3 . Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity.

The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.

The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?

From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hate and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.

As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice.

1. What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness?

A．People should offer mercy to others.

B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive.

C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.

D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.

2. What does the example in Paragraph 3 illustrate?

A．To fight is to grow.	B．To give is to receive.
C．To forgive is to abuse.	D．To dominate is to harm.

3. What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness?

A．Favorable.

B．Reserved.

C．Objective.

D．Skeptical.

4. What message does the last paragraph convey?

A．Forgiveness is in our nature.	B．Forgiveness grows with time.
C．It takes practice to forgive.	D．Actuality is based on potentiality.

4 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. Where are the speakers probably?

A．On a game show.

B．In a spaceship.

C．In a bank.

2. Who was the first woman in space?

A．Anna Edison.

B．Sally K. Ride.

C．Valentina Tereshkova.

5 . 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1. What do we know about Mr Bannister?

A．He is new to the company.

B．He works on the trade deal.

C．He is not experienced enough.

2. Who do the speakers think is suitable for the position?

A．Mr Duncan.

B．Mrs Templeton.

C．Amelia.

6 . What are the speakers mainly discussing?

A．How customers could be best served.

B．What kind of stores can offer lower prices.

C．Whether online stores will replace high-street stores.

7 . How might the woman feel?

A．Uneasy.

B．Disappointed.

C．Unconcerned.

9 . It is William Shakespeare, the great coiner, who is given credit for the word. Coriolanus, one of his characters, compares going into exile (流放) to a “lonely dragon” retiring to his cave. He was talking about a physical state: someone who was lonely was simply alone. Then, thanks to the Romantic poets, the word took on emotional meanings. Loneliness became a condition of the soul. For William Wordsworth, who famously “wandered lonely as a cloud”, the natural world offered an escape from negative feelings of loneliness — a host of flowers could provide “cheerful company”. Today, loneliness is often seen as a serious public-health problem, creating the feeling of disconnection.

In his book Solitude, Netta Weinstein, a psychology professor wonders the rewards of time spent alone. He begins with an account of stories of solitude created by figures such as Michel Montaigne, a writer, and Edward Hopper, a painter. Netta then draw on laboratory work, interviews and surveys to clarify how being alone really affects the human mind.

It is common to treat loneliness and solitude as synonyms (同义词), but they are not. The author suggests that what is negatively described as one state can be positively expressed as the other. Loneliness, often perceived as negative, can potentially be transformed into a positive experience of solitude. To this end he emphasizes how being alone can help restore people and offers practical advice. In a noisy world, he argues, people should make time to be alone, away from attention-grabbing motives.

The book’s interviewees mostly regard a lack of company as a contributor to autonomy (自主). But this depends on whether solitude is desirable or not. Enforced solitude, such as that experienced by prisoners, typically leads to nothing but suffering. Elective solitude, by contrast, affords space for self-reflection. It can open the door to “peak experiences” such as wonder, harmony, and happiness. However, it is a pity that in a highly-connected digital age, many readers don’t like their chances of ever taking a long enough break to have such experiences.

1. How does paragraph 1 introduce the concept of loneliness?

A．By tracing its development.	B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making a point to be argued.	D．By sharing a romantic story.

2. What does Netta Weinstein’s book Solitude focus on?

A．The various terms of solitude.	B．The societal impact of solitude.
C．The long-standing history of solitude.	D．The psychological benefits of solitude.

3. Netta describes the state of loneliness as _______.

A．stressful

B．essential

C．changeable

D．harmful

4. What does Netta most probably agree with according to the last paragraph?

A．Enforced solitude is a matter of choice.

B．Enforced solitude contributes to autonomy.

C．Elective solitude is rare in the digital world.

D．Elective solitude interrupts peak experiences.

10 . Cathy Winston is a sports nutritionist. Among her regulars are athletes. Cathy thrives on the variety, with each new sport providing new challenges and a renewed appreciation of her chosen field of expertise. In her view, dealing with athletes from various sport backgrounds helps her become seasoned, which is a key part of being a successful nutritionist. “You have to understand nutrition and people, and then you can begin to work in this field,” she says. “Besides, in tennis you must learn to be reactive, because you don’t know how long the match lasts. However, it’s 90 minutes in football. So you know what you’re fueling for.”

Regardless of the sport, Cathy’s attitude remains the same any athlete failing to respect nutrition is one who is failing to fulfill their potential. It’s a key part of the training process. It’s not just something that you take casually. She advises her athletes to hold nutrition in the same regard as they do their most crucial bit of equipment. “Just as you wouldn’t forget to put your shin pads(护腿板)or your boots in your kit bag, don’t forget to put in your drinks and your snacks. That informs how well you train, because you can’t get out if you haven’t put in.”

Nutritionists are sometimes unfairly represented as militant(斗志昂扬的)types telling what athletes can and can’t eat. But Cathy insists that when to eat is more important than what. “It’s about when’s the right time to have it in,” she says. It’s a message that Cathy says can take a while to sink in. “A lot of boxers say, ‘but bananas make you fat, right?’, and there’s this inherent belief that we mustn’t eat those kinds of things. But it’s not about what to cut out. It’s about making sure that you’ve got the foundation right for health and performance. It’s that one size fits one. It’s what works for you. To be an excellent athlete, you really need to be an exceptional eater.”

1. What does Cathy think about her job?

A．It highly values experience and flexibility.

B．It mainly focuses on the duration of matches.

C．It merely needs to understand nutrition and people.

D．It hardly faces new challenges in every competition.

2. How does Cathy emphasize the importance of nutrition to athletes?

A．By telling a story.	B．By making a comparison.
C．By providing data.	D．By analyzing a phenomenon.

3. According to Cathy, what is a fundamental principle behind successful sports nutrition?

A．Focusing on the timing of the diet.	B．Increasing the variety of foods.
C．Following a strict and militant diet plan.	D．Cutting out specific foods from the diet.

4. What does the author intend to tell us?

A．A good eater is a great athlete.

B．Nutritionists act as unsung heroes behind athletes.

C．Nutrition determines the results in the competition.

D．Food is less important than skills in the sports field.