1 . It’s breathtaking to watch the delicate spring wildflowers come out from their blanket of leaves, bloom, develop and disperse (传播) fruit, all in a matter of a few short days or weeks.
Although they look fragile, these are tough little plants, each focusing its efforts on spreading its species. They have evolved to have a wide range of flower structures and colors, some with fragrances, attracting many different insect species to assist them in pollination (授粉).
There is one strategy that a surprising number of spring blooming native plants have evolved in common: seed dispersal by ants. As many as thirty percent of the spring flowering plant species in the forests of eastern North America have evolved to take advantage of this situation to benefit themselves. These species have evolved to provide food attached to their seeds to encourage ants to disperse those seeds. This food, called an elaiosome (油质体), is a specialized fat body whose chemical composition more closely matches that of the insects that ants prefer than it does that of a seed.
When a fruit opens to disperse its seeds, the elaiosomes are an instant attraction for ants. They take the seed with its attached elaiosome back to their nests for consumption there, but they just eat the elaiosome, their preferred food, and dispose of the seed on their trash pile. This tends to be an environment that is rich in nutrients, and will benefit the growth of the new plant. Just to make sure the ants don’t eat the seeds in addition to the elaiosome, some plant species have hard seed coatings that ants can’t really bite through.
This evolutionary adaptation is somewhat similar to the strategy of plants that have evolved to surround their seeds with fleshy fruits to attract birds to assist them with seed dispersal. Given the fact that there are fewer birds available in early spring to help with seed dispersal, it makes sense that the early blooming plants evolved to partner instead with the ants for this service.
Did you ever wonder how your Spring Beauty managed to pop up in new locations in your lawn or garden? Thank an ant!
1. What’s the ultimate purpose of the evolution of wildflowers according to the text?A.To attract insects. | B.To progress blooming. |
C.To produce elaiosome. | D.To spread their species. |
A.It’s hard to digest. | B.It’s impossible for ants to resist. |
C.It makes the earth rich in nutrients. | D.It’s often thrown into the trash pile. |
A.Ants are creative and hardworking. | B.Ants are better at dispersing than birds. |
C.The birds in the early spring are not enough. | D.The birds are not interested in their fleshy fruits. |
A.Thank Ants for Wildflowers | B.Wildflowers Discover Their Treasures |
C.New Species of Wildflowers are Found | D.Ants Are Superheroes Protecting Environment |
2 . From canned tomatoes to frozen pizzas, processed foods have become a regular part of our diet. We’ve gained time and energy as a result of processed foods.
Processed foods are designed to make you overeat.
Processed foods often contain artificial ingredients. If you’re looking at the label on a box of your favorite junk food, there are probably a bunch of ingredients that you can barely pronounce.
Many processed foods are high in carbohydrates (碳水化合物) and low in nutrients and fiber. Not all carbohydrates are bad, but processed foods are often packed with refined carbohydrates. They can cause your blood sugar to increase very quickly. On top of that, processed foods are typically much lower in nutrients and the fiber is often removed.
A.Processed foods may raise your health risk. |
B.Some processed foods aren’t bad for you at all. |
C.All processed foods are loaded with added sugar and fat. |
D.At the same time, we have also gained a host of health issues. |
E.In fact, your body just needs the two substances to digest food properly. |
F.In this case, there are man-made colors, flavors, and additives in your food. |
G.Studies show the “reward system” in our brain can allow us to consume more. |
3 . The traditional handwritten “thank you” letter is no longer the most popular way to express gratitude, with digital methods such as instant messages and emails favored instead, according to a recent research.
A survey of 2,000 adults finds just 9 percent send a letter of thanks nowadays—a decline of 11 percent in the past ten years—while messages via WhatsApp, SMS text, email and Facebook, have become some of the most common ways to show appreciation.
Despite this, handwritten notes of gratitude are in fact considered to be among the top most meaningful ways to say thank you—close behind heartfelt phone calls and visiting someone to show appreciation in person. Further highlighting the influence of the personal touch, the M&S Club Rewards research finds hand-delivering flowers or treating someone to a coffee are also among the truest ways to show thanks.
The research also finds 58 percent think it is more essential than ever to say thank you to loved ones, with 28 percent admitting the last couple of years have helped them appreciate the little things. And 29 percent think it’s really necessary to show others just how much they mean to them so they realize how loved they are.
However, in our digital age—and with all these new and simple ways to communicate and show our gratitude—saying a quick thank-you via instant message has become the habit for many. But if you really want to share a meaningful thank-you, giving someone your time or adding an element of a personal or more human touch will go a long way and have a much bigger impact.
Paul Stokes, from M&S Club Rewards, says: “Our research shows that while the art of saying thank you may have changed over the years, the significance of showing our appreciation has never been higher.”
Over the last few years, we have had to come together and support each other perhaps more than ever, so it’s great to see so many of us are taking the time to share a thank-you.
1. What was the percentage of traditional letters of thanks a decade ago?A.20%. | B.11%. | C.9%. | D.2%. |
A.The change in contents. | B.The similarity in surveys. |
C.The advantage of thank-you letters. | D.The popularity of digital methods. |
A.By sending more instant messages. | B.By saying more thanks to the beloved. |
C.By bringing in more personal touches. | D.By delivering each other more gratitude. |
A.Their research is a great breakthrough. |
B.The influence of art is beyond expectation. |
C.There are many ways to express our appreciation. |
D.Showing our thanks is more important than ever before. |
1. What do we know about FLVS?
A.It is a public school. | B.Its teachers are virtual. | C.It’s USA’s largest school. |
A.Cheap. | B.Flexible. | C.Academic. |
A.2. | B.3. | C.4. |
A.Prove he’s 18. | B.Pass an exam online. | C.Get parents’ permission. |
1. What does the woman think of the local train?
A.Crowded. | B.Cheap. | C.Fast. |
A.The local train. | B.The express train. | C.The through train. |
A.Coach. | B.Business class. | C.First class. |
A.Chicago. | B.New York. | C.Washington. |
1. How does the woman feel?
A.Surprised. | B.Nervous. | C.Curious. |
A.They had a dinner party. | B.They learnt how to cook. | C.They sold their old house. |
A.Send out invitations. | B.Make a meal plan. | C.Shop on Saturday. |
1. Why does the woman come to the man?
A.To have a reservation. | B.To make a complaint. | C.To cancel the event. |
A.Looking for Florence. | B.Doing some cleaning. | C.Sitting in the seats. |
8 . Recently, I took him for a classic English afternoon tea at The Ritz Hotel. The thought of showing him a piece of authentic British life excited me for weeks, so when we finally sat down in the Ritz’s elegant tearoom, with the sound of a pianist in the background, I was thrilled.
I looked at the polished silver tea stand topped with finely cut sandwiches, freshly baked scones (烤饼), and mouthwatering pastries and teacakes. I was ready to dig in. Then I looked at Dad and a trace of nervousness flashed across his face. He carefully copied what I ate and how to use the knife and fork, and from time to time anxiously looked up at the waiter in his bow tie who was serving our table.
When we got to the scones, Dad took a big bite and remarked how delicious it was. He asked me to explain how the British eat scones, so I supplied him with details about the custom of breaking scones into small pieces, spreading cream and strawberry jam on top, before consuming each piece in one mouthful.
“Oh, why did you not tell me earlier?” Dad’s face turned red in embarrassment, suddenly realizing his mistake. For the rest of the scones session, he busied himself with neatly spreading the cream and jam like an obedient (听话的) child.
Suddenly, I felt a complex mixture of happiness, sadness and loneliness. Growing up, Dad was my hero, my mountain. I still remember flying into his arms after school at the kindergarten gate. Through the sound of his voice, I learned to feel and understand the world.
After moving to London alone, I have learned to achieve academic grades, found a job, and started a new life all by myself. But I did not fully realize how much I had grown up, until I saw how dependent Dad was on me in London. Although he is still a mountain in my heart, I realized I have in the meantime built a strong mountain of my own. And by being away from Dad’s protective wings I have come to understand more of myself and to find my own place in the world.
1. Why did the author take her father for a classic English afternoon tea?A.The food in the restaurant was delicious. |
B.She wanted her father to experience real British life. |
C.Her father was deeply attracted by the elegant tearoom. |
D.She intended to introduce an excellent restaurant to her father. |
A.Disappointed and painful. | B.Embarrassed and desperate. |
C.Nervous and cautious. | D.Sorrowful and helpless. |
A.She had a happy childhood. | B.She had achieved a lot in academic area. |
C.Her father was not her mountain any more. | D.She should be the person for her father to rely on. |
A.An eating experience changed a father. | B.Eating with Dad strengthened our relationship. |
C.Dining environment was vital for a restaurant. | D.Living alone enhanced a person’s independence. |
9 . Tickets are now on sale for Walt Disney World’s latest holiday event. Disney Jollywood Nights, abrand new holiday event, will run at Disney’s Hollywood Studios for 10 nights: Nov. 11, 18, 20, 27 and 29 and Dec. 4, 6, 16, 18 and 20. The after-hours holiday event officially runs from 8:30 p.m. to 12:30 a.m., but event guests are usually allowed to enter the park 90 minutes early.
What to expect from Disney Jollywood Nights?
A live holiday special hosted by Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy at Theater of the Stars
The return of the impressive nighttime firework show
A jazz bar at The Hollywood Brown Derby
An “other-worldly party” at The Hollywood Tower Hotel Courtyard
A “Latin street fair” along Commissary Lane
A “spirited sing-along” at Hyperion Theater
Exciting photo opportunities with Mickey Mouse and his friends
How much are tickets to Disney Jollywood Nights?
Ticket prices range from $159 to $179 for guests aged 3 and up. Please note that children youngerthan age 3 don’t need a ticket. Guests with tickets to this event don’t need a theme park reservation in orderto enter the park at 7 p.m. or later. If you plan to arrive earlier than 7 p.m., valid park admission as wellas a theme park reservation for Disney’s Hollywood Studios will be required.
Only a limited number of tickets are available for each night, and they are non-transferable (不可转让的), non-refundable and may not be resold.
1. What do we know about Disney Jollywood Nights?A.It is a newly returning event. |
B.It continues for 4 hours each night. |
C.It lasts for 10 days in a row. |
D.It requires guests to arrive in advance. |
A.Enjoy live jazz in a bar. |
B.Sing along at Theater of the Stars. |
C.Join a Latin street party. |
D.Take pictures with Mickey Mouse. |
A.$318. | B.$358. |
C.$477. | D.$537. |
10 . Blue light blocking (BLB) glasses are supposed to protect eyes from the effects of short-wave length light from our smartphones, computer screens and LED lights. Given how much time we spend on our devices, using this type of glasses sounds like a smart investment, right?
Elizabeth Esparaz, an eye specialist based in Cleveland, Ohio, says the science that producers share as they promote these glasses can be confusing and doubtful. Blue light is not just about tech devices, and it’s not always bad. “The sun produces much more blue light than human-made devices, and it’s actually advantageous,” says Dr. Esparaz. It helps our mood and sleep-wake cycle. The problem is blue light at night: It prevents the release of melatonin, a substance helping regulate our body and making us sleepy.
So, in theory, wearing BLB glasses should help people who watch movies in bed or read from a tablet at night avoid wakefulness. A review study from the University of Oklahoma that looked at 24 previous studies found that people affected by sleep disorders, jet lag (时差反应) and shift work dropped off to sleep faster after using these glasses. “So to some extent, these glasses are useful to some people,” saysDr. Esparaz. But the effectiveness is not wide and does not extend beyond certain cases.
As for eye strain (疲劳), a condition of the eyes usually caused by a long period of looking at screens, an Australian study showed that those wearing BLB glasses did not experience less eye strain than those using clear glasses. And another review study, also by Australian researchers, found inadequate evidence that BLB glasses could prevent serious eye problems.
“These glasses aren’t going to be harmful,” says Dr. Esparaz. But, she adds, they are maybe not as good as advertised and a lack of standardization in the industry means there’s no way to know if one pair is better than another.
1. What message does Dr. Esparaz convey in paragraph 2?A.Seeing is believing. |
B.Don’t judge a book by its cover. |
C.Every coin has two sides. |
D.One man’s meat is another man’s poison. |
A.People working long hours. |
B.People with poor sight. |
C.People watching the screen often. |
D.People with sleep problems. |
A.To explain the function of BLB glasses. |
B.To indicate the limitations of BLB glasses. |
C.To show the commonness of eye problems. |
D.To demonstrate the influence of blue light. |
A.Do BLB glasses really work? |
B.Why are BLB glasses popular? |
C.Is blue light a trouble maker? |
D.How do BLB glasses play a role? |