1 . When you get in your car, you reach for it. When you’re at work, you take a break to have a moment alone with it. When you get into a lift, you play with it.
Cigarettes? Cup of coffee? No, it’s the third most addictive (使人上瘾的) thing in modern life — the cell phone. And experts say it is becoming more difficult for many people to curb their wishes to hug it more tightly than most of their personal relationships.
With its shiny surface, its smooth and satisfying touch, the cell phone connects us to the world even as it disconnects us from people three feet away. It affects us in ways its inventors in the late 1940s never imagined.
Dr. Chris Knippers, an expert at the Betty Ford Centre in Southern California, reports that the overuse of cell phones has become a social problem not much different from other harmful addictions: a barrier to oneonone personal contact, and an escape from reality.
Sounds extreme, but we’ve all witnessed the evidence: the person at a restaurant who talks on the phone through an entire meal, ignoring his kids around the table; the woman who talks on the phone in the car, ignoring her husband; the teen who texts messages all the way home from school, avoiding contact with kids all around him. Is it just rude, or is it a kind of unhealthiness? And pardon me, but how is this improving the quality of life?
Jim Williams, an industrial sociologist based in Massachusetts, points to a study by Duke University researchers that found onequarter of Americans say they have no one to discuss their most important personal business with. Despite the growing use of phones, email and instant messaging, Williams says studies show that we don’t have as many friends as our parents. “Just as more information has led to less wisdom, more acquaintances (熟人) through the Internet and cell phones have produced fewer friends,” he says.
If the cell phone has truly had these effects, it’s because it has become very widespread. In 1987, there were only 1 million cell phones in use. Today, almost 300 million Americans carry them. The number of cell phones is far more than that of wired phones in the United States.
1. Which of the following could probably best explain the passage?A.Cell phone users smoke less than they used to. |
B.More people use cell phones than smoke cigarettes. |
C.Cell phones have become as addictive as cigarettes. |
D.Using cell phone is just as cool as smoking cigarettes. |
A.rescue | B.control | C.develop | D.ignore |
A.Women use cell phones more often than men. |
B.Talking on the phone while driving is dangerous. |
C.Cell phones make oneonone personal contact easy. |
D.Cell phones do not necessarily bring people together. |
A.How to make people get closer. | B.The advantages of wired phones. |
C.How to use cell phones properly. | D.Giving an example to prove the bad effects of cell phones. |
注意:1.词数80左右;
2.内容要点可用不同方式表达;
3.应紧扣主题,可适当发挥。
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Teenagers sometimes turn to extreme methods to slim down quickly in a society where being thin is often seen
It is normal for teenagers to be slightly overweight and there is no reason
Therefore, it is important to have a healthy
On Xiaohongshu, a lifestyle-focused social media platform in China, a search for “new Chinese style” could produce over 4 million results,
Whether it is fashion, home furniture, architecture, coffee
5 . In Europe, nine out of ten students study a foreign language. In the United States, only one in five does. From 1997 to 2008, the number of American middle schools offering foreign languages dropped from 75percent to 58 percent. From 2009 to 2013, one American college closed its foreign language program; from 2013 to 2017, 651 others did the same.
At first glance, these statistics look like a tragedy (悲剧). But I am starting to accept the strange idea that maybe they are not. What is changing my mind is technology.
I was in Belgium not long ago, and I watched various tourists from different nations use speech translation apps to change their own languages into English and French. The newer ones can even reproduce the tone of the speaker’s voice.
I know a foreign language is a window into a new way of understanding the world. But even beyond the fact that this idea has been rather oversold, can we really say the low level of French or Spanish we and our classmates usually picked up in school really gave us a new look into the world and our lives in it? And if our goals are more limited and practical --- for instance, getting directions to the bus station in Rome-technology now makes that possible at the press of a button. With a smart phone and an app, foreign languages will no longer present most people with the challenge they once did. Learning to speak a new language well will be necessary for those who want to engage with (从事) literature or media in the original language, as well as those of us who find pleasure in it just because they are “there”. Strange as that is, it is in its way a kind of progress.
1. What is the author’s opinion about the drop in foreign language learning in the United States?A.It is a tragedy that needs to be avoided. |
B.It is an unacceptable situation that harms society. |
C.It is a challenge that will be overcome in the future. |
D.It is a positive development due to advanced technology. |
A.Unconcerned. | B.Doubtful. | C.Curious. | D.Supportive. |
A.It makes the process easier and within reach. |
B.It provides an easy way to understand the world. |
C.It removes the need for language learning altogether. |
D.It improves the traditional methods of language learning. |
A.What challenges do translation apps bring to language learning? |
B.Why is it still necessary to learn foreign languages in the digital age? |
C.Will translation apps make learning foreign languages old-fashioned? |
D.How can technology help us learn foreign languages more efficiently? |
6 . Many people dream of becoming a programmer for a leading tech company, as such work can secure a high salary that is envied by many. However, it may also mean having routinely to accept overtime work.
Recently, a programmer created a project called “996.ICU” on github.com, the well-known code-sharing website. The project criticized the “996 work schedule” where employees work from 9 am to 9 pm, 6 days a week, with the prospect of ending up in an intensive care unit (ICU).
The work schedule is common among Chinese tech companies. On the website, many programmers working for China’s tech companies shared evidence showing that their companies asked them to work the long hours. Among them were major names like e-commerce leaders Alibaba and JD.com, as well as telecoms equipment manufacturer Huawei.
Several bosses of tech companies have defended “996” as a kind of work culture. Jack Ma, founder of Alibaba, said it’s “a huge blessing” for young workers to work “996”. “If you don’t do ‘996’ when you’re young, when will you?” Ma said, according to a post on Alibaba’s WeChat account. “If you don’t invest more time and energy than others, how will you achieve the success you want?”
However, People’s Daily said that those who questioned “996” should not be labeled. “Valuing hard work does not equal forcing employees to work overtime,” commented the newspaper. “One should not attach the moral labels of ‘slackers’ or ‘not willing to strive’ to employees who are against ‘996’.”
Meanwhile, Cui Zhendong, a lawyer with the Yiqian Law Firm, said that it is illegal for a company to introduce a compulsory “996” work schedule for employees, since the Labor Law clearly states that the working hours of an employee should not exceed an average of eight hours daily, or 44 hours a week. Employers may extend working hours after consultation with an employee, but shall not exceed three hours a day or 36 hours a month.
A senior developer with the e-commerce giant Alibaba, who asked not to be named to protect his career, said employers seldom say the schedule is compulsory, but failure to follow the rules could lead to low performance scores and layoffs. “Refusal to overwork can also lead to losing your annual bonus, which is a lot of money,” he said.
“When resorting to the legal system for protection, there is a price to pay: time, money and the risk of losing your job, therefore they turn to cyberspace,” Jiang Ying, a professor of law said.
To better protect workers from harsh treatment, Jiang suggested that the systems for appealing to the court of law should be beefed up.
1. What can we infer from the passage?A.The “996”work schedule is merely a rare case among companies. |
B.The “996” work schedule is a newly invented system that is unique to China. |
C.People’s Daily thinks it forgivable to criticize those who challenge the “996” work schedule. |
D.In reality it’s so difficult for employees to defend their right against overwork through law. |
A.3. | B.8. | C.9. | D.11. |
A.Improved. | B.Banned. | C.Exposed. | D.Encouraged. |
A.A government report. | B.A newspaper. |
C.A scientific essay. | D.A code-sharing website. |
7 . Several studies in recent years have suggested that ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft can worsen traffic problems in cities, which continue to have high rates of private vehicle ownership.
Recently, a new study has found that ride-sharing services result in much more pollution than other kinds of private and public transportation. Ride-sharing trips also draw passengers away from more environment-friendly methods of travel, like public transportation, walking or biking, the study found.
The new study, carried out by the not-for-profit group Union of Concerned Scientists, represents an attempt to center on how ride-sharing services affect pollution. The research examined the effects of ride-sharing services on seven of America’s largest cities.
Overall, the researchers reported that ride-sharing trips now “result in an estimated 69 percent more climate pollution on average than the trips they displace.” The study notes that the same passengers could have chosen to travel by bus, train, bike, scooter or on foot.
One of the big reasons they give for this result is that ride-sharing vehicles are often driven with no passengers in the car. This happens when drivers are either waiting for rider requests, are on the way to pick up passengers or are driving in between pickups. This situation, known as “deadheading”, takes up about 42 percent of all ride-sharing driving activity, the study found. The researchers said that deadheading results in about 50 percent more carbon dioxide than one person driving in a private vehicle. Both Uber and Lyft do offer a choice of a “pooled” ride, which involves drivers picking up additional riders during the same trip.
The study urges services like Uber and Lyft to work to increase the number of pooled rides. It also urges the two companies to increase the number of electric vehicles on the road and to improve connections to public transportation centers.
Both Uber and Lyft have said in the past that most studies on the subject overstate the effects of their services on pollution. They have noted that the majority of vehicles on the road belong to private individuals or companies. Uber told Reuters news agency in a statement it had no comment on the latest report. But the company said it aims to be part of the solution to address climate change by working directly with cities. The statement added that Uber would continue to promote pooled trips and other means of transportation.
1. What does the underlined word “they” in Para. 4 refer to?A.The researchers. | B.Ride-sharing trips. |
C.The same passengers. | D.Environment-friendly methods of travel. |
A.Most studies have overstated the effects of Uber’s and Lyft’s services on pollution. |
B.Ride-sharing services are playing an active role in dealing with climate change. |
C.People may be discouraged from taking public transportation due to ride-sharing services. |
D.Climate pollution resulting from ride-sharing trips has increased by 69 percent on average. |
A.Ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft can worsen traffic problems in cities. |
B.The reasons for more pollution caused by ride-sharing services have been found. |
C.Ride-sharing trips lead to more pollution than other kinds of private and public transportation. |
D.The disadvantages of ride-sharing trips outweigh the advantages they have brought to people. |
8 . Since App Store was set up, it has been selling consumers one simple thing: choice. Whether you wanted to play games, read the news, or do a thousand other things, there was something for whatever you desired.
Then something funny happened. Logging into the App Store today is like going into a shopping mall with only a coupon (优惠券) for one thing: There’s so much choice; it might be easier to give up than to choose.
It isn’t just consumers who are burdened, though. Too much content of all kinds also has economic effects. When countless choices are available, it causes pressure, pushing prices down and driving us a bit crazy.
So what is the way forward? Less choice itself may be a sensible strategy. There are already signs that this is happening. Firstly content companies are looking to prevent their offerings from getting lost in the tons of stuff. Most obvious is Disney, which is planning to open its own streaming service next year. The point is to narrow the focus so that those seeking Disney cartoons will have one place to go, rather than being around various services.
Yet if that represents a careful first step, there are more extreme options too. Consider the idea of a wine club: from tens of thousands of bottles each year, subscribers pay someone to select the most interesting ones. Perhaps what comes next for digital content is similar — carefully selected offerings from trusted sources that put choices in the hands of customers in order to get rid of the anxiety of choosing.
Up to now, too much choice in digital media has only one solution: the algorithm (运算法则). But we’ve seen the trouble with algorithms on You Tube. They feed you only what you’ve already said you like, not things you may not know you’re into. Worse, they have a tendency to serve up disturbing content. The way forward can’t simply be more or better algorithms.
Instead, it’s time for digital companies to start thinking about how to put limits on things: on how much we can use a device, or what we are available to choose from. As we move further into the digital revolution, what people ask for is clear: Less.
1. Faced with too much choice, consumers are more likely to__________.A.choose carefully | B.feel anxious | C.use a coupon | D.push down prices |
A.To teach customers how to choose a bottle of wine wisely. |
B.To show digital companies how to narrow customers’ focus. |
C.To demonstrate what some customers’ extreme options are. |
D.To save customers from getting lost in the choice of the APP Store. |
A.In order to sell choice better, digital companies should offer less. |
B.You Tube tends to feed people what they are possibly interested in. |
C.Algorithms can help consumers and companies make better choices. |
D.Those seeking Disney cartoons have easy and quick access to them. |
A.It manages to offer what consumers will possibly like |
B.It helps to remove disturbing content from digital media |
C.It offers consumers things based on what they’ve said they like |
D.It’ll solve the problem of having too much choice |
9 . Walking in the city is very different from walking in the park. A small psychology study suggests urban(城市的) environments can slow your step and possibly increase your mental load. A walk through nature, on the other hand, appears to ease your mind and quicken your pace. The findings show that natural settings may potentially reduce cognitive (认知的)tiredness and improve reaction times straight away. The study, which includes two experiments with two different approaches, was conducted among 65 university students in the lab.
The first of the two experiments in the new study focused on people’s way of walking and cognitive load. During this trial, participants were fitted with sensors and a dozen motion control cameras were set up to watch them repeatedly walk down a 15-metre room at their natural speed. The wall opposite them showed an image of either a nature scene or a city scene. After each walk, participants were asked to rate their feelings of discomfort in the visual environment. On the whole, when walking in city settings, people reported more discomfort and they walked at a slower pace, indicating a higher cognitive load.
The second experiment dug into some of the higher-level cognitive processes that might be at play. In the trial, participants were asked to distinguish between basic visual shapes on the computer while also in the presence of a natural or urban image(the same ones from the first experiment). Measuring reaction times in both natural and urban settings, the team found results to support their idea. In urban environments, participants were slower in distinguishing between simple shapes. The authors think this is because urban environments are more distracting(令人分心的) for our brains and take longer to process, but more research is needed to prove that idea.
1. How were the experiments conducted mainly?A.By comparing. | B.By giving data. |
C.By giving examples. | D.By explaining facts. |
A.It can make us feel relaxed and react quickly. | B.It can activate our thinking and speed up our step. |
C.It can make us less tired and improve our memory. | D.It can make us become more focused and creative. |
A.They had a lower cognitive load. | B.They had to slow down their pace. |
C.They couldn’t concentrate properly. | D.They felt uncomfortable after walking. |
A.Urban environment makes us more concentrated. | B.People’s feelings are decided by their pace of walking. |
C.The result of the experiments is widely appreciated. | D.People tend to get tired more easily walking in the city. |
While a healthy diet has always been considered necessary for fitness, many hospitals have failed to notice its powerful potential for curing. In some areas, that’s beginning to change. In Pennsylvania four years ago, St. Luke’s Hospital partnered with Rodale Institute to start an organic produce (有机农产品) farm at the hospital’s campus in Easton. Since its first season, the St. Luke’s farm has become greater in size.
Today, St. Luke’s sends all new mothers home with a basket of organic produce. New moms aren’t the only ones benefiting from the farm’s generous actions. Organic produce is also served to patients. Meanwhile, it is cooked up in cafeterias operated by the hospital’s six-campus network and sold at nearby farmers’ markets.
While some hospitals are getting food from nearby farms, others are turning unused land on their grounds into community (社区) gardens. Even though most hospital farms aren’t growing enough to completely give their workers and patients food needs, providing even a small amount of fresh produce makes educational information about how healthy and delicious a plant-rich diet can be.
While the farm-to-hospital movement continues to gain support, it’s experiencing some challenges along the way. For one, health workers don’t necessarily know how to grow food. This means that most hospitals need to hire a full-time farmer and other farm labor to manage the land, which can be expensive. It takes between 3 and 5 years for most hospital farms to make the cost and income equal. Even so, these hospitals believe that the benefits are worthwhile. As the movement continues to enlarge, you might soon experience a farm-fresh meal at a hospital near you.
1. What does the underlined word “its” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Rodale Institute’s. | B.St. Luke’s farm’s. |
C.The community’s. | D.St. Luke’s hospital’s. |
A.It operates a hospital farm alone. |
B.It sells organic produce to patients. |
C.It pays much less attention to a healthy diet. |
D.It offers new moms organic produce for free. |
A.To get plants from the community. |
B.To make full use of the green land. |
C.To offer their workers enough food. |
D.To educate people on a plant-rich diet. |
A.Managing hospital farms costs nothing. |
B.Hospital farms will benefit more people. |
C.Farm-to-hospital movement is worthless. |
D.Health workers have to learn to grow food. |