1 . Traditionally uniforms were manufactured to protect the worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense---those for the military, for example, were at first
The last 30 years, however, have seen an increasing
“What they say, how they look, and how they behave is of vital importance.” From being a simple means of
Truly effective marketing through
But turning corporate philosophies into the right combination of colour, style, degree of branding and uniformity is not always
A successful uniform needs to
A.intended | B.pretended | C.extended | D.attended |
A.age | B.gender | C.education | D.status |
A.preference | B.argument | C.interest | D.emphasis |
A.educational | B.political | C.corporate | D.academic |
A.checking | B.identifying | C.operating | D.introducing |
A.studio | B.audio | C.visual | D.factual |
A.clarity | B.authority | C.responsibility | D.possibility |
A.kindness | B.safeness | C.quickness | D.openness |
A.ambitious | B.serious | C.creative | D.similar |
A.easy | B.wrong | C.difficult | D.tough |
A.exchange | B.call | C.stand | D.account |
A.establish | B.balance | C.neglect | D.quit |
A.pointless | B.important | C.useful | D.careless |
A.keep | B.shape | C.draw | D.value |
A.develop | B.take | C.cost | D.spend |
2 . This Is How Scandinavia Got Great
Almost everybody admires the Nordic model. Countries like Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland have high economic productivity, high social equality, high social trust and high levels of personal happiness.
Nordic nations were ethnically homogeneous(同质的) in 1800, when they were dirt poor. Their economic growth took off just after 1870, way before their welfare states were established.
The 19th-century Nordic elites did something we haven’t been able to do in our country recently. They realized that if their countries were to prosper they had to create truly successful “folk schools” for the least educated among them. They realized that they were going to have to make lifelong learning a part of the natural fabric of society.
Today, Americans often think of schooling as the transmission of specialized skill sets — the student can read, do math and recite the facts of biology.
The Nordic educators worked hard to cultivate each student’s sense of connection to the nation. Before the 19th century, most Europeans identified themselves in local and not national terms.
That educational push seems to have had a lasting influence on the culture. Whether in Stockholm or Minneapolis, Scandinavians have a tendency to joke about the way their sense of responsibility is always nagging at them. They have the lowest rates of corruption in the world. They have a distinctive sense of the relationship between personal freedom and communal responsibility.
A.Bildung is the way that the individual matures and takes upon him or herself ever bigger academic responsibility. |
B.What really launched the Nordic nations was generations of phenomenal educational policy. |
C.Bildung is designed to change the way students see the world. |
D.But the Nordic curriculum conveyed to students a pride in, say, their Danish history, folklore and heritage. |
E.They look at education differently than we do. |
F.The Nordic educators also worked hard to develop the student’s internal awareness. |
3 . There was a time when we thought humans were special in so many ways. Now we know better. We are not the only species that feels emotions, or follows a moral code. Neither are we the only ones with personalities, cultures and the ability to design and use tools. Yet we have all agree that one thing, at least, makes us unique: we alone have the ability of language.
It turns out that we are not so special in this aspect either. Key to the revolutionary reassessment of our talent for communication is the way we think about language itself. Where once it was seen as an unusual object, today scientists find it is more productive to think of language as a group of abilities. Viewed this way, it becomes apparent that the component parts of language are not as unique as the whole.
Take gesture, arguably the starting point for language. Until recently, it was considered uniquely human - but not any more. Mike Tomasello of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and others have collected a list of gestures observed in monkeys and some other animals, which reveals that gestures plays a large role in their communication. Ape(猿) gestures can involve touch, vocalising or eye movement, and individuals wait until they have another ape’s attention before making visual or auditory gestures. If their gestures go unacknowledged, they will often repeat them.
In an experiment carried out in 2006 by Erica Cartmill and Richard Byrne from the University of St Andrews in the UK, they got a person to sit on a chair with some highly desirable food such as banana to one side of apes and some undesirable food such as vegetables to the other. The apes, who could see the person and the food from their enclosures, gestured at their human partners to encourage them to push the desirable food their way. If the person showed incomprehension and offered the vegetables, the animals would change their gestures - just as a human would in a similar situation. If the human seemed to understand while being somewhat confused, giving only half the preferred food, the apes would repeat and exaggerate their gestures - again in exactly the same way a human would. Such findings highlight the fact that the gestures of the animals are not merely inborn but are learned, flexible and under voluntary control - all characteristics that are considered preconditions for human-like communication.
1. It is agreed that compared with all the other animals, only human beings ________.A.own the ability to show their personalities |
B.are capable of using language to communicate |
C.have moral standards and follow them in society |
D.are intelligent enough to release and control emotions |
A.involve some abilities that can be mastered by animals |
B.is a talent impossibly owned by other animals |
C.can be divided into different components |
D.are productive for some talented animals |
A.Apes can use language to communicate with the help of humans. |
B.Repeating and exaggerating gestures is vital in language communication. |
C.Some animals can learn to express and communicate through some trials. |
D.The preferred food stimulates some animals to use language to communicate. |
A.Language involves gestures! | B.Animals language - gestures! |
C.So you think humans are unique? | D.The similarity between humans and apes. |
4 . Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and,
David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is
An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now
Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and Applied Linguistic at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spoken English interactions between speakers of the language around the world. She says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are
Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n)
But spoken English is another matter. Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim,
Professor Seidlhofer says, “I think that what we are looking at is the
A.however | B.therefore | C.otherwise | D.instead |
A.relieving | B.shocking | C.tempting | D.disappointing |
A.accept | B.oppose | C.mind | D.doubt |
A.outnumber | B.overlook | C.upgrade | D.underestimate |
A.attentive | B.agreeable | C.energetic | D.present |
A.diagnosis | B.comprehension | C.disturbance | D.concentration |
A.creating | B.improving | C.varying | D.obeying |
A.edited | B.neglected | C.avoided | D.required |
A.mistakes | B.coincidences | C.exceptions | D.excuses |
A.fear | B.object | C.agree | D.fight |
A.ignorance | B.evolution | C.correctness | D.guidance |
A.honored | B.mysterious | C.falling | D.powerful |
A.by comparison | B.after all | C.on purpose | D.in reality |
A.disappearance | B.emergence | C.criticism | D.evaluation |
A.less good | B.less lonely | C.more alive | D.more adapted |
A. broadcast B. estimates C. involves D. performing E. barriers F. themes G. amateur H. hire I. boost J. demanding K. proving |
“MEN ARE adorable,” begins Yang Li in a sketch first aired last year. “But mysterious...After all, they can look so average and yet be so full of confidence.” It seemed a gentle dig by the newly crowned “punchline queen” of “Rock and Roast”, a television show starring
Long the stars of Chinese joke-making, men are unhappy about being the butt (笑柄) of it. Chizi, a popular male contestant on “Rock and Roast” with a special liking for boorish jokes, sniffed that Ms Yang was “not
Western-style stand-up comedy has taken off since it appeared in China a decade ago. It is
The show, which began in 2017, has been a(n)
Ms Yang has used the backlash against her gag to create a new one. It
6 . For thousands of years, the most important two buildings in any British village have been the church and the pub. In fact, until a place has a church and a pub, it is not really considered a community worthy of a name. Traditionally, the church and the pub are at the heart of any village or town, where the people gather together to socialize and exchange news. They are institutions at the heart of British society. After all, the word ‘pub’ is actually short for ‘public house’.
As a result, British pubs are often old and well preserved. Many of them have become historic sites. that tourists visit. One of the most famous examples is the city of Nottingham called “The Old Trip to Jerusalem”, which dates back to the year AD 1189 and is probably the oldest pub in England. It was the same year in which kings Richard the first came into power, who led the First Crusade into the Holy Land, towards Jerusalem.
Many British pubs have old names referring to governors, such as The King's Head or The Queen Victoria, but of course this doesn’t mean they are only for kings and queens. Pubs have always welcome people from all classes and parts of society. On a cold night, the pub's landlord or landlady can always find a warm place for you by the fire. There is always honest and hearty food and plenty of drink available at an affordable price.
That’s how things used to be. but there are worrying signs that things are beginning to change. Economic downturns, governmental financial measures, and cultural changes are causing many pubs to go out of business. People do not have a lot of spare money to spend on beer. On top of that, in 2007 smoking was banned in all public indoor spaces, including pubs, which may also have affected the numbers of customers going to pubs since then.
This decline is happening despite the fact that pubs are now allow by law to stay open after 11 pm. Previously, with 11 pm as closing time, customers would have to drink quite quickly, meaning they sometimes got more drunk than they would if allowed to drink slowly. The British habit of drinking is known as “binge drinking”, and it causes long-term health problems individuals and problems with violent crime for communities. The UK government is trying to find ways of discouraging binge drinking, and regularly spends money on television commercials to warn people of the problems of king too much.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A.British pubs are preserved well mainly to attract tourists from all of the world. |
B.British pubs are quite popular and accessible to people from all walks of life. |
C.Most British pubs are going out of business because of economic and cultural bans. |
D.Most British pubs have to shut down to adjust themselves to meet the smoking ban. |
A.To stimulate customers to spend more on drinks. |
B.To help British pubs survive economic downturns. |
C.To encourage more sensible ways of drinking in pubs. |
D.To get rid of violent crime in most part of Britain. |
A.drinking too much and too quickly | B.social problems related to British pubs |
C.a new long-term drinking approach | D.problems caused by drinking too much |
A.Different methods to welcome new customers to pubs. |
B.Various advertisements encouraging people to quit drinking. |
C.The campaigns and strategies to support the traditional pubs. |
D.Trends of migrating back from the modern wine bars to old ones. |
7 . This era of “Industry 4. 0” is being driven by the same technological advances that enable the capabilities of the smartphones in our pockets. It is a mix of low-cost and high-power computers, high-speed communication and artificial intelligence. This will produce smarter robots with better sensing and communication abilities that can
In the manufacturing industry, where robots have arguably made the most headway of any division, this will mean a(n)
For large-scale manufacturers, Industry 4. 0 means their robots will be able to sense their environment and communicate in an industrial network that can be run and
For
While these machines are getting smarter, they are still not as smart as us. Today's industrial artificial intelligence operates at a
What's coming next is known as “deep learning”. Similar to big data analysis, it involves processing large quantities of data in real time to
A.compare with | B.adapt to | C.pick out | D.hold on |
A.extensive | B.accidental | C.convenient | D.dramatic |
A.Traditional | B.Removable | C.Fashionable | D.Potential |
A.temporarily | B.thoroughly | C.eventually | D.initially |
A.arranged | B.evaluated | C.monitored | D.composed |
A.gradually | B.collectively | C.similarly | D.approximately |
A.identify | B.reserve | C.exploit | D.indicate |
A.dominating | B.imposing | C.eliminating | D.scheduling |
A.high-speed | B.mass-produced | C.small-to-medium | D.multi-cultural |
A.multiple | B.feasible | C.profitable | D.independent |
A.promotions | B.improvements | C.highlights | D.resolutions |
A.separate | B.peculiar | C.narrow | D.mysterious |
A.come up with | B.account for | C.give way to | D.make decisions about |
A.difference | B.commission | C.phenomenon | D.expectation |
A.introduced | B.described | C.prepared | D.demonstrated |
A. cultivate B. reassuring C. opposing D. objective E. confidence F. evidence G. perceived H. functioning I. estimate J. existing K. scientism |
Why Doubt Is Essential To Science
The confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked students at the beginning of the year how they would define science, many of them replied that it is a(n)
But doubt in science is a feature, not a bug. Indeed, science, when properly
As a historian of science, I would argue that it's the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often
Scientists understand this, but in the
Ocean exploration changed human history
One of humanity’s greatest achievements has been mastering routes across the world’s oceans. Communities separated by thousands of miles
We tend to hold the view
Since then, the oceans have only continued
10 . For the longest time, the predominant description about renewable energy featured awkward technologies, high costs, and burdensome allowance. In the
But now that these technologies have come of age, a new story is being written. Around the world, businesses, governments, and households are taking advantage of more cost-effective low-carbon technologies.
As in any rapid transition, a full understanding of what is happening has
To be sure,
As the green transition comes of age, it will offer solutions to all of humanity’s energy needs, placing a clean, prosperous and secure low-carbon future well within reach. Yet even as we hug
A.license | B.absence | C.application | D.promotion |
A.invisible | B.unbelievable | C.inevitable | D.unaffordable |
A.Instead of | B.Owing to | C.In case of | D.According to |
A.resources | B.revolutions | C.prospects | D.priorities |
A.caught up with | B.compared with | C.taken place of | D.fallen behind |
A.relevant | B.inferior | C.synthetic | D.experimental |
A.mixture | B.caution | C.conflict | D.approval |
A.in case | B.so that | C.even though | D.the moment |
A.significance | B.invention | C.happiness | D.progress |
A.dramatically | B.economically | C.independently | D.equivalently |
A.interaction | B.modernization | C.motivation | D.transformation |
A.natural | B.potential | C.positive | D.original |
A.influence | B.optimism | C.estimation | D.extension |
A.starting | B.failing | C.emerging | D.continuing |
A.sustainable | B.traditional | C.available | D.industrial |