1 . The term “graffiti” is an Italian word meaning scratching or scribbling (乱涂). It entered the English language in the 1850s, specifically to describe the casual wall writing that experts found in Pompeii and the Roman tombs. Originally a term used only in ancient scribbling, the word has undergone considerable expansion of meaning in the past 75 years so that it now refers to any written message on a wall. Graffiti are characterized by their casualness；if they were more formal, they would be known as inscriptions (铭文).

The first piece of graffiti was found on one of the walls of the city Pompeii, which was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. It was one of 1,600 pieces of graffiti uncovered in Pompeii during a dig in the 19^th century. Not surprisingly, there is much evidence of graffiti writing on the pyramid and temples of ancient Egypt. It is likely that ever since people have had walls and materials to scratch or paint with, they have been engaged in this simplest form of communication.

The writing of graffiti gives people a unique opportunity to achieve some kind of public audience. Thus short poems, declarations of love, pieces of political and revolutionary polemic (论战), and criticisms of institutions and people form a significant part of graffiti.

Apart from its usefulness in terms of self-expression, graffiti is also a valuable source for historians. There is always the possibility that historical events may be recorded by the presence of graffiti. Perhaps the most interesting example of this is the graffiti relating to the gladiatorial (角斗士) contests held in Pompeii. Graffiti can also give us a unique view into the daily life and customs of a people, for its casual expression   encourages the recording of details that more formal writing would tend to ignore.

In the late 1970s, graffiti became popular. A thought written on a toilet wall in Wolverhampton can now be read in Chicago or Adelaide. In its own way, this is probably the most fascinating example of McLuhan’s concept of “the global village”. We now have a worldwide toilet wall.

1. According to the first paragraph, graffiti          .

A．is another name for “inscription”

B．got its name from the English language

C．was born in the 1850s

D．mainly refers to casual writing or pictures on walls

2. What can be inferred from the second paragraph?

A．Graffiti has a long history.

B．Graffiti is an attractive form of art.

C．Graffiti made the ancient city Pompeii famous.

D．Graffiti was ancient Egyptian’s main way of communication.

3. What does the third and fourth paragraphs mainly tell us?

A．Graffiti’s great value.

B．Graffiti’s features.

C．Graffiti’s way of expression.

D．Graffiti’s connection with people’s daily life.

4. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph implies that          .

A．the presence of graffiti makes the world closely connected

B．the concept of “the global village” is famous worldwide

C．graffiti has become very popular all over the world

D．people like using toilet walls to share their graffiti

2 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

China Before China,     1    eight-episode documentary that tells stories of the origins and early development of Chinese civilization based on archaeological findings, is airing now.

The documentary     2    ( start ) from the Qin and Han dynasties and then traces key points at the dawn of Chinese civilization. The overall narration of the work remains clear, logical and     3    ( accurate ) conveys the sites and relics. “    4    we want to explore are the characteristics of Chinese civilization and its spirit transmitted through our blood, from which we can trace the cultural genes that make us the Chinese people,” says Jin Ruiguo , chief supervisor of the documentary .

The crew spent months     5    ( examine ) archaeological reports and articles. For instance, they explored the     6    (symbol ) meaning of dragon through dragon - shaped artefacts (手工艺品). To make this brief history of early Chinese civilization work , the production team filmed 230 domestic sites and museums and these video clips will also be screened at several     7    (museum) involved. Based on the information, they used digital technology     8    ( bring ) ancient architecture and cities back to life, and invited actors to recreate scenes of daily life. All of this provides the audience     9    a direct and visual idea of the long past. It vividly illustrates the process of historical development, which is the ultimate goal of historical research and archaeological     10    ( explore ).

4 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Named after the ancient city of Xi’an in Shaanxi province, the film Chang’an lasts 168 minutes and brings to life some of the most famous     1     (figure) in Chinese literary history.

Since its release on July 8, the movie     2     (gain) a rating of 8. 1 out of ten on Douban, one of the     3     (large) review websites in the country, strengthening its position as one of the most praised animated blockbusters(动画大片) of the summer season.

Different from many movies and TV shows     4     (feature) Li Bai, the movie employs a rather unconventional perspective, starting with the memories of Gao Shi, also     5     admirable poet and friend of Li. Apart     6     Li and Gao, the movie features other famous poets and artists of the time, including Wang Changling, known for military­themed poems, and Li Guinian, a palace     7     (music), as well as royal members     8     held significant influence within the circle, such as Princess Yuzhen.

Interweaving(交织)the personal fates of these figures, the film shows the scenes of the Tang dynasty. The movie also     9     (vivid) describes the free­spirited nature of the Tang dynasty. For instance, in the national civil service examination of the Tang dynasty, the highest achievers     10     (allow) the right to ride horses and pick the most beautiful flower from any residence in the capital city.

5 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The recent opening of a new exhibition building at the Sanxingdui Museum, in Guanghan, Sichuan province, made the place     1     instant tourist hot spot. The bronze heads, golden masks, holy trees and various statues reveal the     2     (mystery) faces of a culture dating back more than 3,000 years.

For those who cannot make it to Guanghan,     3     the extensive site of Sanxingdui is located, an immersive exhibition     4     (equip) with digital technology, titled Hello Sanxingdui, offers an alternative means to be awed by the magnificence of this Bronze Age culture at the Longfu Art Museum in Beijing.

It provides a time-travel experience for both an educational and artistic appeal. The journey begins     5     a brief timeline of texts, photos and videos, showing how Sanxingdui was first discovered in the 1920s, when objects     6     (find) by farmers digging an irrigation ditch; and it highlights the important moments in the past century’s continued archaeological (考古学的) efforts     7     (reveal) the myths surrounding Sanxingdui and the secrets yet to be uncovered.

On show     8     (be) life-size reproductions of dozens of astonishing artifacts (手工艺品), such as 2.6-meter bronze statues, 3.8-meter-wide bronze masks and “the holy tree” standing nearly 4 meters.

Images of these objects found at Sanxingdui and their     9     (pattern) have been digitalized, animated and projected on screens,     10     (lead) the audience into the ancient kingdom of Shu, which thrived (兴盛) for centuries in the southwest during the Zhou Dynasty, and disappeared suddenly, leaving many myths and legends.

9 . More than 3,400 years after two ancient Egyptians were laid to rest, the jars of food left still smell sweet. A team of analytical chemists and archaeologists (考古学家) has analysed these smells to help identify the jars’ contents. The study shows how the exploration of smell can enrich our understanding of the past.

The 1906 discovery of the undisturbed tomb (墓穴) of Kha and Merit symbolized an important stage in Egyptology. The tomb remains the most complete non-royal ancient one ever found in Egypt, showing important information about how high-ranking individuals were treated after death.

Unusually for the time, the archaeologist who discovered the tomb resisted the temptation to open the sealed containers even after they were sent to the Egyptian Museum. The contents of many of these containers are still unknown, although there are some clues, says analytical chemist Ilaria Degano. “From taking with the museum keeper we knew there were some fruity smells in the display cases,” she says.

Degano and her colleagues placed various artefacts (人工制品) inside plastic bags for several days to collect some of the chemical substances they released. Then the team used a special machine to identify the components of the smells from each artefact. They found some chemicals associated with dried fish, and some chemicals common in fruits. The findings will feed into a larger project to reanalyse the tomb’s contents and produce a more comprehensive picture of burial customs for non-royals that existed when Kha and Merit died, about 70 years before Tutankhamun became the Egyptian ruler.

Aside from showing more about past civilizations, ancient smells could make museum visits more inviting. Usually, people admire exhibits with their eyes in museums. “Smell is a relatively unexplored gateway to the collective past for museum visitors,” says Cecilia Bembibre at University College London. “It has the potent alto allow us to experience the in a more emotional, personal way, through our nose.”

1. What can we describe the 1906 discovery of Kha and Merit’ tomb as?

A．A landmark in Egyptology.	B．A turning point in human history.
C．A breakthrough in archaeology.	D．A mirror of ancient non-royal life.

2. What does the underlined word “temptation” mean in paragraph 3?

A．Pressure.

B．Ambition.

C．Desire.

D．Tendency.

3. Degano and her colleagues placed things inside plastic bags to         .

A．protect them from harm	B．gather their smells
C．test the special machine	D．back up a larger project

4. What can the ancient smells do for museum visitors according to Bembibre?

A．They bring them back to the past.

B．They give them emotional support.

C．They change their view on civilizations.

D．They add to their experience.

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The word hutong was borrowed from the Mongolian word to mean, “water well”, about 700 years ago. Later it referred to a place     1     people live. Hutong we see today are made up of small lanes     2     (form) by walls of siheyuan. They were built during     3     Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

When the People’s Republic of China     4     (found) in 1949, there were more than 3,000 hutong. Most of the city’s population lived in this traditional housing.

    5     with the modernization of the city in the 1980s and early 1990s, many hutong were pulled down to build     6     (road), skyscrapers and modern houses. The government has     7     (ultimate) recognized the importance of hutong as Chinese cultural heritage. In 2002, Beijing listed 40 protected historical zones and increased its efforts to restore some key relics and older streets in the city. Nearly 500 hutong     8     (survive) so far.

Hutong that still exist are like oases (绿洲) of calm surrounded by the     9     (noise) city. Walking through them, it is common     10     (see) groups of elderly citizens sitting together playing cards, mahjong or Chinese chess. In the early mornings and evenings, they gather to practice traditional forms of exercise such as taijiquan as well as dancing and singing folk songs or Peking Opera. Hutong have become a museum of Beijing’s folk customs and history.