2 . Forgiveness is important in children and adults for restoring relationships and limiting future conflicts. A recent study suggests that teaching children to understand other people's perspectives could make it easier for them to learn how to forgive other people. The study also found that teaching children to make sincere apologies can help them receive forgiveness from others.

Mulvey, an associate professor of psychology at North Carolina State University, led the study. Her team enlisted 185 children, aged between 5 and 14, in the study. Researchers conducted in an interview with each child that collected background information and assessed the child's "theory of mind" skills. Theory of mind is your ability to understand that someone else's beliefs, intentions and desires are different from your own.

Researchers then led each child through a series of scenarios (设想情况) involving other children who are "in group" and "out group." Specifically, each participant was told they were part of a group, such as the green team. During interviews, researchers described some children as also being on the green team (making them in-group), while other children were on the yellow team (making them out-group). In each scenario, interviewers asked study participants whether they were willing to forgive a group that left them out of a game or activity.

There were three main findings. First, children are more likely to forgive someone if he/she has apologized. Second, children are more likely to forgive people who are "in group." Third, the more advanced a child's theory of mind skills are, the more likely they are to forgive others.

The researchers identified two things that parents and teachers may want to focus on related to forgiveness. One is helping kids understand how important it is to apologize in a meaningful way. The second focus area is helping kids understand the perspectives of other people, even if they are different from you.

Mulvey says, “One of the biggest implications of our study is that teachers and parents need to actively help children cultivate theory of mind skills, which will aid them in navigating a diverse and complex world in the future.”

1. What do we know about the study participants?

A．They were divided into two groups based on the age.

B．They needed to offer some of their personal information.

C．They had to fill in a questionnaire about real-life situations.

D．They took part in a game or activity before each interview.

2. According to the study, children___________ are more likely to forgive others.

A．from higher social backgrounds	B．having the habit of apologizing
C．with better theory of mind skills	D．belonging to a different group

3. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A．The possible effect of the study.	B．The limitation of the study.
C．The theoretical basis of the study.	D．The focus of future studies.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A．Forgiveness Helps Children to Limit Future Conflicts

B．Forgiveness: What Should Teachers And Parents Focus on?

C．Study Outlines Ways to Help Children Learn Forgiveness

D．Are You Willing to Forgive Others Or Receive Forgiveness?

3 . Between childhood and adulthood, you go through many changes — jobs, regrettable haircuts and relationships that come and go. But what about who you are at your core (核心)?     1    

Personality is the pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviors unique to a person. People tend to think of personality as fixed. But according to psychologists (心理学家), that’s not how it works; personality doesn’t stay the same all your life.     2    

That’s not to say that you’re a different person each day you wake up.     3     In a study, researchers followed some adults for many years until their early 70s. They discovered that adulthood’s personality is actually stable in short time periods.

    4     They will look at how a child reacts to the world. Research suggests that our childhood’s moods — for example, whether we’re easy-going or bad-tempered, willing or unwilling to approach strangers — shape our personality of older ages.     5     If a child is always shy and withdrawn (离群的), he may grow into an unhappy teenager. On the contrary, a happy childhood usually leads to a happy adulthood.

A．Instead, it changes — develops with age.

B．Growing into adulthood, what do you care about?

C．As you grow older, does your personality change?

D．However, you don’t have to be sad about the change.

E．In fact, the change can’t even be noticed in the short term.

F．Psychologists don’t study children’s personalities, however.

G．And these early moods seem to be related to our later years of life.

4 . Watching humorous videos on the Internet at work isn’t always a waste of time. According to Ruby Nadler, a Ph.D. student at the University of Western Ontario, “Generally, positive mood has been found to enhance creative problem solving and flexible yet careful thinking.” She and her colleagues published new research in the Psychological Science.

Students in the study were put into various moods before being given a category learning assignment to complete (they learned to classify sets of pictures with visually complex patterns). The researchers used music and video clips to alter people’s moods; initially, they tested out a few to see which ones made individuals the happiest and saddest. The happiest music was a cheerful Mozart composition, while the happiest video was a newborn laughing.

The researchers then used them in the experiment, along with sad music and video (a piece of music from Schindler’s List and a news report about an earthquake) and music and video that had no effect on mood. People were required to learn to detect a pattern after listening to the music and seeing the movie. Volunteers who were happy were better at learning a rule to categorize the patterns than those who were sad or indifferent.

“If you have a project where you want to think innovatively, or you have a problem to carefully consider, being in a positive mood can help you to do that,” Nadler says. And music is a simple method to put yourself in a good mood. Everyone responds to various types of music, so don’t feel it a must to switch to Mozart, she adds.

1. What is the research about?

A．The effects of humorous videos.

B．Positive mood and creative thinking.

C．Ways to solve creative problems.

D．Types of learning.

2. What were the volunteers required to do at last in the research?

A．Experience various moods.

B．Decide which music made them the happiest and saddest.

C．Classify pictures with complex patterns.

D．Listen to music and see the movie.

3. How did the researchers draw the conclusion?

A．By making comparisons.	B．By giving examples.
C．By making explanations.	D．By making classifications.

4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．Mozart is a better choice than other types of music.

B．Classic music is the easiest way to make people happy.

C．You can’t think innovatively being in a bad mood.

D．Listening to music enhances creative thinking.