2 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Deep in the jungle, the Maya built an empire (帝国). And now, scientists are unlocking more secrets about this ancient civilization with the     1     (discover) of 417 cities dating back to 2,000 years ago, said The Washington Post. The cities were found to be connected by 110 miles (177 kilometers) of “highways” in May. They     2     (consist) of the “world’s first-ever extensive system of highways”. The “highways”, as Reuters reported, were     3     (space) stone roadways. Plus, scientists also found pyramids, ball game courts and water     4     (engineer).

The Maya civilization was “far more advanced than we thought”, noted The Washington Post. The new findings showed that they were already busy     5     (create) cities in world history at the time, CNN reported. They did all this in a jungle environment,     6     is rare and impressive. They had to clear rainforest areas     7     (farm) and built large underground reservoirs to store rainwater.

    8    , by 900 BC, many Maya cities were abandoned, calling an end     9     the empire. Scientists still don’t know why. With new forms of technology, maybe this mystery and others could     10     (uncover), telling us even more about this fascinating civilization.

3 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The recent opening of a new exhibition building at the Sanxingdui Museum, in Guanghan, in Sichuan province, made the place     1     instant tourist hot spot. The bronze heads, golden masks, holy trees and various statues reveal the    2     (mystery) faces of a culture dating back more than 3,000 years.

For those who cannot make it to Guanghan,     3     the extensive site of Sanxingdui is located, an immersive exhibition     4    (equip) with digital technology, titled Hello Sanxingdui,     5     (offer) an alternative means to be awed by the magnificence of this Bronze Age culture. It is running at the Longfu Art Museum in Beijing until Feb 29.

It provides a time-travel experience for both an educational and artistic appeal. The journey begins     6     a brief timeline of texts, photos and videos, showing how Sanxingdui was first discovered in the 1920s, when objects were found by farmers digging an irrigation ditch (灌溉沟渠); and it highlights the important moments in the past century’s continued archaeological efforts, to reveal the myths surrounding Sanxingdui and the secrets yet     7     (uncover).

On show     8     life-size reproductions of dozens of astonishing artifacts, supervised by Sanxingdui Museum, such as 2.6-meter bronze statues, 3.8-meter-wide bronze masks and “the holy tree” standing nearly 4 meters.

Images of these objects found at Sanxingdui and their     9     (pattern) have been digitalized, animated and projected on screens, leading the audience into the ancient kingdom of Shu, a     10     (civilize) that thrived for centuries in the southwest during the Zhou Dynasty, and disappeared suddenly, leaving many myths and legends.

5 . For archaeologists (考古学家) in Israel, eight prehistoric ostrich (鸵鸟) eggs-thought to be between 4,000 and 7,500 years old-proved as valuable as treasure when they were dis-covered near an ancient fire pit in the Negev, a desert region in the south of the country.

They were discovered during an archaeological excavation (挖掘) in the agricultural fields of Be’er Milka, the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) announced on Thursday. The eggs’ location suggests that they were collected by the prehistoric (史前的) desert nomads (游牧民) who used the campsite, according to a press release from IAA, and further lab analysis will provide more information about their uses and ages. Although the nomads did not build permanent structures at this site, the finding allows us to feel their presence in the desert. The campsites were covered by sand, keeping the eggs exceptionally well-preserved.

Ostriches were common in the region until they became extinct in the wild during the 19th century. Their eggs were beautifully decorated and were prized items during the Bronze and Iron Ages (青铜和铁器时代). As well as being used as decorative items, ostrich eggs were also used as a source of food. One ostrich egg has the nutritional value of about 25 normal chicken eggs.

While ostrich eggs are not uncommon in excavations, the bones of the large bird are not found. This may indicate that in the ancient world, people avoided dealing with the ostrich and were content with collecting their eggs.

1. What did archaeologists find in Israel?

A．Ostriches.

B．Burnt tools.

C．Ostrich eggs.

D．The bones of ostriches.

2. What protected the ostrich eggs well?

A．The trees.

B．The fire pit.

C．The campsites.

D．The sand.

3. Why did nomads collect ostrich eggs?

A．To provide shelter for them.

B．To protect agricultural fields.

C．To get food or decorations.

D．To do some research on them.

4. What can we learn from the text?

A．Ostrich eggs have high nutritional value.

B．Ostriches were found near an ancient fire pit.

C．People tended to hunt ostriches as food sources.

D．Ostriches were common in Israel in the 20th century.

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In 2016, the first phase of the Digital Huang resource database went online. People from all over the world could enjoy high-quality     1     (image) and panoramic (全景的) tours of 30 caves on the Digital Huang website,     2     showed a totally new idea of cultural relics protection philosophy. This project was intended to pursue overall digitization, including the collection, processing and storage of the Magoo Grottoes and related cultural relics using     3     (advance) science and technology.

7 . About 5,300 years ago, people from the grasslands of modern-day Russia and Ukraine expanded rapidly across Eurasia. Within a few centuries these “Yamnaya” left a lasting genetic mark on populations from central Europe to the Caspian Sea. Today, archaeologists call them “eastern cowboys” for their livestock herding (畜牧) and highly mobile lifestyle.

But one part of the classic cowboy picture was missing: horseback riding. Although cattle bones and solid carriages have been found in Yamnaya sites, horse bones are hard to find, and most archaeologists assumed people did not start to ride horses until at least 1,000 years later.

In a new study published in Science Advances, researchers say they’ve found the earliest evidence of horseback riding not in the bones of ancient horses, but in their Yamnaya riders. “Everyone has focused on horse remains to get an idea of early horse riding,” says co-author and University of Helsinki archaeologist Volker Heyd. “Our approach was to look at humans.”

The researchers looked at more than 150 bones unearthed in Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria — the western frontier of Yamnaya expansion. The Yamnaya were well-fed, healthy, and tall; the chemical composition of their bones showed protein rich diets consistent with herding cattle and sheep. But the bones showed signs of distinctive wear and tear. They also showed thick spots on the leg bone consistent with lots of time spent on the horse back. Healed injuries matched the kinds of damage a kicking horse might cause, or what sports medicine doctors today see in riders thrown from their horses.

“In terms of trying to identify people riding horses, I think they’ve done the best job possible bioarchaeologically,” says bioarchaeologist Jane Buikstra. “That doesn’t mean it’s perfect, or convincing, ultimately.”

More samples — including horse bones with signs of riding, such as bit marks or back bone damage from the weight of a rider — would help make the case, says CU bioarchaeologist Lauren Hosek. What the group has found “is really interesting”, she says. “But there’s a lot more work to be done when the risks of drawing the final conclusion are as high as the earliest horse riding.”

1. Why are the archaeologists looking for the horse bones?

A．To prove the Yamnaya’s rapid expansion.

B．To confirm the Yamnaya’s herding variety.

C．To further understand the lifestyle of Yamnaya.

D．To trace the origin of the classic cowboy picture.

2. How is Volker Heyd’s research different from others?

A．It includes field trips.	B．It focuses on human bones.
C．It is based on horse remains.	D．It compares the compositions of bones.

3. What do we know about the Yamnaya from Paragraph 4?

A．Their bones bore the evidence of horse riding.

B．Many Yamnaya people died from horse kicks.

C．Their lifestyle of herding led to severe injuries.

D．They mainly lived in Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria.

4. What is Lauren Hosek’s attitude to the research findings?

A．Objective.	B．Favorable.
C．Disapproving.	D．Unclear.

8 . These days, Fred’s huge skeleton (骨架) was exhibited in the Indiana State Museum. His tusks (长牙) were recently the subject of a research study tracing the life 13,000 years ago of mastodons, distant relatives of modern elephants.

By analyzing the chemicals in Fred’s tusks, a team of researchers was able to construct a detailed account of his seasonal migration patterns. Josh Miller, a paleoecologist (古生态学家) at the University of Cincinnati, is one of the researchers studying Fred. “He has beautifully preserved bones and tusks, which provides a great opportunity for our research,” Miller said.

Mastodons’ tusks generally grow in distinct layers, similar to the tree rings. As a result, the nutrients that build the layers of their tusks can tell us a lot about what they experienced. The team particularly focused their analysis on the variations in two elements in the layers: strontium (锶) and oxygen. The former is the key to understanding where Fred spent his life, while the latter tells us the season he was in any particular region. Then, with some statistical modeling, Miller and his team gained insight into the daily record of Fred’s behavior over ten thousand years ago.

The result indicated that when Fred was young, he would have grown a lot. But there’s a year when his growth is reduced — that’s when Miller’s analysis starts. “Probably like the modern male elephant, a male mastodon is just really obnoxious when growing up to be a bother and often arouses family members’ anger. At that point, the mom and aunts will essentially kick him out of the family”, Miller predicted.

After Fred set off to attend to himself, his tusks reflected where he traveled around. Based on analysis, every summer, Fred would return to mate in Northeastern Indiana, because around this time, his tusks started to show signs of injuries. When competing for mates, mastodons got into huge battles with their own natural weapons, sharp tusks. And that was exactly what brought the story of Fred to an untimely end.

1. What does Miller’s study mainly focus on?

A．Inner structure of Fred’s skeleton.	B．Possible tracks of Fred’s migration.
C．Research value of mastodon fossils.	D．Effective ways of tusk preservation.

2. How did researchers learn a mastodon’s behavior in ancient age?

A．By modeling data of special chemical elements.	B．By comparing his layers of tusks with rings of trees.
C．By conducting field researches in various regions.	D．By reviewing statistical records of previous studies.

3. What does the underlined word “obnoxious” in paragraph 4 mean?

A．Mature.

B．Greedy.

C．Ambitious.

D．Annoying.

4. What can be inferred about Fred in the last paragraph?

A．He failed to live independently.	B．He reunited with his family later.
C．He got killed by opponents’ tusks.	D．He survived some natural disasters.

9 . 阅读下面短文，在空处填入1个适的单或插号内单词的正确形式。

Located in Guanghan city of Southwest China’s Sichuan Province and covering an area of 12 square kilometers. Sanxingdui Site is the remains of the ancient Shu culture, which dates back     1     4,800-2,600 years ago, and is considered to be one of the     2     (great) archaeological (考古的) discoveries in the 20th century. This particular discovery is a strong proof of the     3     (exist) of the ancient Shu State and the integrative pattern of the multi-cultures of the Chinese nation.

In fact, as a cultural site,, Sanxingdui had come into the notice of archaeologists in as early as the 1930s, and     4     (exploration) were made soon. It all began     5     a farmer called Yan Daocheng dug out a number of treasures     6     (accidental) in the spring of 1929. In the summer of 1986, thousands of rare treasures were unearthed from two large newly-discovered sacrificial pits (祭祀坑). The unearthed objects are unique in shape and superior in techniques,     7     (confirm) the extraordinary creativity of the ancient Shu people and their desires     8     (connect) with and understand the universe.

After sleeping for 3,000 years, their awakening has shocked the world. When our eyes     9     (caught) by the creations of the ancient Shu ancestors, it is     10     encounter with a civilization lost for 3,000 years.

10 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

A great number of artifacts from eight tombs    1     (unearth) from an archaeological site in Hunan province several months ago. According to the provincial institute of heritage and archaeology, these artifacts, including pottery pieces and bronze    2     (knife), are believed    3     (date) back as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220).

Six Eastern Han Dynasty tombs are brick tombs, three of    4     might have had owners from the same family, said Chen Bin,     5     member of the archaeological team of the tomb complex under the institute.

It is also the first time that archaeologists    6    (discover)a trench(战壕)4.5meters west of the back chamber of the largest tomb,     7     (measure) about 0.9 meters in width,     8     (approximate)15 meters in length and about 0.1 meters in depth.

“This excavation(挖掘)is    9     great significance to further understanding the funeral customs of people in southern Hunan, as well as the levels of    10     (economy)development and cultural exchanges during the period,” Chen said.