1 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Great Wall of the ancient Qi State,the oldest    1    (exist) Great Wall in China, stretches across Shandong for more than 600 kilometers. It    2    (build) during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

“Historical records say the Qi State built the wall here to defend itself    3    its enemies, as well as to stop flooding    4    (effective),” says An Xingzhu, who worked at the town’s culture station for more than three decades. A key task of the station is    5    (protect) cultural relics.

In the 1970s，parts of the rammed earth wall(夯土墙)were dug out and used by farmers for their land, but since the early 1990s, the local government    6    (start) to take measures to protect the wall.

Rapid development and    7    (construct) have brought many new problems and challenges in protecting the wall.    8    is necessary to provide a solid legal guarantee for its conservation. To tackle the challenges, Shandong Province has passed a regulation protecting the structure    9    will take effect on Jan. 1.

It states that local governments will establish a dynamic conservation system using remote sensing satellites, drones, information platforms and other technological    10    (mean) to monitor the Great Wall.

3 . A new study focused on birds examines how the movements of rivers in the Amazon have contributed to that area’s exceptional biological diversity.The research team, led by the American Museum of Natural History, found that as small river systems change over time, they spur the evolution of new species. The findings also reveal previously unknown bird species in the Amazon that are only found in small areas next to these dynamic river systems, putting them at high risk of extinction.

The lowland rainforests of the Amazon River basin harbor(藏匿) more diversity than any other ecosystem on the planet. It is also a globally important biome(生物群落) containing about 18 percent of all trees on Earth and carrying more fresh water than the next seven largest river basins combined. Researchers have long wondered and hotly debated how the Amazon’s rich biodiversity arose and accumulated.

“Early evolutionary biologists like Alfred Russel Wallace noticed that many species of primates and birds differ across opposite riverbanks in the Amazon,”said the study’s lead author Lukas Musher. “Moreover, accumulating geological evidence has suggested that these rivers are highly dynamic, moving around the South American landscape over relatively short time periods, on the order of thousands or tens of thousands of years.”

To investigate how the movement of rivers across the landscape has influenced the accumulation of bird species in the Amazon, the researchers sequenced the genomes(基因组) of six species of Amazonian birds.

Because these rivers move around the landscape at different time scales, their movements can have varying outcomes for bird species: when river rearrangements occur quickly, populations of birds on each side can combine before they’ve had time to differ; when river changes happen slowly, species have a longer time to diverge from one another.

1. What does the underlined word “spur” in Paragraph 1 mean?

A．Stimulate.

B．Renew.

C．Pursue.

D．Interrupt.

2. What have researchers debated on?

A．What the Amazon’s biodiversity indicates.	B．How the Amazon’s biodiversity was formed.
C．Whether the Amazon has the richest biodiversity.	D．Why Amazon bird species are at risk of distinction.

3. What can we conclude from LukasMusher’s words?

A．There are six species of American birds.

B．Rivers move very slowly in South America.

C．Most species differ across opposite Amazon riverbanks.

D．River movement may lead to the Amazon’s biodiversity.

4. What has influenced the change of bird species in the Amazon?

A．The location of river movement.	B．The populations of birds.
C．The speed of river movement.	D．The amount of the genomes.

4 . Plastic fishing nets, the so-called ghost nets, abandoned yearly in the sea—about 1 million tons—are more than just rubbish; they’re a killer. Fish, sea birds, and turtles get caught in the netting and die, with more species at risk.

Much shocked at this, Pranveer Singh Rathore, a materials-science engineer and materials R&D manager at Samsung, and his team set themselves the task of giving new life to the deadly nets. Last month, Samsung revealed a new line of Galaxy products made in part from recycled plastic fishing nets for the first time. The company estimates this year alone it can recycle over 50 tons of ocean-bound plastic into the key components that will go into its smartphones, tablets, and computers, thus taking a bite out of the global ghost nets problem.

It’s no small task to give waste fishing nets a second act. The nets are typically made of a substance called nylon which tends to dramatically degrade (降解) the longer it sits in the ocean and is exposed to the sun. “This makes it nearly impossible to use abandoned fishing nets directly,” Rathore explains. Besides, high-performance smartphone, tablet, or PC has to be waterproof and can survive severe weather. The nylon in the fishing nets falls far short of that level of durability (耐用).

To deal with that problem, Samsung last summer teamed up with two partners: one to collect and transform the nets into tiny nylon pellets (颗粒) while the other to strengthen their toughness and durability. The end result: The partners hit upon an eco-friendly and high-performance plastic material that’s being used to build the component parts for its latest line of products. For example, two parts of the Galaxy S22 mobile phone—the key bracket and the inner cover—are made of these fishing-net plastic materials. Samsung aims to use even more upcycled materials in future product lines.

“That’s the hope for the globe and our mission,” Rathore smiles.

1. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Rubbish in the sea.	B．Recycling the deadly nets.
C．Ocean species’ extinction.	D．Ghost nets’ threat to sea life.

2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．The low level of durability of nylon.	B．The second act of waste fishing nets.
C．The great difficulty in reusing ghost nets.	D．The positive comment on Samsung’s products.

3. What is special about Samsung’s new Galaxy products?

A．They are made from tiny nylon pellets.	B．They put an end to the problem of fishing nets.
C．They can stand up to water and severe weather.	D．They contain materials recycled from ghost nets.

4. What can we learn about Rathore’s work?

A．It makes plastic easier to break down.	B．It marks the shift of Samsung’s mission.
C．It protects the planet from choking on plastic.	D．It raises public awareness of ocean exploration.

5 . With its first public appearance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, rock climbing, the once less popular sport, is set to reach new heights. Yet its popularity is raising questions about the damaging environmental effects of climbing chalk—an essential climbing tool.

Made from magnesium carbonate (碳酸镁), which occurs in nature as the mineral magnesite, climbing chalk is used to improve climbers’ grip(紧握)on rocks. However, the resulting chalk marks have become so bad in the United States that parks are beginning to restrict its use. Utah’s Arches National Park allows only colored chalk that mostly matches rocks, while Colorado’s Kent Mountain Adventure Center bans all chalk.

Beyond the visual pollution, new research suggests chalk may be harming the plants that grow on rocks. The latest study on the effects of climbing chalk found that it negatively impacted four plants living on rocks in laboratory settings.

However, Daniel Hepenstrick, a co-author of the study, emphasizes that his study is far from conclusive. Additional field research needs to be done to understand the full effects of climbing chalk. But that is easier said than done. The environmental impact of rock climbing, in general, isn’t well known. “Access is one limitation, as most scientists are not climbers. Even in accessible areas, the variable terrain(地形)itself can present a challenge to measuring climbing’s effects. It’s been difficult to find the mechanisms that are potentially impacting the sensitive cliff communities,” says ecologist Peter Clark.

Climbing groups such as Access Fund are taking a wait-and-see approach to Hepenstrick's report before making any policy adjustments. “It’s data for us,” says executive director Chris Winter. “If there is a conservation concern, we take that quite seriously.”

Until additional studies can be conducted, responsibility is mostly left to climbers, who “do care about nature,” says Hepenstrick, an occasional climber himself. “You could inform them that using climbing chalk in a certain way could have an impact, and they would take that in.”

1. Why does Utah’s Arches National Park restrict climbing chalk?

A．It leaves really bad-looking marks on rocks.

B．It makes rock climbing no longer challenging.

C．It harms four plant species that grow on rocks.

D．It causes over mining of the mineral magnesite.

2. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 refer to?

A．Understanding the variable terrain of cliffs for climbing,

B．Doing field research to measure climbing chalk’s impacts.

C．Revealing the living conditions of the cliff communities.

D．Informing the public of climbing chalk’s disadvantages.

3. How are climbing groups responding to Hepenstrick’s report?

A．They want stronger evidence about it.

B．They are gradually changing their policies.

C．They've expressed deep concern about it.

D．They've decided to use more colored chalk.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Climbers can help scientists do scientific research

B．Rock climbing’s popularity raises some concerns

C．Climb the highest mountain, one step at a time

D．The Olympics make rock climbing reach new heights

8 . A new unnamed species of crocodile (鳄鱼) indigenous to Australia has been found in the middle of the outback. The species of crocodile presently on extinction, belonging to the Baru crocodile, is new to experts despite the fact that the animal wandered around the Australian continent 25 million years ago.

Adam Yates, senior leader of earth sciences, said that Australia’s suitable instance of the crocodile’s bone was discovered in 2009 at the site of Alcoota Fossil which is eight million years old and is 200 kilometers north-east of Alice Springs, Australia. Dr. Yates revealed that other specimens (样本) had been discovered before. He said, “This specific specimen is one of the last of its kind. It is the nicest and the bone of the Baru crocodile is the most complete among all that have ever been discovered so far.” Thanks to the bone’s condition, Dr. Yates said that it would turn into the name-bearing specimen or what he referred to as “the holotype (正模标本)” of the new species.

Dr. Yates revealed that the modern Australian crocodile is known for being ancient and fixed, but that is not really true. “The current Australian crocodiles are truly new arrivals on the Australian continent. They are part of the genus Crocodylus, which likely has its origins in Africa,” he said. “This species of crocodile immigrated and conquered Australia just a few million years ago. However, Australia’s main native crocodiles, like this one, have totally gone extinct,” he continued.

Dr. Yates also revealed that the size of this Baru crocodile can be compared to a recent saltwater crocodile; however, due to the fact that the bone is strong, it would have had more weight. He said it is likely that it weighed more than a saltwater crocodile of an equal length. So they are looking towards many hundreds of kilos. Studying the details of the bone will bring hints not only to the altering state of Australia’s environment from ancient times till now, but also to how this specific crocodile varies from other species that are known.

He also said they have to get down to the details of its structure and make a demonstration on why the structure of this one is sort of different from all the other species of ancient crocodile from Australia that are known.

Dr. Yates said the size of the bone shows that the animal was very powerful. “Its actually powerfully built heavy, thick, deep jaws, and really large teeth all imply that this was a crocodile that specifically takes megafauna (巨型动物),” he said. He added that modern crocodiles mostly survive on small prey and small fish. This guy didn’t survive on small things. Dr. Yates said modern saltwater crocodiles also had the ability of taking larger animals.

1. What’s special about the new specimen?

A．It was rare in Australia.	B．Its bone is well-preserved.
C．It is the first specimen of a new species.	D．Its name was given by a famous scientist.

2. What can be inferred from the finding of Australian crocodiles?

A．They are quite ancient and fixed.

B．They are threatened with extinction.

C．They may have their origins in Africa.

D．They have better adaptability on the Australian continent.

3. What’s the significance of studying the new specimen?

A．Finding out the cause of its disappearance.

B．Helping the saltwater crocodile to live better.

C．Restoring the whole picture of this type of crocodile.

D．Learning about the change of the environment in Australia.

4. What does the text mainly talk about?

A．The evolution of Australian crocodiles.

B．A study about the oldest crocodiles in Africa.

C．A newly-discovered crocodile specimen in Australia.

D．The difference between native Australian crocodiles and African ones

9 . No doubt that humans have widely changed, developed, and exploited (开发) much of the natural world for our own ends. But how much of the land surface remains free of our often-harmful influence?

In a new study, scientists compared figures from four different sets of data using different kinds of methods and classification (分类) systems to answer this question. On average, the researchers say roughly half (48 to 56 percent) of the world’s land shows “low” influence of humans. While the figures may inspire many—stressing the vast expanse of significantly untouched lands that can still be protected through conservation measures—the study also shows just how much of the Earth has already been occupied and used by humans.

In fact, only about a quarter (20 to 34 percent) of the planet’s ice-free land surface shows “very low” signs of human influence, the researchers say, and the parts of the planet that we have left alone up until now constitute (构成) some of the least livable places on Earth. In other words, whether through urbanization, forestry, agriculture or other means, humans have applied the most influence on biodiverse land that presented ripe and easy opportunities for immediate human needs; in contrast, roasting deserts in the world’s hottest places, or frozen wastelands in its coldest spots, have been ignored.

Even so, the researchers say the results shown here give us a strong, clear marker that we can use to help structure existing and future conservation efforts by preventing disturbance on existing low influenced areas, meanwhile, recovering areas for conservation in land that has already been exploited too much.

“The encouraging takeaway from this study is that if we act quickly and decisively (果断地), there is a slim window in which we can still conserve roughly half of the Earth’s land in a relatively untouched state,” says biologist and lead author of the study, Jason Riggio.

There’s a chance, right now, to draw a line in the sand, and say “no more”.

1. Why was the new study carried out?

A．To find out why humans exploit nature.

B．To figure out the land free from human influence.

C．To prove humans are harmful to nature.

D．To clarify the Earth is not occupied by humans completely.

2. Which places are influenced most by humans?

A．Woodless lands.	B．Ice-free lands.
C．Places with biodiversity.	D．Places with warmth.

3. What can we do based on the research?

A．Make use of the unlivable area through different means.

B．Remove the influence on the previous disturbed area.

C．Attempt to have no bad effect on the “untouched” land.

D．Reconstruct the overexploited land with forest and agriculture.

4. What’s the writer’s attitude towards the untouched land?

A．It should be urbanized immediately.	B．It should be covered with plants.
C．It should be free from humans and animals.	D．It should be undisturbed and preserved.

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Beijing is a city that straddles(跨越)the divide between the ancient and the modern. It is home     1     more than 3,000 years of fascinating history, and a place     2     fully embraces the fast-paced development of modern life, with high-rise 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with cultural relics of the past.

This integration of styles     3     (be) strikingly typical at Zhihua Temple, built in 1444 during the rule of emperor Zhengtong. Though much smaller now than at its peak of 20,000 square meters, the temple is a somewhat     4     (hide) treasure.

    5     (remarkable), the temple museum offers a collection of remains and statues. You might even forget you’re in the 2lst century, if not for the smooth curve of the modern Galaxy Soho building looming over the mythical beasts(神兽)seated on the ridges(屋脊)of the temple roofs.

Yet     6     they belong to completely different     7     (era),   appearances and purposes, they are both equally representative of this city. Seeing the two together is a perfect example of the idea of how respecting our history, while still     8     (look)to the future, can create a truly unique cityscape.

The development of this city, which is carefully designed     9     (protect)the past while embracing the modern world,    10     (mean)there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years and still not have scratched the surface, which is part of its beauty.