1．陈述写信目的；
2．表明个人优势；
3．展示自己的决心。
注意：
1．词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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2 . Think back to when you were in a maths classroom, and the teacher set a difficult problem. Which of the two following responses is closer to the way you reacted?
A: Oh no, this is too hard for me. I’m not even going to seriously try and work it out.
B: Ah, this is quite tricky, but I like to push myself. Even if I don’t get the answer right, maybe I’ll learn something in the attempt.
Early in her career, the psychologist Carol Dweck of Stanford University gave a group of ten-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. One group reacted positively and loved the challenge. She says they had a ‘growth mindset’ and are focused on what they can achieve in the future. But another group of children felt that their intelligence was being judged and they had failed. They had a ‘fixed mindset’ and were unable to imagine improving. Some of them looked for someone who had done worse than them to boost their self-esteem.
Professor Dweck believes that there is a problem in education at the moment. For years, children have been praised for their intelligence or talent, but this makes them vulnerable (脆弱的) to failure. They become performance-oriented, wanting to please by getting high grades, but they are not interested in learning for its own sake. The solution, according to Dweck, is to lead them to become mastery-oriented (i.e., interested in getting better at something). She claims that the ever-lasting effort over time is the key to outstanding achievement.
Psychologists have been testing these theories. Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation were exposed to growth mindset techniques for a year. The results were nothing less than incredible. They came top in regional tests, beating children from much more privileged backgrounds. These children had previously felt that making an effort was a sign of stupidity, but they came to see it as the key to learning.
1. What can we learn about a person if his answer is closer to “B”?| A．He is performance-oriented. |
| B．He tends to set limits to his life. |
| C．He enjoys the process and focuses on the future. |
| D．He boosts his self-esteem by comparing with others. |
| A．To reward children for their high grades. | B．To emphasize the importance of intelligence. |
| C．To ignore the result brought by failure. | D．To praise children for their engagement in the process. |
| A．Children showing no interest in learning. |
| B．Children who use fixed mindset techniques. |
| C．Children from much more privileged backgrounds. |
| D．Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation. |
| A．To distinguish growth mindset and fixed mindset. |
| B．To inform readers of the importance of growth mindset. |
| C．To show several psychological study results. |
| D．To point out a problem in education at the moment. |
1.本学期学习情况；
2.暑假计划和安排；
3.表达感谢。
注意：1.词数：100左右；
2.结束语已为你写好。
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Best wishes.
Yours,
假如你是李华，你校英语社团正在开展线上文化交流活动，现就“Cultural Symbols of Xinjiang(新疆文化标志)”这一话题在校内收集素材。请你完成一篇100词左右的文段写作，推荐一个你眼中的新疆文化标志，内容包括：
1．简要说明；
2．推荐理由。
注意：
1．词数100左右；
2．题目、首句和结尾已为你写好。
Cultural Symbols of Xinjiang
I’m Li Hua, from Class 1, Senior 3.
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I hope my idea can be taken. Thanks
1. 阐述与同学相处的重要性；2. 谈谈你与同学的相处方式。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯；
3. 短文题目已为你写好，不计入总词数。
How I Get Along With My Classmates
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1.见面地点； 2.交通方式； 3.其他活动。
注意：1．词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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7 . Revealing the source of Jupiter’s x-ray auroral flares
Abstract
Jupiter’s rapidly rotating, strong magnetic field provides a natural laboratory that is key to understanding the dynamics (动力学) of high-energy plasmas (等离子体). Spectacular auroral (极光的) X-ray flares (耀斑) are diagnostic of the most energetic processes governing magnetospheres but seemingly unique to Jupiter. Since their discovery 40 years ago, the processes that produce Jupiter’s X-ray flares have remained unknown. Here, we report simultaneous (同时的) in situ satellite and space-based telescope observations that reveal the processes that produce Jupiter’s X-ray flares, showing surprising similarities to terrestrial ion aurora. Planetary-scale electromagnetic waves are observed to modulate (调节) electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, periodically causing heavy ions to precipitate and produce Jupiter’s X-ray pulses. Our findings show that ion aurorae share common mechanisms across planetary systems, despite temporal, spatial, and energetic scales varying by orders of magnitude.
INTRODUCTION
Aurorae, observed from planetary polar regions across the solar system, are displays of light that are produced when energetic particles precipitate along magnetic field lines and transfer their energy to the atmosphere. Jupiter’s soft x-ray aurorae are produced by energetic [~ (MeV) (电子伏)] heavy ions (S and O), originally from the moon Io’s (木卫一的) volcanic activities. The dynamic X-ray emissions often pulse with a regular beat of a few tens of minutes. The spectacular quasi-periodic (准周期性的) auroral pulsations at Jupiter have also been observed in ultraviolet (UV), infrared, and radio emissions. The X-ray aurorae are predominately confined (主要局限于) to the region poleward of Jupiter’s main aurora, connecting to Jupiter’s outer magnetosphere via magnetic field lines. The mapping of the emissions leads to the suggestion that the particle precipitations were driven by magnetic reconnection. However, observations show that the x-ray pulsations last for several Jupiter days or longer, evidencing that the driver may not be a transient process like magnetic reconnection.
To date, 40 years after their discovery, the mechanisms that cause these X-ray aurorae remain unknown. Simultaneous measurements of the magnetospheric environment and the auroral emissions are critical to revealing their driving mechanisms. Here, we present observations of Jupiter’s unique x-ray aurorae with simultaneous in situ measurements from the magnetosphere. In this study, we reveal the physical driver for Jupiter’s pulsating x-ray emissions by analyzing simultaneous in situ measurements from Juno and remote spectroscopic imaging by XMM-Newton telescope (XMM，牛顿卫星) during 16 and 17 July 2017. XMM’s European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC-pn and MOS) instruments provided spatial, spectral, and timing data of Jupiter for a continuous 26-hour (~2.6 Jupiter rotations) observation from 18:26 UT on 16 July to 22:13 UT on 17 July, which was shifted to account for the ~46-min light travel time between Jupiter and Earth. This XMM observation was planned to coincide with the time when NASA’s Juno spacecraft was moving from 62 to 68 RJ (1 RJ = 71 492 km) radially away from the planet in the Southern Hemisphere in the predawn sector between ~0400 and 0430 magnetospheric local time (MLT).
Ionosphere-magnetosphere (电离层) mapping from previous observations suggested that the origins of Jupiter’s X-ray auroral pulsations occurred at these distances from the planet. Juno provided contemporaneous (同时发生的) in situ measurements from the plasma sheet only when Jupiter’s north magnetic pole tilted to Earth. Therefore, we focus on the northern aurora, for which Juno’s in situ measurements detail what was happening in the plasma sheet during the X-ray pulses. At Jupiter, the analysis of these comparisons between in situ and remote sensing observations is more complex than at Earth. At Earth, during the time scale of an auroral event, typically tens of minutes, a spacecraft in the terrestrial magnetosphere usually travels little (e.g., hundreds of kilometers) in comparison to the spatial scale of a magnetospheric event (e.g., several Earth radii) that would cause a large auroral brightening so that this in situ spacecraft could be magnetically connected to the aurora region over the full auroral lifetime. This is not true for Jupiter, because the footprint of the aurora (which is rotating with Jupiter) with respect to Juno’s location changes substantially during an observation. There are also substantial travel times (a few tens of minutes) along the magnetic field expected from the outer magnetosphere to the Jovian aurora. Therefore, the correlation between a single outer magnetosphere event in Jupiter’s in situ measurements and a single auroral pulse cannot be expected on a one-to-one level basis. Instead, a series of successive events are required to draw reliable careful correlations, with the regular periodicity of the x-ray flares, providing an invaluable diagnostic signature of the source process.
(Adapted from an essay on Science.)
1. What does the essay focus on?| A．The X-ray pulses happening on Jupiter. |
| B．The formation of the aurora in the pole of Jupiter. |
| C．The ways to teach people how to appreciate auroras. |
| D．The process of detecting the X-ray pulses on Jupiter. |
| A．Their conclusions. | B．Their measure to do the research. |
| C．Discussion of some problems of preciseness. | D．Their acknowledgements. |
| A．辐射 | B．红外线技术的 | C．太阳风 | D．红外线 |
| A．The strong magnetic is a good breakthrough point to research the auroral flares. |
| B．The X-ray pulses will last for several days on Jupiter. |
| C．The soft X-rays are caused by high-energy ions. |
| D．The X-ray pulses beat regular on Jupiter. |
From her lifeguard station at the end of the pool, Jessica noticed clouds forming in the sky. By the time she took a break at 2:30, the wind was picking up and the sky was darkening. The pool manager announced over the loudspeaker that the pool was closing immediately, due to a weather warning. He asked everyone to head to the safety of home before the storm hit.
All of the swimmers had left by 3: 30 except for Jessica's neighbor, eight-year-old Zack Hill. Zack's mother had dropped him off at the pool while she went to work. She had planned to pick him up later, but the storm was coming fast. Jessica decided that she would drop Zack off on her way home. She taped a note for Mrs. Hill on the door of the pool office and headed out.
The minute Jessica and Zack left the parking lot, it was clear that this was no ordinary storm. The wind was very strong, the storm clouds were dark, and the sky had turned a terrible green. The rain hit just as Jessica turned onto her street, Jessica said, “Jack, I'm going to take you to my house. We need to get inside right away, and your house is farther away than mine.”
She pressed the garage-door opener, but nothing happened. The electricity was out. The front door was only a few feet away, but the wind was so strong that Jessica and Zack had to fight their way out of the car and into the house. Jessica held Zack's hand firmly. The door was heavy with the pressure of the wind. Finally, it opened, but it was blown out of Jessica's hand and it hit the side of the house. The window broke into pieces，Jessica picked up Zack and threw the two of them inside; her only thought was to get to a safe place.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150词左右；
2.请按如下格式作答。
Remembering everything she could learn from her emergency training, Jessica took Zack to the basement.
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After a final crash, the sound of the storm grew distant.
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1. 故宫（the Palace Museum）旧称紫荆城（The Forbidden City）,始建于于1406年，20万人花了14年多的时间，于1420年建成。
2. 它所有的宫殿一共有9，999个房间。在中国，9这个数字被认为是吉祥的。
3. 现在，每周二免费向中国集体参观的学生开放。
4. 故宫有着中国历史上5千多年的珍宝（precious treasure），最好是亲眼来看看。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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1. 比赛的时间地点
2. 比赛的意义
3. 报名方式
注意：1. 写作词数在120字左右
2. 可是当添加细节，以使行文连贯；
Dear Mike,
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