2 . What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word “culture”？ Do you think of different groups of people across the world with various ____and clothing? What about animals?

Sam Williams,executive director of the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉）Recovery Network in Costa Rica, helps to ___the impact of the decline of macaw populations by taking birds that were born____and releasing them into the wild. But this process is very___

＂In a cage,you can't____them to know where,when and how to find that food, or about trees with good nest sites," Williams told ecologist and writer Carl Safina for the Guardian. In the wild, the parents would be the ones to teach them this important __

This type of knowledge is known as cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge can be___ from the older generation to the newer one. For many species,cultural knowledge is necessary for ___

Culture helps animals to____different habitats.For example,some crows(乌鸦）have learned to put nuts in the middle of the road for cars to drive over. And in other areas, they have learned to do this at intersections so they can____get the food when the cars stop at red lights.

Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity, using different tools,taking different____routes and using different socializing methods.

These traditions can especially be seen in chimpanzee communities. Cat Hobaiter,who studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:"It's not just the____of populations of chimps that worries me.I find____the possibility of losing each population's unique culture. That's permanent.”

Culture isn't just for____.Culture is also an important part of life in the wild from using tools to____.

3 . It was the day before Thanksgiving and Kaleb Benham was wandering outside his home. His 90-pound dog, Buddy, was _________ nearby, doing what dogs do: getting into _________. Only this time, Buddy was getting into a real trouble.

The unmistakable _________ that no one wants to hear alone in the woods caught Benham’s _________. It was the deep roar of a bear. Benham _________ around to see the beast, which weighed around 350 pounds, 100 feet away. _________ the bear seized Buddy’s head and started dragging him away.

Benham, aged 24, chased after them. “_________,” he told CBS 13, “the only thing I could think of was ‘save Buddy.’” With extraordinary _________, he dashed and struck the bear. But it even _________ its grip (掌握) on Buddy. Benham tried prying open its mouth, but the jaw was ____________ tight. Finally, Benham turned to street fighting. It ____________. The bear dropped the dog and ran off into the woods.

Buddy was badly ____________. “My first thought was that I was going to lose him,” Benham said. He ____________ him to a nearby vet (兽医). Buddy’s ____________ took nearly four hours. Benham was ____________ to watch the process through a window as Buddy was operated on.

This was the second time Benham had rescued Buddy, says CBS13.

4 . Ten cats and six dogs in W-Underdogs are safe thanks to the quick thinking of Keith Walker, a homeless man in Atlanta. Seeing a home burning, he called the fire department, and then _______ to save the dogs and cats.

Founded about six years ago, W-Underdogs is a community group _______ dogs and cats. Volunteers in the group _______ dog food to people who can’t always afford to buy it, _______ pets without owners, and provide _______ at times. Walker, 53, has been homeless for 40 years. He helps the group with odd (零散的) jobs, but since news of his brave _______ has surfaced, the group has received large quantities of _______ about how they can help. Go Fund Me _______ have been set up to financially (资金上) support Walker and W-Underdogs, which lost so much in the fire.

“Fortunately, they’re all safe now and lots of volunteers are walking them and loving them,” says dog trainer Victoria. “It’s a small but _______ job. We do the work in communities that is very ________. But people have been so unbelievably generous with their time and ________ blankets and helping us with W-Underdogs.”

Dozens of people left ________ online, but one summed everything up so well:

“I read about Keith’s heroism and it was possibly the best story for me. We all have problems, troubles and difficulties fitting in. But the pure ________ of this man is undeniable (不可否认的). ________ and people need someone like him to simply exist because his love matters. Thank you for ________ the light in the world.”

6 . From the top of Mount Qomolangma to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, plastic continues to pollute our environment, and it poses a significant threat to all life forms on Earth. _________ knowing the ecological, eco-toxicological, and economic effects of plastic pollution, we have not been able to forbid the use of plastic products. Now, _________ the invention of a 17-year-old girl, we finally have a much better alternative. This plastic-like material is made from prawn shells(虾壳), and it divides 1.5 million times faster than most of _________ plastic products we use today.

She extracted the carbohydrate called “chitin” from the shells and used chemical change to turn it into chitosan(基糖). She then mixed it with an insoluble protein called “fibroin”, which is found in silk cocoons. Using the _________ of these two organic materials, Arora created a plastic-like material that _________ completely within just 33 days. Moreover this plastic _________ nitrogen(氮) when dividing, which is why it can be used as mulch or plant fertilizer.

In the 2018 Broken Hill Proprietary company(BHP) Billiton Foundation Science and Engineering Awards, Arora was awarded the Innovator to Market Award. She also gained international _________ through the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. Thousands of _________ students from over 81 nations participated in the competition, and Arora came in fourth for her creativity. She also won a comprehensive _________ to one of the best universities in the United States.

The 17-year-old, now a student of medicine, is on a search to __________ the usage of traditional plastic. She has produced the final prototype of her product, and it is ready to be produced commercially. However, before that happens, she has to __________ legal formalities(合法手续) such as patenting. She is also talking to supermarkets and __________ them to use her biodegradable plastic, which is insoluble, durable, and transparent. It can be used for all kinds of packaging, and the producing cost of the product is also __________ than most biodegradable products.

An __________ young woman, Angelina Arora wants to make a difference in the world, and she wants to encourage other young people, especially young women, to __________ their passion and make a positive difference however they can. Thus, women are now getting stronger and stronger.

7 . If you like to take a walk in the woods in the United States or you prefer to decorate a tree at Christmas, you should know that climate change is making both of those activities a lot more ___________.

Looking at two ___________ and economically important species - the Douglas fir and the Ponderosa pine -scientists found that fires and drought _____________ by climate change make new growth difficult, especially in low-elevation forests, according to a study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Some forests in four regions in California, Colorado, the Northern Rockies and the southwestern part of the United States have crossed ''a(n) ___________ climate tipping(转折)point for post-fire tree generation, '' the study says.

Climate conditions over the past 20 years have _____________ changes that would have taken decades or even centuries to ___________ across broad regions of the country. This is leading to the sudden _____________ of trees and making these lands increasingly unsuitable for tree regeneration.

''Climate changes is _____________ our forests now, not just in some distant future. Maybe in areas where there are really _____________ seed sources, there could be some trees, but it is becoming really hard to get these trees back due to climate change, '' said study co-author Kim Davis.

The problem probably won't get any better, as climate change is making intense wildfires much more ______________. Western foresters say there used to be a fire season. But devastating and ____________ fires have become a reality all year long. In 2018, fire cost California more than $9.05 billion, according to the USA insurance commissioner, the deadliest and most destructive wildfires season in the ________________ history.

A higher number of fires and low seed availability means a high probability that these trees in these regions won't come back, Davis said. This study ______________ on the driest and hottest areas of the Western forests, but researchers will next try to focus on how much will be impacted.

____________, there are some things people can do to ease some of this problem. Forest management plans that reduce high-severity burns can help. Increasingly, forest managers are considering allowing some fires to burn under more moderate conditions, Davis said, Forest ______________can also replant trees after fire, at least in the areas where climate conditions will allow.

9 . Last month, Koch went to make breakfast and found a(n) _________ guest using his pool. A large moose (驼鹿) was swimming in the deep end, _________ in the solar cover (太阳能覆盖膜).   

“I looked out in the backyard and there’s the moose absolutely panicked and _________, ” Koch told The Dodo.   “She stepped on the solar cover and put her _________ through it and she was _________ trying to get free. ”

Koch has noticed more wildlife around his home in Ottawa, but he had _________ seen an animal this impressive before. He _________ outside and pulled the solar cover off the _________ moose, who continued paddling _________ the pool, proving to be a surprisingly skilled swimmer.   

The wild moose seemed to be having trouble finding her way out of the pool, so Koch called the police and wildlife services to see if they could __________ a hand. “She looked so pitifully sad out there that my wife said, ‘I want to give her a __________. ’”

Workers from wildlife services intended that they would get her to a safer spot, but they couldn’t __________ it until she was out of the water. “The best thing that happened was that after 3. 5 hours she climbed out of the shallow end and __________ the fence,” Koch said.   

The moose __________ unscratched, but the same can’t be said for Koch’s pool — which now has two hoof-sized holes in the __________.   

10 . When I first came to Rochester from Austin, Texas — a place where fall is practically non-existent — I was excited for a real northern fall. But, I wasn’t _________ it to feel like Christmas in October.

Regardless of this _________, and the adjustment period that I’m not entirely sure I’m _________, I am thankful to be somewhere that has a _________ fall. By “real” I _________ a distinctive season, a(n) _________ in the weather and a visual changing of the world around me. The leaves _________ colors, it rains more often, the air is almost always _________ and dry, and a light breeze _________ me to walk a bit faster to get inside. Yes, it is more difficult to be __________ outside in a Rochester fall — where it isn’t just “less hot” but __________, fairly cold. But, I would argue that time spent outside in this season could be more __________ than in the summer.

Everyone __________ that fall is about change — I won’t argue against that. Things do __________ in the fall — the weather is __________ becoming worse and worse, the dying leaves become warmly colored, and __________ you know it, we’ll be back to having only eight hours of sunlight a day.

This oncoming change is why I think it is so important to __________ fall. Fall is not just about the __________ of change, but also appreciating what will soon be __________. Go __________ this fall. Enjoy the leaves not because they are turning beautiful deep shades of orange and red, but because there will soon be no leaves in those branches at all.