建议:1.读书;2.锻炼;3.做家务;4.其他……
要求:
1.短文必须包含所有要点;
2.语句通顺,意思连贯,书写工整;
3.文章不得出现你的任何真实信息(姓名、校名和地名)。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Boys and girls, here is my advice on how to spend our holiday wisely.
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2 . Every decision we make is arrived at through hugely complex neurological processing. Although it feels as though you have a choice, the action that you ‘decide’ to take is entirely directed by automatic neural activity. Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (膝跳反应) (although more complex).
Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei (杏仁状核) buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.
Before we act on the amygdala’s signals, however, the information is usually processed by other brain areas, including some that produce conscious thoughts and emotions. Areas concerned with recognition work out what’s going on, those concerned with memory compare it with previous experiences, and those concerned with reasoning, judging and planning get to work on constructing various action plans. The best plan—if we are lucky—is then selected and carried out. If any of this process goes wrong, we are likely to hesitate, or do something silly.
The various stages of decision-making are marked by different types of brain activity. Fast (gamma)waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision. If you are trying to choose a sandwich, for instance, gamma waves generated in various cells within the ‘taste’ area of the brain bring to mind and compare the taste of ham, hummus, wholemeal, sourdough, and so on. Although it may seem useful to be aware of the full range of choice, too much information makes decision-making more difficult, so irrelevant factors get dismissed quickly and unconsciously.
After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.
Although there is no ‘you’ outside your brain to direct what it’s doing, you can help it to make good decisions by placing yourself in a situation which is likely to make the process run more smoothly. Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. Getting over-excited, on the other hand, will prevent the switch to the slow brainwaves, making it much harder to single out a choice.
1. Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph?A.To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies. |
B.To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out. |
C.To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex. |
D.To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity. |
A.It works out conscious thoughts and emotions. |
B.It selects the best action plan for a given situation. |
C.It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made. |
D.It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses. |
A.Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity. |
B.The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice. |
C.Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first. |
D.The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision. |
A.By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice. |
B.By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly. |
C.By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives. |
D.By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved. |
1. 这种单车的使用方法(如:APP查看车辆、扫码开锁等);
2. 这种单车的优势;
3. 你对这种单车的看法。
注意:
1. 词数大约100左右;
2. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
提示词:智能手机 smartphone, 二维码 the QR code
Dear Jim,
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Yours,
Li Hua
内容包括:
1.表示理解和关心;
2. 沉迷抖音的影响
3. 提出具体建议。
要求:1.词数80左右
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数
参考词汇: addiction n 瘾
Dear John
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Yours,
Li Hua
5 . On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A.The methods of estimation. | B.The underlying logic of the effect. |
C.The causes of people’s errors. | D.The design of Galton’s experiment. |
A.the crowds were relatively small | B.there were occasional underestimates |
C.individuals did not communicate | D.estimates were not fully independent |
A.The size of the groups. | B.The dominant members. |
C.The discussion process. | D.The individual estimates. |
A.Unclear. | B.Dismissive. | C.Doubtful. | D.Approving. |
Having worked at a small food store for two years, I thought I had become successful at what our manager called “customer relations”. I firmly believed that a friendly smile and an automatic “sir”, “madam”, “thank you” and “sorry” would see me through any situation. But on a Christmas night an old woman shook my belief that such a glib (油嘴滑舌的) response could smooth over any difficulty while dealing with other human beings.
The moment she entered the store, the woman presented a sharp contrast to our shiny store with its bright lighting and neatly arranged shelves. Walking as if each step were painful, she slowly pushed open the glass door. On such a zero-degree night, she was wearing only a faded print dress, a thin sweater too small to button, and black slippers with the backs cut out to expose heels. There were no stockings or socks on her blue-veined (青筋的) legs.
After walking around the store for several minutes, the old woman stopped in front of the rows of canned vegetables. She looked at the row of cans, finally picked up a can of corn and stared at the label. At that point, I decided to be a good and polite employee and asked her if she needed help. As I stood close to her, my smile became harder to maintain. An unpleasant smell of sweat rose from her torn clothing.
“I need some food,” she muttered in reply to my bright “Madam, can I help you?”
“Are you looking for corn, madam?”
“I need some food,” she repeated, looking down at the can in her hand, “Any kind.”
“Well, the can of corn is ninety-five cents, madam.” I said in my most helpful voice. “Or if you like, we have a special on bread today.”
After a short pause, she lifted her head and said, “But I can’t pay.”
For a second, it was on the tip of my tongue to tell her that she could take the corn. Then the employee rules flooded into my mind: remain polite but do not let the customers take advantage of you.
注意:1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好。
At the thought of that, I managed a friendly smile.
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Instantly I rushed out of the door with the can of corn and stopped the old woman.
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1. 简述刷短视频的利与弊;
2. 你的观点。
注意:1. 词数80左右;
2. 开头与结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:刷短视频 watch short videos
Good morning, everyone.
I’d like to
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8 . My students frequently ask me how I planned out my career to become president of Fidelity Investments. I always tell them, “There was no grand plan; I backed into my career one step at a time.” In this tough economy and ever-changing world, it is more important than ever to smartly evaluate each step in your career. To prepare for whatever surprises lie ahead, try to make choices today that will maximize your options in the future.
Gaining transferable (可转移的) knowledge begins with the choices you make at school. You want your education to provide you with the necessary skills and expertise to succeed in a wide variety of jobs.
Once you have finished your formal education, search for jobs that will allow you to further expand your transferable knowledge—to help you find your next job. Let’s say you take a job putting together airplane leases. Within a few years, you could become the world’s expert on the subject.
Remember gaining transferable knowledge is only one piece of the puzzle.
Of course, you can build your network to some degree without changing jobs.
A.You can make yourself more attractive. |
B.Gain transferable expertise and form close bonds with your colleagues. |
C.Your next step should help you expand your web of personal relationships. |
D.This later helped me evaluate and start business units throughout the world. |
E.You can attend conferences or participate in committees at trade associations. |
F.This means that you need to make smart choices about the courses you will follow. |
G.However, this narrow expertise probably won’t help you in any other line of work. |
1.人物简介;
2.令人敬佩的原因。
注意:
1. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
2. 词数:100左右
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