1 . “A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of our time had so fiercely stated, or so consistently (一贯地) illustrated the writer’s duty to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling remained, moreover, so high and so strict that he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen”, was a statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he was interested in telling about.
The primary intention of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for the reader what he often called “the way it was”. This is a characteristically simple phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s concept of its meaning subtly (微妙地) changed several times in the course of his career - always in the direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can invariably recognize the operation of three instruments of beauty appreciation: the sense of place, the sense of fact, and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Antheil, “you have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so unnoticeable. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and graphically the way it is when you watch the bulls running through the streets of Pamplona, Spain towards the bull-ring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the release of the bulls. Down below the narrow street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed along and up the street toward the bull-ring and behind them came more men running faster, and then some stragglers (落后者) who were really running. Behind them was a little bare space, and then the bulls tossing their heads up and down. It all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter (排水沟), and lay quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running together.”
1. What’s the main idea of the first two paragraphs?A.Hemingway’s writing began from reality and then he would let his mind wander. |
B.Hemingway’s primary purpose in writing was to report faithfully reality as he experienced it. |
C.Hemingway’s writing reflects his preference for a simple story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy. |
D.Hemingway would construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a specific historical period. |
A.Stories that he had experienced rather than read about. |
B.Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other sources. |
C.Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances. |
D.Stories that came to him in periods of deep thinking or in dreams. |
A.it shows how Hemingway understated complex issues in his books. |
B.it reflects Hemingway’s talent for making ordinary events difficult to understand. |
C.Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details overshadowed the dramatic element of his stories. |
D.the relationship between simplicity and complexity reflected the relationship between the style and content of Hemingway’s writing. |
A.To vividly illustrate how exciting the bull run is. |
B.To demonstrate that all kinds of runners can take part in the bull run. |
C.To show Hemingway’s delicate description of the background of the bull run. |
D.To place greater emphasis on the importance of geography, economically speaking. |
2 . Each generation -- from Baby Boomers to Generation X to Millennials -- has its own set of values and characteristics. But one thing common to all generations is that they are suffering from stress. In a recent poll by the American Psychological Association (APA), all age groups now report higher levels of stress than in the past. Baby Boomers (those born roughly between 1946 and 1964, and who are now moving into their retirement years) said that they are stressed about earnings and health issues. Gen Xers (born roughly between 1965 and 1980) are concerned about work, income, and job stability. However, Millennials (born roughly between 1981 and 2004) are turning out to be the most stressed-out of all the generations. Poll results indicate that stress levels for these younger respondents are significantly above average. So what’s worrying the Millennials?
Millennials are the first generation to grow up with computers in the home and the classroom. Due to the rise of modern technology and social media, they are constantly showered with information. Over time, this information overload can become too much to handle and can result in stress, which in turn can cause serious physical, psychological, and emotional problems. Another contributing factor, according to author Michael D. Hais, is that many Millennials have lived sheltered lives due to overprotective parents. These young adults lack problem-solving skills and may struggle with fear of failure once they leave home. Making matters worse, the 2008 economic depression occurred when many Millennials were graduating from high school or college. The resulting economic slowdown reduced the number of available jobs for graduates. Sure enough, in the APA poll, Millennials said that work, money, relationships, family responsibilities, and the economy are the main stressors in their lives.
However, the poll results may be a bit misleading as they don’t take into account public attitudes toward stress and mental illness. Ronald Kessler of Harvard Medical School, who has studied the prevalence (流行) of mental disorders in the U.S., points out that changes in social attitudes have helped reduce the stigma attached to mental illness over the years. For example, the creation of health-related television programming and specialty magazines such as Psychology Today have contributed to greater public awareness of mental health issues. According to psychologists, younger people now are more willing to admit to them that they are under stress than in the past. “There is not a lot of evidence of true prevalence having gone up,” Kessler says. “It looks like younger people are in worse shape, but unfortunately, we just don’t know.”
1. It can be learned from the results of the APA poll that ______.A.All age groups are experiencing more stress than before. |
B.Millennials have more stress than before, but other age groups aren’t. |
C.Compared with other age groups, Millennials have more overprotective parents. |
D.Stress levels are down for all age groups, but they’re down the most for Millennials. |
A.Health. | B.Occupation. | C.Money. | D.Weak economy. |
A.Behavior. | B.Shame. | C.Symptom. | D.Complexity. |
A.They fail to keep good body shape. |
B.They are more interested in health-related media. |
C.They are more willing and courageous to face up to their fault. |
D.They are more willing to seek professional help to deal with stress. |
A. mobility B. concerning C. joblessness D. upcoming E. unemployed F. automated G. deliberately H. inequality I. quoted J. assumed K. significantly |
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