1 . It is easy to be doubtful about announcements of drugs that claim to slow the progress of Alzheimers, the most common form of dementia (痴呆). A new drug called Lecanemab, however, may be the real deal. Results of a clinical trial, conducted by its makers, Eisai, of Tokyo, and Biogen, of Cambridge Massachusetts, have just been announced in the New England Journal of Medicine(November; 2022). After18 months, it had slowed the progress of symptoms by a quarter.

The trial involved 1795 participants who were in the early stages of the illness. Half received the drug. The others, a placebo(安慰剂). It showed two things. One was the modest but measurable slowing of progression. The other was that an explanation of Alzheimers called the Amyloid Hypothesis(淀粉样蛋白假说) seems correct.

Amyloid is a protein which accumulates in parts of the brains of those with Alzheimers, which is an established sign of the illness. Lecanemab, containing a special antibody, is found to be able to attach itself to amyloid and then attracts immune-system cells to clear the protein away (and measurably did so in those receiving the drug).That suggests amyloid does indeed directly create problems associated with dementia and that Lecanemab can slow down the development of the disease.

This is a small first step. Some experts question whether the test used to show an improvement in symptoms is clinically meaningful because amyloid can be detected only with the help of a piece of expensive equipment, which is not something that can easily be turned into a routine program. Moreover, Lecanemab also caused swelling and bleeding of the brain in a number of participants. Now that the new drug has been shown to work, it can be followed up with further tests. Hope for more good news soon.

1. What can be learned from the first two paragraphs?

A．The public shows confidence in new drugs for Alzheimers.

B．All participants didn’t receive the new drug.

C．The new drug had an obvious effect on the participants.

D．It took 18 months to make the new drug.

2. The author explains the effectiveness of the new drug by _______.

A．illustrating how the drug interacts with amyloid in body

B．describing how immune-system works in detail

C．making comparisons between two groups of participants

D．quoting the comments of other scientists

3. Which of the following is a drawback of the new drug?

A．It can’t be accessed easily in daily treatment.

B．It can cause some side-effects.

C．It costs too much for ordinary families.

D．It needs to be further tested before its launch.

4. What does the author think of Lecanemab?

A．Reliable.	B．Groundbreaking
C．Promising	D．Risky.

2 . I have been volunteering for Tri-County Wildlife Care (TCWC) for 7 years. The job is emotionally demanding, and even more _________ for a migraines(偏头痛)sufferer．So why do l throw myself into it? Because at the most difficult time in my _________,saving wildlife saved me too.

I have had migraines for as long as I can remember. Sometimes it was a(n) _________to attend school. I would have to put my head _________ my desk to reduce the pain. So I chose to study at home. But being disconnected from the rest of the world made me feel _________.

“I can’t_________this anymore!” When Mum came to get me from the clinic, I nearly _________.

Then on our way back home, I _________a fallen nest. Two baby birds lay on the ground. Were they still alive? I _________closer. Thankfully they were__________! “You’re going to be okay,” I said to the birds. “I promise.”

The next day Mum and I __________took them to a wildlife care center. For the first time in a long time, I felt helpful instead of helpless. It was as if the baby birds' __________for me was stronger than my pain. I did find something__________ to do.

Then I began volunteering for TCWC. Every time I hold a bird in my hands, I feel a sense of __________, because it brings me so much __________to help these homeless animals.

1.

A．puzzling

B．comforting

C．challenging

D．interesting

2.

A．training

B．work

C．study

D．life

3.

A．honour

B．adventure

C．struggle

D．commitment

4.

A．into

B．against

C．above

D．over

5.

A．useless

B．clumsy

C．shallow

D．fearless

6.

A．stand

B．own

C．follow

D．support

7.

A．threw up

B．broke down

C．set out

D．turned back

8.

A．took

B．caught

C．destroyed

D．spotted

9.

A．jumped

B．drove

C．walked

D．flew

10.

A．singing

B．breathing

C．recovering

D．waiting

11.

A．gratefully

B．carefully

C．modestly

D．frequently

12.

A．need

B．lack

C．search

D．love

13.

A．necessary

B．creative

C．normal

D．meaningful

14.

A．victory

B．regret

C．gratitude

D．guilt

15.

A．trust

B．justice

C．imagination

D．joy

3 . While some critics claim that history curricula (课程) teach unnecessary content, others argue that these curricula need to be more comprehensive. Despite ongoing debates about content, one universal truth remains: strong history curricula are necessary for developing the productive citizens of tomorrow.

The greatest academic value that history curricula provide is not the recall of important dates and names. Rather, understanding the historical inquiry process is the most important component. This process teaches students how to become critical thinkers and understand the dynamic nature of the telling of history.

Through strong history curricula, students are shown both a variety of primary and secondary sources and are taught to critique them. This is where the historical inquiry process begins. Students not only begin to analyze and ask questions about the content, but they also learn about the author’s credibility and potential bias (偏见). Students are then able to contextualize the information they learn and can think more critically about historical con text and those who tell it.

With this framework, students can then understand the causal relationship between human nature, values, philosophy, actions, and their consequences. It teaches students to recognize recurrent themes and lessons that are necessary to understand modern society. Most importantly, it teaches students to develop a healthy skepticism (怀疑论) when presented with information today because our actions are history in the making.

Forty years ago, renowned scholar James Fitzgerald argued that no education is complete without the teaching of historical inquiry. He believed that the only way to move forward in life is to understand what’s behind us.

Today, this principle still holds true. Students take both the factual knowledge and the historical inquiry skills they learn in the classroom and apply them to real world circumstances. Throughout their lives, students who are taught with strong history curricula will take the lessons they learn from our predecessors and become involved, active, productive citizens who want to create a history that tomorrow’s students will be proud to learn about.

1. What is the biggest academic significance of history learning?

A．Passing down Chinese culture.	B．Grasping historical inquiry skills.
C．Making people more knowledgeable.	D．Enriching people’s everyday life.

2. What does the underlined word “critique”   in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．Protect.

B．Combine.

C．Comment.

D．Remember.

3. Why is James Fitzgerald mentioned in the passage?

A．To stress the importance of history.

B．To point out the essence of education.

C．To indicate famous people learn from history.

D．To show history contributes to people’s achievements.

4. What can be the best title for the passage?

A．It Is the People that Create History

B．History Pushes the Wheel of the Times

C．History Curricula Are Gaining More Attention

D．History Curricula Shape Tomorrow’s Decision Makers

4 . Writer’s Digest Annual Writing Competition

Writer’s Digest has been shining a spotlight on up and coming writers in all genres (体裁) through its Annual Writing Competition for more than 80 years. Enter our 89th Annual Writing Competition for your chance to win and have your work be seen by editors and agents!

Prizes

·One Grand Prize winner will receive:

$5.000 in cash and an interview with them in Writer's Digest (Nov/ Dec 2022 issue) and on Writers Digest. com. A paid trip to the Writer’s Digest Annual Conference, including special recognition at the keynote.

·All top winners will receive:

Their names and the title of their winning piece listed in Writer’s Digest and on Writers Digest. com

A one-year subscription (new or renewal) to Writer’s Digest magazine

A one year subscription to Writer’s Digest Tutorials

20% discount off of purchases made at Writer’s Digest University

Pricing and Deadlines

·Early-Bird Deadline: May 6, 2022

Poetry entry — $20 for the first entry; $15 for each additional poetry entry.

Manuscript entry — $ 30 for the first entry; $25 for each additional manuscript entry.

·Regular Deadline: June 6, 2022

Poetry entry — $ 25 for the first entry; $20 for each additional poetry entry.

Manuscript entry — $35 for the first entry; $30 for each additional manuscript entry.

Preparing your entry

·Please submit text only; illustrations are not accepted.

·Cover pages are optional; titles are not requested or necessary.

·Word counts are not to include entry title.

·Accepted file formal: pdf. Do not attach zipped files, or documents stored on the web.

How to Enter

Create your free Submittable account by clicking the SUBMIT button. If you already have a Submittable account, simply log in!

1. What will all top winners receive?

A．Their winning piece published in Writer’s Digest.

B．A paid trip to the Writer’s Digest Annual Conference.

C．Free permenant subscription to Writer’s Digest magazine.

D．Purchases at a 20% discount at Writer’s Digest University.

2. If someone submits two manuscript entries on May 22nd, how much should he pay?

A．$65.

B．$55.

C．$45.

D．$35

3. Which of the following must be submitted in an entry?

A．Titles.

B．Cover pages.

C．Texts in pdf.

D．Illustrations.

6 . Do you want to see majestic lions roaring, rare rhinos running and colorful birds flying? You’ll find this incredible display of nature in the Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley.

First stop

Fly into Nairobi, the capital of Kenya. This great city is known for its fashion markets and beautiful art. And be sure to pick up some rich Kenyan coffee while you’re there! Then head for the countryside.

Plan your trip

The largest of the three lakes in the system, Lake Nakuru, is less than 175 kilometers from Nairobi. But Lakes Bogoria and Elementaita are equally worth a visit. You can stay at one of several choices of luxurious cabins in the valley. And if you sign up for a trip, be sure to put flamingos, the white and pink birds, at the top of your list.

Paradise

The Kenya Lake System is shallow and alkaline (碱性的). That means it supports vegetation such as green algae, a food source for many waterfowl. Hundreds of species of birds flourish here, using this area as a major breeding and nesting ground. Water buffalo, leopards, monkeys and the endangered Rothschild giraffe also make this area their home.

Other sights

Wildlife isn’t the only natural wonder in the Great Rift Valley. The valley marks a place where the earth is divided far below the surface. This rock separation below ground leads to noticeable features above ground. Walking around Lake Bogoria especially, you will see steam rising from hot springs.

Other activities include golfing, horseback riding and hiking. The fun doesn’t stop when the sun goes down, either. The river valley is far from city lights, so many visitors gaze at the stars shining above.

If you are ready for a wildlife experience, don’t hesitate!

1. Where can you buy fashionable gifts in Kenya?

A．Nairobi.

B．Lake Nakuru.

C．Lake Bogoria.

D．Lake Elementaita.

2. Which should be the first choice on your travelling list?

A．Living in a cabin.	B．Seeing flamingos.
C．Visiting hot springs.	D．Gazing at shining stars.

3. What can we learn about the Kenya Lake System?

A．It has countless lakes worth visiting.	B．It’s an ideal place for wildlife to live.
C．Its water is unsuitable for plant growth.	D．It’s famous for rich culture and history.

7 . Machine learning sees reasoning as a categorization task with a fixed set of predetermined labels. It views the world as a fixed space of possibilities, calculating and weighing them all. This approach, of course, has achieved notable successes when applied to stable and well-defined situations such as chess or computer games. When such conditions are absent, however, machines struggle.

In 2008, Google launched Flu Trends, a web service that aimed to predict flu-related doctor visits using big data. The project, however, failed to predict the 2009 HINI flu outbreak. After several unsuccessful adjustments to its algorithm (算法), Google finally stopped the project in2015.

In such unstable situations, the human brain behaves differently. Sometimes, it simply forgets. Instead of getting trapped in irrelevant data, it relies only on the most recent information and makes creative decisions. This is a feature called intelligent forgetting. Adopting this approach, an algorithm that relies on a single data point would have reduced Google Flu Trends' prediction error by half.

Intelligent forgetting is just one dimension of psychological AI, an approach to machine intelligence that also includes other features of human intelligence such as causal reasoning, intuitive (直觉) psychology, and physics. Soon, this approach to Al will finally be recognized as fundamental for solving poorly-defined problems. Exploring these amazing features of the human brain will finally allow us to make machine learning smart.

One feature of psychological Al is that it is explainable. Until recently, researchers assumed that the more transparent an AI system was, the less accurate its predictions were. This mirrored the widespread but incorrect belief that complex problems always need complex solutions. Now, this idea will be laid to rest. As the case of flu predictions illustrates, powerful and simple psychological algorithms can often give more accurate predictions than complex algorithms. Psychological AI opens up a new vision for explainable AI: Instead of trying to explain complex systems, we can check first if psychological Al offers a simple and equally accurate solution.

Without the help of human psychology, it will become clearer that the application of this type of machine learning to unstable situations eventually runs up against impassable limitations. We will finally recognize that more computing power makes machines faster. Not smarter.

1. Why is Flu Trends mentioned?

A．To clarify a concept.	B．To tell the serious outbreak.
C．To support the author's idea.	D．To provide readers with the truth.

2. What is the advantage of human brain according to the passage?

A．It can think outside the box.	B．It can avoid unclear problems.
C．It is capable of learning over time.	D．It is good at following instructions.

3. Which has the similar meaning with the underlined word “transparent” in paragraph 5?

A．Similar.

B．Unique.

C．Complete.

D．Clear.

4. What does the author intend to tell us?

A．AI speeds up the computing greatly.

B．Psychological Al can make smarter AI.

C．AI system works well in stable situations.

D．AI will outperform the human brain someday.

8 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文、

I had always prided myself on my sharp tongue and brilliant response whether in class debates or casual arguments. Thus, when I was selected to represent the school in the national debate series, I was naturally extremely confident of myself.

All the members in my team were good speakers. We had an experienced teacher who trained us well. But I was undoubtedly the most outstanding speaker. In each of the rounds that I debated in, all the judges selected me as the best one. This meant that my confidence was the highest by the time we found ourselves with one week to train before the finals. I had every reason to believe that I would be voted the best speaker for the debate series.

I began to be self-important about the whole business and started behaving that way with my team-mates. I would laugh at Eton’s poor debating style. I would complain of Vivian’s slow response. I saw myself as the natural debater who would be disappointed by their bad performance.

As the finals drew near, I became more and more dissatisfied with my team. I began missing practices. My teacher was worried. My teammates were panicked. However, they had no choice but to rely on me to win the finals. Even if they would love to remove me from the team they could not because there was no replacement good enough.

The day of the finals finally came. I was very excited that I was able to finally show off my debating skills. Everyone was expecting my performance.They knew that I was praised to be the one most likely to win the best speaker for the debate series.

注意：
1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式在相应位置作答。
Paragraph1:

But the reality was not something that I had ever imagined.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:

Suddenly,a comforting hand from behind held mine.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Willie’s 11th birthday was coming. His aunt sent him a birthday present—a small nice notebook. There was a place in it for a pencil. Willie valued it a lot and always kept it in his pocket. When he found something interesting, he would write it down in the book.

One afternoon, after Willie came back from school, he called his best friend, Caper, a well-trained shepherd dog and said, “Come, Caper! Let’s go out and have fun.” They went to the pasture field (牧场) to catch the butterflies and there they found a shaft (通风井), which seemed to be deserted for a long time. Willie sat down on the edge of the shaft, bending over to see how deep it was. Suddenly, he lost his balance and fell in. “Help! Help!” Willie called desperately. But no response at all. He was so far away from the house. He made several attempts to climb up the shaft but again he failed! Now Willie was exhausted and frustrated. When Caper saw his master falling into the shaft, the little good companion ran round and round, reaching down and trying to pull him out. Unfortunately, a piece of rock gave way under his feet, and he fell in the shaft too!

It was getting dark. When Willie’s mother, Mrs. Lee came back from work and found there was no one at home, she was anxious and worried. Without any clue at home, she decided to look for Willie outside. She went to all the trees under which Willie was in the habit of playing, but he was nowhere to be found. By this time, the sun had gone down. A feeling of panic took hold of Mrs. Lee. She comforted herself that Willie might have come back. She rushed back, hoping to find her son at home.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

She found Caper sitting in front of the door, with a notebook in his mouth.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Willie told Mum how he came up with the idea after he was successfully rescued.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________