1 . At the 4th Street Photo Gallery on the comer of the Bowery, many photos are strung together like clothes on a laundry line. There are portraits of Muhammad Ali and Jean-Michel Basquiat, plus a series of cityscapes detailedly captured over 60 years by Alex Harsley, a neglected but talented New York photographer.
The city has been Mr Harsley’s home since 1948, when, aged ten, he moved there from South Carolina. He took his first photograph ten years later, and became the first black photographer to work for the city’s district attorney’s office. His vivid pictures freeze moments in New York’s evolution from the 1950s to the present. “It could start with the smell of something burning.” he says of his method. “And then you see a family sitting on the steps of a funeral home sadly looking at the firemen going through their routine.”
Some of the scenes in the collection were captured from the window of his old apartment in Harlem; they include images of black activists, streets submerged in snow and shots of the Crown Heights riots of 1991. A.D. Coleman, a photography critic, says Mr. Harsley has been able to capture the lives of minority groups by making himself “invisible”. His aim has been to assemble these fragments (片段) into an extended history of the city.
Mr. Harsley’s gallery is a time capsule. For decades, it is also a hub for the city’s artistic underworld. In the 1970s New York’s photography scene was flourishing, but exclusive. As Mr. Harsley puts it, “a number of great artists were swept aside” because they lacked connections. Helping talent became part of his mission. In 1971 he established The Minority Photographers, an organization that helps up-and-coming artists exhibit their work. He opened his gallery two years later; many photographers have had their first shows there.
1. How does the author describe Alex Harsley in the first paragraph?| A．Undervalued but expert. | B．Gifted but exclusive. |
| C．Unknown but devoted. | D．Gifted but awkward. |
| A．His pictures show freezing weather in New York from the 1950s to the present. |
| B．His pictures capture the cheerful moments in New York since the 1950s. |
| C．His pictures record some historic occasions of New York over the past decades. |
| D．His pictures illustrate the vivid lives of minority groups in New York over the past decades. |
| A．To assemble the minority groups of the city. |
| B．To highlight the lives of minority groups. |
| C．To help promising artists attract more public attention. |
| D．To build connections between the minority groups and himself. |
| A．He excluded those who looked down upon the unknown artists. |
| B．He set an organization displaying their works. |
| C．He established the connections between up-and-coming artists and famous ones. |
| D．He reduced the rents of the gallery where their photography works were shown. |
2 . Dansh Boyd, who holds positions at Microsoft Research, New York University, and Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has a pointed message for parents: Most everything we think we know about the way our kids are using the Internet is wrong. Boyd's new book, it's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens, makes the case that the Internet isn't nearly as scary or damaging to young people as many moms and dads believe. As the mother of a 16-yaer-old, I found most of it fascinating. Here are two of my biggest takeaways:
Technology is not turning our teens into social misfits.
Although the image persists that young people would rather test than talk, and prefer connecting of Facebook than hanging out in person, Boyd says this isn't true. "Most of the teens that I met ... were desperate for the opportunity to leave their homes to gather with friends," she writes.
The trouble is that in many communities, young people have less freedom than they once did because they are so over scheduled and because parents are worried about their safety. "The era of being able to run around after school as long as you are home before dark is long over." Boyd notes.
To make up for this lost freedom, teens have turned to their computers. "The success of social media must be understood partly in relation to this shrinking social landscape." Boyd explains. Facebook, Twitter. Instagram, Snapchat, and other sites "are not only new public spaces: they are in many cases the only 'public' spaces in which teens can easily communicate with large groups of their peers."
Adolescents aren't as Internet savvy as we like to think.
Although teens have been called "digital natives" for having grown up practically glued to their computers and smart-phones, they still remain simple in many ways about what they find online. After all, they're just kids.
"Many of today's teens are indeed deeply engaged with social media ... but this does not mean that they have the knowledge or skills to make the most of their online experiences," Boyd writes. "The so-called 'digital natives,' far from being useful, is often a distraction to understanding the challenges that youth face in the networked world."
One area in which young people need help is in learning to distinguish between valid and misleading sources of information. "Teens may make their own media or share content online," Boyd observes, "but this does not mean that they inherently have the knowledge or perspective to critically examine what they consume."
Yet many teachers, librarians, and, yes, parents do. "Even those who are afraid of technology," Boyd says, "can offer valuable critical perspective."
As a mom or dad, the most important thing for your kid to plug into is your hard-earned wisdom.
1. Danah Boyd's new book mainly talks about ________.| A．the correct and wise use of the Internet for young people |
| B．teens' real social lives online and advice for parents |
| C．measures parents can take to deal with the damaging Internet |
| D．fascinating takeaways for a mother of a 16-year-old |
| A．Because they seem to prefer to communicate through social networks. |
| B．Because they are too over scheduled to hang out with friends in person. |
| C．Because parents require them to stay at home more for safety reasons. |
| D．Because social networks offer them convenience of communication |
| A．tends to be cheated over the Internet all the time |
| B．is completely absorbed in social networks all the time |
| C．knows how to fully and wisely use the Internet |
| D．has the ability to distinguish right from wrong |
| A．provide kids with more chances to leave homes and gather with friends |
| B．build more public places for kids to communicate with their peers |
| C．provide kids with knowledge and skills to help them to digital natives |
| D．filter out the misleading sources of information online for their kids |
你们班最近就手机使用的话题，在班会课上展开了一次讨论。请结合你自身的感受写一篇发言稿，谈谈你的看法，并对于课余时间在家如何合理使用手机，提出你的建议.
Body fat helps fight infections
Did you pile on the pounds this Christmas? At least you can take some comfort in the knowledge
Yasmine Belkaid at the US National Institutes of Health and her team have found that a type of immune cell - called a memory T-cell -- seems
These cells learn to fight infection. Once coming into contact with a pathogen(病原体), they mount a stronger response if encountering
When the researchers infected mice
After the mice
Belkaid's team found monkeys also have plenty of memory T-cells in their body fat, and that these cells worked better than those from other organs.
"It means that fat tissue is not only a place to store memory cells, but those memory cells show some
The findings should change the way
5 . Asking for a little can go a long way
Throughout this book we’ve attempted to provide evidence to support our claims that we can successfully move people to say yes.
Along with several colleagues, one of us set out to do just that. We thought that, when asked to make a donation, even those who would like to support the charity in some way say no, because they can’t afford to donate very much, and they assume that the small amount that they can afford wouldn’t do much to help the cause.
To test this hypothesis (假设) our research assistants went door to door to request donations for the American Cancer Society. After introducing themselves, they asked the residents, “Would you be willing to help by giving a donation?” For half the residents the request ended there.
When we analyzed the results we found that, consistent with our hypothesis, people in the “even a penny will help” half of the sample were almost twice as likely to donate to the cause. And the amount the individuals gave was also found to be more or less the same in both halves, so the people in the “even a penny” half did not donate less.
| A．Based on this reasoning, we thought that one way to urge people to donate in such a situation would be to inform them that even an extremely small sum would be helpful. |
| B．The study suggests that if you want somebody to do something for you, simply pointing out that even a little assistance on their part would be acceptable is likely to be an effective strategy. |
| C．For the other half, however, the research assistant added “Even a penny will help.” |
| D．And there's enough proof that people tend to yes when they believe what they do can help. |
| E．But in certain situations and environment it’s also important to understand why people say no to reasonable requests, such as a request to donate to a charity. |
| F．For the other half the request may end with a reason why their assistance is necessary. |
6 . Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to create similar conditions to the natural incubation (孵化) of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity (湿度) of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird’s skin to the top of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature difference may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature difference. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest changes into gas, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird’s method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the survivability of the hatching chicks.
When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to protect eggs against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo (胚胎) can no longer survive Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?| A．Nesting material varies according to the parrots’ environment. |
| B．Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots’ eggs. |
| C．Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. |
| D．Wild parrots’ nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. |
| A．there may be a good chance for successful incubation |
| B．the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position |
| C．the embryo will not develop normally |
| D．the incubation process is slowed down |
| A．provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest |
| B．loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest |
| C．keep the nest in a clean condition |
| D．touch the bottom of the eggs |
| A．They are expensive to operate. |
| B．They are unable to heat the eggs evenly. |
| C．They lack the natural temperature changes. |
| D．They fail to transfer heat to eggs like parent birds do. |
7 . For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree — lag behind other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created a ‘paradox’ in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has ‘continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close’ the achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper set to be published in the journal Psychological Science.
But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial needs, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.
Their thesis — that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact — was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.
Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the rules of the game, and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because U.S. colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students like them can improve.
1. The authors of the research article are optimistic because _____________.| A．the problem is solvable |
| B．their approach is costless |
| C．the recruiting rate has increased |
| D．their findings appeal to students |
| A．study at private universities |
| B．are from single-parent families |
| C．are in need of financial support |
| D．have failed their college education |
| A．are actually indifferent to the achievement gap |
| B．are inexperienced in handling their issues at college |
| C．may lack opportunities to apply for research projects |
| D．can have a potential influence on other students |
| A．universities often reject the culture of the middle-class |
| B．students are usually to blame for their lack of resources |
| C．social class greatly helps enrich one’s educational experience |
| D．colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question |
Games come to a complicated end
The flame that burned throughout one of history’s most controversial Games was extinguished Sunday as Japan brought the curtain down on the Tokyo Olympics with Closing Ceremonies that were as unusual as the event
It was a fitting, bittersweet end to a complicated Games.
Japan proved to the world that, despite all of the criticism, it
There were signs of incremental progress: There were the most gender-balanced Games and the most diverse in terms of openly LGBTQ participation. Yet the emtpy venues also engendered a sense of loneliness and even a bitterness
“The pandemic Olympics featured some glorious performances, but the empty venues made them a strange
Absent-mindedness
“Most events of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Dr. Daniel Schacter, a distinguished psychologist and memory scientist. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”
“Encoding,” Schacter explains, “is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.” Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket of a jacket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget where exactly you put your mobile phone. Your memory itself isn’t failing you. Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.
As many people accept, women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. Yes, visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness. But be sure the cue is clear and available. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox,” says Zelinski, a scientist from New York University. There are many cases in life where women can remember prices of bags of different brands while they tend to forget the specific place where they put their bags.
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10 . There is a saying, “Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery (奉承).” This may be true, but in the art world fakes are unaccepted, to say the least.
Most master painters have had their works imitated over the years, and even the experts have been
Art historians, with their knowledge of the works of a particular artist, are often asked to authenticate art.
Scientists have developed a new authentications technique that analyzes and classifies paintings based on a digital analysis of the artist’s style. The process works by finding the consistency and
Nonetheless, some art historians are
For now, museum curators and auction houses don’t seem as interested in the technology as the scientists are. There may be a(n)
| A．Moreover | B．Thus | C．In fact | D．For example |
| A．reliable | B．particular | C．diligent | D．sincere |
| A．mistakenly | B．rightly | C．currently | D．effectively |
| A．operators | B．donors | C．authorities | D．historians |
| A．accounted for | B．taken in | C．made up for | D．come across |
| A．masterpieces | B．assignments | C．copies | D．worships |
| A．In addition to | B．In contrast to | C．In terms of | D．In reference to |
| A．define | B．qualify | C．specify | D．determine |
| A．enlarged | B．analysed | C．prolonged | D．summarized |
| A．inconsistency | B．inconvenience | C．indifferences | D．insignificance |
| A．modifying | B．separating | C．organizing | D．restoring |
| A．accommodation | B．comparison | C．identification | D．description |
| A．humble | B．doubtful | C．visible | D．beneficial |
| A．faint | B．artificial | C．economic | D．obvious |
| A．authentic | B．fake | C．sincere | D．reliable |
