean it's __________ to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time--just that efforts to do so often fail. __________ ,   policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders __________ while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.

1.

A．temptation

B．threat

C．value

D．equivalent

2.

A．overflow

B．backfire

C．survive

D．work

3.

A．reduced

B．affected

C．afforded

D．balanced

4.

A．cut back

B．stand by

C．take note

D．hold on

5.

A．cause

B．reverse

C．take

D．detect

6.

A．In other words

B．On the contrary

C．By contrast

D．In addition

7.

A．satisfied

B．determined

C．dignified

D．discouraged

8.

A．unselfish

B．ambitious

C．thoughtful

D．aggressive

9.

A．boasts

B．values

C．encourages

D．mistrusts

10.

A．requirement

B．criticism

C．implication

D．reward

11.

A．supports

B．threatens

C．motivates

D．changes

12.

A．refine

B．offend

C．control

D．arouse

13.

A．impossible

B．strange

C．necessary

D．abnormal

14.

A．Rarely

B．Occasionally

C．Surprisingly

D．Ideally

15.

A．publicly

B．severely

C．monetarily

D．mildly

3 . Also of interest...in family dramas

The Travelers

by Regina Porter (Hogarth, $27)

Though Regina Porter’s formally daring first novel “can feel too much like a jigsaw puzzle,” it achieves a “simply stunning” level of complexity, said Meng Jin in the San Fracisco Chronicle. As the first-time novelist tells the stories of two Georgia families — one black, one white — she weaves together events from 1946 to 2010 while deftly shifting between play-like dialogue, straight narrative, and various other modes. Not one character is a mere extra, and the impressive result “looks very much like life.”

Ask Again, Yes

by Mary Beth Keane (Scribner, $27)

Mary Beth Keane’s new novel is “one of the most unpretentiously profound books I’ve read in a long time,” said Maureen Corrigan in NPR.org. In 1973 New York City, two rookie cops forge a friendship that shapes the lives of the Irish-American families they raise side by side in a nearby suburb. Because each chapter is told from a new perspective, we come to know almost every member of those families, and Keane “beautifully dramatizes” how lives are built on a series of happenstances, including tragic ones.

Native Country of the Heart

by Cherrie Moraga (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $26)

“This memoir’s beauty is in its fierce intimacy,” said Roy Hoffman in The News York Times. Playwright Cherrie Moraga makes her mother the heroine of the book, bringing the late immigrant’s story to life “with a poet’s verve.” Mexican-born Elvira Moraga, who picked cotton in California at 11, sold cigarettes in Tijuana at 14, and never learned to read, became the heart and soul of a large extended family. Here, she’s a character too resonant to be merely emblematic.

The Edge of Every Day

by Marin Sardy (Pantheon, $26)

Mental illness leaves no one in a family untouched, said Alison Van Houten in Outside. In a book whose nonlinear structure “mimics the erratic nature of schizophrenia,” essayist Marin Sardy bringing the describes how the disorder struck her mother and a brother, scrambling life for all the children. Her mother’s paranoid delusions disrupted their schooling; years later, Sardy’s brother, after refusing help, committed suicide. “How does one lead any semblance of a normal life under such circumstances?” Sardy shows us how.

Note:

1. resonant: 共振的，共鸣的       2. emblematic: 象征的，典型的

3. nonlinear: 非线性的               4.schizophrenia: 精神分裂症

1. Which book touches upon a personal family tragedy?

A．The Travelers.	B．Ask Again, Yes.
C．Native Country of the Heart.	D．The Edge of Every Day.

2. Which of the following about each book is TRUE?

A．The Travelers tells a straightforward story about two Georgia families.

B．The thread running through Ask Again,Yes is Irish way of life.

C．Native Country of the Heart was written in memory of Elvira Moraga.

D．The Edge of Every Day describes one’s struggle against mental diseases.

3. What do the four books have in common?

A．They were published by the same publishing house.

B．They belong to the same type of literary works.

C．The stories were’ll set in the last century.

D．They represented the peak level of each writer.

4 . The teenage years of an individual is marked by evaluating one's values,experiencing a shift in outlooks,and a tendency to act rebellious. It can also be a time when someone becomes extremely____ to negative influences,and is drawn towards dangerous situations. On the other hand,for parents, the period of their children's adolescence means regularly worrying about their safety and formation as a citizen. Thus, a method of _____teenagers' security is needed, and curfews(宵禁)are often seen as such a measure，since they have proved their ______the same time, certain peculiarities exist about establishing curfews for children.

The issue of teenage curfews is widely debated in the United States, where this method is still rather _____, and in European democracies, where this measure is yet not so widely used .The first and foremost reason for establishing curfews is children's security. ____curfews require teenagers under 17 years to stay out of streets starting from 11p.m.or midnight. This is believed to protect them from crimes committed after nightfall,as well as from breaking the law, and there exists serious evidence _____this belief. For example, when New Orleans enabled a dusk-til-dawn curfew in 1994, the rates of juvenile crime were reported to fall more than 20 percent.Even more impressive _______were recorded in Dallas, which reported a 30-percent decrease in violent juvenile crime,and a 21-percent decrease in the overall rates of crimes committed by young people (The New York Times).

On the other hand, curfews can be seen as a preventive measure that rob young people of their rights,____ their freedom. This opinion is _____ supported by the fact that curfew violations(违规) and the respective charges are among the most often committed juvenile crimes in the United States. _______, there were reports claiming that police arrested more non-white teenagers for curfew violations.All this can cause a teenager to believe they have crossed a psychological line dividing them as criminals; thus,such teenagers may start to see themselves as outlaws, which can _____ committing more serious crimes than a curfew offense.

What is important for a parent to remember when establishing a curfew for their children is that a teenager's misjudged view of certain______may cause them to misbehave in some other way; this is proved by research conducted by the University of Minnesota, according to which teens tend to protest against what they see as _______. Considering this,parents should ______the authoritarian style of establishing curfews; instead, they should have a conversation with their teenager that would be aimed at finding ideal conditions for a curfew that would ______both sides.

1.

A．opposed

B．subjected

C．related

D．restricted

2.

A．improving

B．restoring

C．ensuring

D．expanding

3.

A．principle

B．reference

C．approach

D．efficiency

4.

A．popular

B．absent

C．practical

D．accessible

5.

A．Typical

B．Evident

C．Critical

D．Specific

6.

A．in place of

B．in honor of

C．in case of

D．in favor of

7.

A．results

B．events

C．patterns

D．links

8.

A．protecting

B．acknowledging

C．limiting

D．liberating

9.

A．officially

B．logically

C．particularly

D．physically

10.

A．By contrast

B．In addition

C．In conclusion

D．In general

11.

A．take charge of

B．contribute to

C．result from

D．deal with

12.

A．rules

B．charges

C．crimes

D．relations

13.

A．impolite

B．unrealistic

C．inadequate

D．unfair

14.

A．adopt

B．allow

C．avoid

D．address

15.

A．satisfy

B．spare

C．surround

D．settle

5 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

E-Scooters

A.regardless   B.charged   C.option   D.mostly   E. transformative. F.powered G.connectivity   H.prospects   I.popularity     J.champions       K.invasion

Over the past two years, electric scooters have become ever-present in many of Europe and America's biggest cities. Britain is the last major western European country to hold out against the    1    . E-scooters are not allowed on public roads, though people do ride them on cycle Lanes and pavements     2    . But where they are permitted， e-scooter sharing companies

set up in large numbers. To their       3    , e-scooters are revolutionary: the "iPhone Of urban transport". To their critics, they are dangerous, anti-social and very annoying.

As with a dock less(无桩) bike，scooters are fitted with GPS trackers and wireless       4    Customers download an app and scan a QR code on the scooter to unlock it. They are then     5    a small amount. Bird, which launched its e-scooter in Santa Monica, California in September 2017 charges $l plus 15 cents per minute, on average, in the US-to travel where they want to go, at a maximum speed of around 15mph. At night, the scooters are rounded up, charged and returned to     6    .

E-Scooters have the potential to solve some of the worlds biggest transport problems. Most cities are already dangerously polluted and heavily congested, and it is simply not a(n)     7    to put more cars and taxis on the streets. Scooters are efficient; one kilowatt hour of energy carries on average a car     8    by petrol less than a mile, and an e-scooter 80 miles.

Scooters are clean, cheap, and they require little new infrastructure. For a country like car dependent America, they could be genuinely     9     roughly 60% of US journeys are under six miles, and most of the time drivers ride alone. Even in European cities, which     10     have good public transport systems, they are very useful for travelling the"final mile". According to Bird, 40% of taxi-riding journeys in London are under two miles, so e-scooters could help take a lot of cars off the streets.

6 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. moral                    B. infrequently                    C. rock                    D. dwelling E. chillingly             AB. emergency                    AC. address             AD. milestone AE. modeling            BC. highlight                      BD. ranking

Physicians Aren’t Immune to Suicide and Depression

Medicine is a tough profession. It’s both tremendously rewarding and terribly demanding. Physicians are at the front lines of humanity, along with nurses, therapists and more. But being at the front lines can be risky: In a study, nearly 50 percent of doctors reporting that they were burned out.     1     physicians, who are on call 24/7, have it the worst, followed closely by physicians working in other demanding subspecialties.

Studies about physician burnout are important but they typically don’t reflect this group’s high risk for even more dire mental health outcomes. Past research has also shown that physicians have a higher risk for suicide compared with other professions,     2     in the top ten of risky professions. And a recent Lancet study notes that     3    , one physician dies from suicide every day in the U.S.

Suicidal tendencies     4     the whole community. Health care systems respond with wellness meetings and other interventions but trainees still report feeling uncared for. In fact, several trainees privately tell me that they have to report fewer hours than they actually work.

Research studies     5     similar concerns to those I’ve heard. They report that workplace factors contribute to physician suicide “including a large workload, competitiveness of training programs, pressure of patient and service demands and the risk of     6     injury if physicians are forced to work in ways that conflict with their ethics and values.”

This new analysis is a major     7     for understanding and appropriately responding to the mental health crisis today. Instead of     8     on the past, the alarm has now been sounded: Greater attention must be paid to physician well-being. We want physicians to be safe and well, but we also need to help patients by     9     good health practices. Fortunately, preventive measures are already underway. Soon, we will hopefully be able to better     10     part of what is missing in the current conversation about physician mental health.

7 . Sometimes modern problems require ancient solutions.

A 1,400-year-old Peruvian method of diverting water could supply up to 40,000 Olympic-size swimming pool’s worth of water to Lima each year. It is one _______ of how ancient methods could support existing modern ones in countries without enough water. Man-made reservoirs store rainwater and water overflow for use during dries times. But reservoirs are costly, require years to plan and can still _________ to meet water needs.

Peru’s capital, Lima, depends on water from rivers high in the Andes Mountains. It takes only a few days for water to flow down to the city. So when the dry season begins in the mountains, the water supply quickly disappears. The city _______ this with modern structures such as man-made reservoirs. These reservoirs are not the only solution, _________. Over a thousand years ago, indigenous people developed another way to solve water problems.

Water diverted, _________.

The 1,400-year-old system is designed to increase the water supply during the dry season by diverting and slowing water as it travels down the mountains. This _________-based method is made of special canals that guide water from its source to a series of water bodies and hillsides. The water goes _________ into the ground, then flows downhill through the soil and _______ in water bodies near the community.

Its aim was to increase the water’s travel time from days to months in order to provide water throughout the day season. The researchers _________ how much the system slowed the flow of water by injecting special dye in the highlands and noting when it reappeared in water bodies. The dyed water started to ____________ two weeks later and continued flowing for eight months — a huge ____________ over the hours or days it would normally take.

____________ increase in supply.

The researchers next considered how using a larger version of the system could help Lima. They combined what they learned in Huamantanga with the knowledge of physical ____________ of Lima’s surroundings. The resulting estimates say the system could increase Lima’s dry-season water supply by 7.5 percent overall and up to 33 percent at the start of the dry season.

The system is also ____________ sound. Ochoa-Tocachi, a researcher, estimated that building canals similar to those in Huamantanga would cost 10 times less than building a reservoir of the same size. He also said former highland societies in other parts of the world had methods for diverting and slowing water flow. And, they could use these methods today to support their ____________ modern methods.

1.

A．sign

B．example

C．explanation

D．theory

2.

A．manage

B．fail

C．operate

D．work

3.

A．equips

B．finances

C．resolves

D．constructs

4.

A．furthermore

B．however

C．therefore

D．moreover

5.

A．promoted

B．distributed

C．dried

D．delayed

6.

A．nature

B．economy

C．welfare

D．technology

7.

A．swiftly

B．deeply

C．slowly

D．rightly

8.

A．reappears

B．reserves

C．reverses

D．resumes

9.

A．foretold

B．measured

C．estimated

D．assumed

10.

A．freeze

B．fade

C．surface

D．flow

11.

A．priority

B．decline

C．concern

D．improvement

12.

A．Considerate

B．Slight

C．Predictable

D．Sizable

13.

A．personalities

B．qualities

C．altitudes

D．populations

14.

A．geologically

B．socially

C．geographically

D．economically

15.

A．simpler

B．costlier

C．better

D．safer

8 .

A．Finish checking his reference.	B．Complete the research.
C．Put the material in order.	D．Finish typing the paper.

9 . Studies show that older people tend to remember the positive things in life rather than the negative things, while younger people remember the positive and negative equally well. The dominant psychological theory to explain this is that older people are aware of their limited time left, so they _______ positive emotional experiences. But about a decade ago, I worked with biologist Robert Trivers on his idea that there was a(n) _______ basis for older people's increased positive outlook. Our research took us in the fascinating direction of exploring how the body _______ its energy.

When our _______ needed more energy than usual perhaps while being chased by a tiger, they had to get that energy from somewhere in the body. Could they borrow it from the brain? That organ uses 20 percent of our metabolic output, whether we are solving math problems or watching television reruns. Due to this constant energy requirement, borrowing energy from the brain when our need _______ the available supply is not an option. Perhaps we could borrow energy from our muscles. Because we use far more muscle energy when we are active than when at rest, _______, we could borrow energy when we are sitting. But the problem is that most of the energy-demanding emergencies of our ancestors _______ a muscular response. There was no way to borrow energy from our muscles during an emergency because relaxing when a tiger showed up was not a(n) _______ response. This brings us to our immune system, which, when _______ protects us from many illnesses and diseases. Like the brain, the immune system works at great metabolic cost, but largely in the __________of keeping us healthy in the future. We have an enormous number of immune cells coursing through our body, a(n) __________ break from production is fine. So, when our body needs extra energy, one of the places it goes is our immune function. When you’re being chased by a tiger, you don’t need to waste energy making immune cells to fight off tomorrow’s cold. What you need is to __________ all available energy resources to your legs, with the hope that you will live to experience another cough or sneeze.

__________, our immune system evolved to run in maximum amounts when we’re happy, but to slow down dramatically when we’re not. With this background in mind, Trivers supposed that older people evolved a strategy of turning this relationship on its head, becoming more __________ the positive things in life in an effort to enhance their immune functioning. This was helped along by their knowing much more about the world than younger adults, so they can deal with some of the __________ things in life more easily.

1.

A．switch

B．energize

C．prioritize

D．undergo

2.

A．regular

B．evolutionary

C．solid

D．fundamental

3.

A．uses

B．squeezes

C．spreads

D．classifies

4.

A．bodies

B．generations

C．ancestors

D．seniors

5.

A．surpasses

B．meets

C．responds

D．requires

6.

A．at random

B．in principle

C．at times

D．in case

7.

A．rejected

B．neglected

C．expected

D．required

8.

A．objective

B．effective

C．emergent

D．negative

9.

A．vulnerable

B．efficient

C．defensive

D．strong

10.

A．service

B．basis

C．search

D．shift

11.

A．momentary

B．voluntary

C．energetic

D．intensive

12.

A．submit

B．activate

C．shift

D．accumulate

13.

A．In the meantime

B．On the contrary

C．In the end

D．As a result

14.

A．addicted to

B．free of

C．focused on

D．enthusiastic about

15.

A．emotional

B．crucial

C．unforgettable

D．depressing

10 . Do you remember how you felt the first time you rode bike? What about your first heartbreak? _________ moments and the emotions they arouse can resonate in our minds for decades, powerfully shaping who we are as individuals. But for those who experience severe trauma(创伤), such painful memories can leave people with life-changing mental conditions. So, what if traumatic memories did not have to cause so much _______ ? For now, the work is happening in mice.

Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram---a physical change in brain tissue ________ a particular recollection. While at MIT in 2013, Steve Ramirez of Boston University and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that _______ one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work, mice _____ in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance.

In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether ______ memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones. In their experiments, positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female ones for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. After a surgical operation on the mice, the researchers find that _______ positive memories while mouse is in a cage makes it less fearful. They think that this memory “retraining"may be helping to ______ some of the mouse's trauma. _______ , it is unclear whether those original fear memories are completely lost or just suppressed(抑制).

_____ Ramirez’s team stresses that their work in mice is preliminary(初步的), they see treatment potential for humans down the road. Those suffering from PTSD or depression could have their memories _______ , for instance, so that they don't have a strong ______ response to painful recollections.

If it’s one day possible to alter human memory, who should be allowed to receive that treatment? And would the _______ system be at a disadvantage if key witnesses and victims cannot remember a crime? These are questions New York University bioethicist Arthur Caplan says are worth thinking about before the technology is ready for human clinical settings.

As neuroscientists progress with their research, they say these _______ issues are being taken into account. Ramirez sees the idea of   ______ memories as neither good nor bad. Like water, it just depends on how you use it.

1.

A．Forgettable

B．Memorable

C．Sustainable

D．Believable

2.

A．fruit

B．difference

C．pain

D．movement

3.

A．associated with

B．exchanged for

C．sentenced to

D．deprived of

4.

A．put off

B．pick up

C．turn on

D．make up

5.

A．reacted

B．hurried

C．stunned

D．resolved

6.

A．short-term

B．negative

C．enjoyable

D．reliable

7.

A．deleting

B．decreasing

C．activating

D．pausing

8.

A．recreate

B．eliminate

C．liberate

D．memorize

9.

A．Therefore

B．Besides

C．Indeed

D．However

10.

A．Since

B．Unless

C．Until

D．While

11.

A．removed

B．strengthened

C．altered

D．stimulated

12.

A．emotional

B．physical

C．controversial

D．mechanical

13.

A．immune

B．justice

C．medical

D．commerce

14.

A．mental

B．ethical

C．criminal

D．equality

15.

A．killing

B．multiplying

C．controlling

D．justifying