3 . You may have seen them standing alone in a farmer’s field. With thin arms and a strange smile, they stand guard over the crops day and night.     1    

Scarecrows have been around since at least the time of the ancient Egyptians. Back then, farmers covered wooden frames with nets to protect wheat fields.     2     Around 2500 BCE, the Greeks made the first human-like scarecrows. They added a face which was similar to that of the Greek god Priapus.     3     The Romans later copied this design and brought it to Europe.

Centuries after the Romans marched through Europe, people around the world were creating their own scarecrows. In Japan, scarecrows were shaped like people in raincoats and straw hats. In Germany, scarecrows were made to look like witches.

    4     In the oldest book of Japanese literature, The Kojiki, a scarecrow named Kuebiko appears. Though he can’t walk, Kuebiko is a kind of all-knowing god. In the mid-19th century, writer Nathaniel Hawthorne brought scarecrows into literature with the short story “Feathertop.” In this tale, a witch who prays to the Devil brings a scarecrow to life.

Then there is the most famous scarecrow. His name is simply “Scarecrow,” and he appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In the children’s novel, Scarecrow joins Dorothy, Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion on an adventure to meet the wizard of the magical land of Oz.     5    

Aside from these examples, scarecrows have featured in rock songs and as characters in comic books. On Halloween, they are brought out as scary decorations. Both practical and creepy, scarecrows continue to capture our imagination.

A．Scarecrows appear everywhere in the world.

B．We can never ignore the influence of stories about scarecrow.

C．They are scarecrows, whose job has gone unchanged for thousands of years.

D．They would hide in the wheat, and then jump out to scare birds into their nets.

E．This was thought to be scary enough to keep birds away from their precious fields.

F．Throughout the years, scarecrows have made many appearances in popular culture.

G．Scarecrow has appeared in films and plays around the world since the release of the book.

4 . In 1810, during his first Grand Tour of Europe, Byron carved his name into a column base of the Temple of Poseidon on the Aegean coast. Although Byron himself might not have actually written the name that is left there, the story has become part of the history of the monument, searched for by his admirers among the hundreds of other names carved all over the temple.

Modern graffiti, however, is met with a very different reaction. In 2014 a Russian tourist was fined €20,000 for carving a large “K” on a wall of the Colosseum in Rome, the fifth such incident that year.

What is the thinking behind such acts? Are tourists aiming for ill fame to become part of the monument’s history? Or is it simply part of the experience of visiting the site? And, further, why is historical graffiti, which was equally destructive, considered historic heritages? The motives behind them are, after all, probably the same, however, graffiti comes to tell us about lives and moments that might otherwise have been lost.

The earliest graffiti of a person’s name on a monument has been identified by the historian Lionel Casson in a cave at Wadi Hammamat in Egypt in 2000 BC. The name of Hena is cut into the sandstone alongside a list of his achievements. In ancient Greece, too, stoas (柱廊) were the meeting places of philosophers and the places for school boys’ lessons. We therefore often see alphabets and Homeric poems written on their walls.

And it is not just monuments and buildings: Miltiades, a general from the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, carved his name into the helmet he wore. In the Athens, too, a Spartan shield (盾) was found with words noting that the Athenians captured it during the Battle in 425 BC. Without such graffiti, the objects would still be impressive, but far less useful for historians, as their writing provides an exact original place.

In the 21^st century, however, with the rapid increase in tourism, if everyone decided to leave their mark, these sites would be irretrievable (不可挽回地) destroyed. Perhaps Beijing’s controversial new free graffiti zones on certain sections of the Great Wall of China will satisfy the desire to carve our own piece of history into the limited resource of the monument, though it seems unlikely that it will easily be contained to one area. Regardless, it is important that we protect these monuments — and the graffiti that some of them already contain.

1. Why is Baron’s carving his name into the column base mentioned in the first paragraph?

A．To introduce the related topic.	B．To attract more people to copy him.
C．To show his admirers to search.	D．To become part of the story of the monument.

2. What can we infer from the passage?

A．It was actually Byron that wrote and carved his name there.

B．It was the fifth time that the Russian tourist had been fined that year.

C．Ancient graffiti was carved more than on monuments and buildings.

D．The motives behind ancient and modern graffiti are completely the same.

3. Where was the earliest graffiti of a person’s name on a monument discovered?

A．In a cave in Egypt.	B．In a temple on the Aegean coast.
C．On a wall of the Colosseum in Rome.	D．In an ancient meeting place in Greece.

4. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?

A．What was the Earliest Graffiti?	B．What’s the Way to Protect Graffiti?
C．What Can We Learn From Ancient Graffiti?	D．What was the Motivation of Ancient Graffiti?

5 . How far back does your family tree go? A hundred years? A thousand years? What about 6 to 7 million years? An ancient skull (颅骨) found in Africa suggests that the human family might be that old.

Discovered in 2001 in the desert of Chad, the skull was nicknamed Toumai by scientists, Toumai is a rare find. The skull is nearly complete; it even includes a few teeth. The Tournai skull is estimated to be between 6 and 7 million years old. Scientists are debating whether the skull is linked to humans.

The finding is not without controversy. Some scientists think that Toumai is the oldest known hominid (人种)，or primitive human ancestor, ever found. Others say Toumai is an ape.

Most hominids that scientists are aware of lived millions of years after Toumai. The most famous one is called Lucy. She lived in Ethiopia about 3.5 million years ago. While Lucy's face looked like the face of a chimpanzee, Toumai's skull has both human and apelike features.

Because Toumai’s skull looks different from other hominid skulls, some scientists think Toumai represents a whole new species. Toumai’s official name is Sahelanthropus tchadensis .

Scientists were surprised to find a human-like face on a skull as old as Tournai’s. They thought hominids turned into humans step by step over time. Scientists mark those changes on a timeline, starting with a chimpanzeelike ancestor and ending with modern humans. Toumai’s human-like face and chimp-sized brain suggest that the development of hominids was not so simple. There may not be a direct line leading from Tournai to Lucy to us. Instead, the timeline might resemble a tree with lots of branches. Different species in different places could have evolved human-like features at different times.

Scientists aren’t sure where exactly Toumai belongs on our family tree. Toumai could be like a great- greatgrandfather —or just a distant cousin. Toumai could also be one of many types of hominids who wandered Earth millions of years ago.

1. What can we learn about Toumai skull?

A．It is the oldest skull.

B．It is about 3.5 million years old.

C．It was named by a historian from Africa.

D．It was hardly damaged before being discovered .

2. What does the underlined word “controversy ” in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Excitement .

B．Argument.

C．Anger.

D．Unhappiness .

3. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs ?

A．Toumai is the oldest skull with human features ever found.

B．There is a direct timeline during the development of hominids.

C．A few species can evolve human-like features in ancient times.

D．Whether Toumai belongs to our family tree remains unknown.

4. What is the main idea of this text?

A．The introduction of Toumai.

B．The origin of human being.

C．The study of human family tree.

D．The research on different hominids.

6 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

Minggucheng is well-known for its three Confucius sites, namely the Confucius Temple, the Confucius Forest, and the Kong Family Mansion, which     1    (add) to UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage list in December 1994.    2     the city in Qufu is also called Three Confucius Sites Tourist Area.

The Confucius Temple in Qufu is the largest and most     3    (fame) one in China for the renowned(著名的) thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism,     4     lived at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The temple was first built in the year of 478 BC, the second year after Confucius’s death, and over the following     5     (century) it was rebuilt and expanded dozens of times.     6     an area of some 21.8 hectares, it is one of the top three ancient architectural complexes in China.

The Confucius Forest is     7     the tombs of Confucius and many of his descendants are found. Covering an area of more than 3, 000 mu and with some 100, 000 graves     8    (discover) there, it is the largest, oldest and best-preserved family tomb and artificial garden. The Kong Family Mansion,     9    (locate) east of the Confucius Temple, is the place where descendants of Confucius live.

Minggucheng     10    (become) one of the best places for visitors to experience Confucianism so far.

9 . In 1944, 730 representatives from 44 allied (同盟) nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, just as World War Ⅱ was ending. They were attending an important conference. This mostly forgotten event shaped our modern world because the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the establishment of an international banking system.

To make sure that all nations would be successful, the United States and other allied nations set rules for a postwar international economy. The Bretton Woods system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of global central bank from which member countries could borrow money. The countries needed money to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF promotes international trade by guaranteeing the stability of the international currency and financial system.

The Bretton Woods system also set up the World Bank. Although the World Bank shares similarities with IMF, the two institutes remain distinct. While the IMF keeps an orderly system of payments and receipts between nations, the World Bank is mainly a development institution. The World Bank initially gave loans to European countries ruined by World War Ⅱ, and today it lends money and technical assistance specifically to economic projects in developing countries. Its goal is to “bridge the economic divide between poor and rich countries.”

These two specific accomplishments of the Bretton Woods Conference were major. However, the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited the United States and it placed the U.S. dollar as the global currency. A global currency is one that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or international transactions (交易) of buying and selling. Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United States became the primary power behind the IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union countries), and yen (Japan).

The years after Bretton Woods have been considered the golden age of the U.S. dollar. More importantly, the conference deeply shaped foreign trade for decades to come.

1. For what purpose was the Bretton Woods Conference held?

A．To shape our modern world.	B．To set up IMF and the World Bank.
C．To help allied nations to pay for their war costs.	D．To guarantee the success of all allied nations.

2. What does the difference between IMF and the World Bank mainly lie in?

A．Their accomplishments.	B．Their functions.
C．Their founders.	D．Their influence.

3. What does the underlined part “These two specific accomplishments” in paragraph 4 refer to?

A．The foundation of IMF and the World Bank.	B．The international currency and financial system.
C．Currency cooperation and financial stability.	D．Developing countries and the entire word.

4. It can be inferred that________.

A．Bretton Woods increased U.S. economic influence around the world

B．the IMF and the World Bank work closely together to guarantee success

C．the conclusion of World War Ⅱ had little influence on events at Bretton Woods

D．the conference organizers recognized the need for markets to function in-dependently

10 . Anxiety sweat. Horsehair Wet grass and soil after a rain. Gunpowder. Perfume （香水） containing rosemary and bitter orange. A touch of leather.

This might have been what Napoleon's withdrawal from the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 smelled like. At least, these are some of the elements that Caro Verbeek, an art historian and olfactory（嗅觉的）researcher, tried to combine when she was reconstructing the smell. “Wars are extremely smelly,” Dr. Verbeek said. “Soldiers don't write about their injuries as much as they write about the terrible sounds and smells. So we know more about them. We also know that it had rained the night before the battle, that anxiety sweat smells different from normal sweat, and that there were thousands of horses on the field.” These were some details Dr. Verbeek relied on during the reconstruction, which is part of a project called “In Search of Lost Scents（气味）.” The scent is offered in the Rijks museum as part of tours- -on pieces of paper or in a necklace with tiny pumps- alongside Jan Willem Pieneman's 1824 painting of the scene.

Dr. Verbeek approaches past smells by attempting to recreate versions of them, as she did with the Battle of Waterloo, making a perfume of sorts that might be associated with historical events, people and works of art. Bringing smell into a museum context can be one way to make art more accessible. Marie Clapot, associate museum educator, has worked over the last few years to bring smell into the museum “It's not just about ‘Oh, it's nice to smell something.’ It's one way you can make an art objet accessible” It is also a way, she said, to bring a number of people into the conversation about art who might not be moved by traditional art history.

1. What did Dr. Verbeek's reconstruction depend on?

A．Personal experience in the war.	B．Pure imagination for the past.
C．Great talent in descriptive writing.	D．Detailed facts about the history.

2. What's the purpose of bringing smell into the museum?

A．To inform visitors of the project of nice smells.

B．To promote the popularity of traditional art history.

C．To get visitors to know wars and battles in history.

D．To combine various elements from different fields.

3. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．What does history smell like?

B．How was a project carried out?

C．The Battle of Waterloo: a smelly war

D．The Rijks museum: a creative museum