1 . New international research reveals the far-reaching impacts of forest cover loss on global biodiversity. The study, led by the University of Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews, investigated the impacts of forest loss on species and biodiversity over time and around the world, revealing both losses and gains in species.
Focusing on biodiversity data spanning(跨越) 150 years and over 6,000 locations, the study, published in Science, reveals that as tree cover is lost, plants and animals are responding to the transformation of their natural habitats.
Bringing together over 5 million records of the numbers of different plants and animals with information on both historic and contemporary peaks in forest loss, the researchers discovered both immediate and delayed effects of forest loss on ecosystems.
The pace at which biodiversity responds to forest loss varies from a few years, as is the case for light-loving plants and insects, to decades for long-living trees and larger birds and mammals. Gergana Daskalova, a Ph.D. student in the School of GeoSciences at the University of Edinburgh and lead author of the study, said, “Changes in the biodiversity of the planet’s forests matter because they will reflect how these landscapes look, the types of species they support and the benefits that forests provide for society like clean air and water.”
Maria Dornelas, a co-senior author from the School of Biology at the University of St Andrews, continued, “Humans are undoubtedly changing the planet. Yet, global analyses of how biodiversity is changing over time are revealing biodiversity changes are nuanced(有细微差别的) and variable.”
She added, “With a better understanding of the different ways, both positive and negative, in which forest loss influences biodiversity, we can improve future conservation and restoration of global ecosystems.”
1. What did the international research find?A.Species suffer losses as tree cover is lost. |
B.Historic and contemporary peaks in forest loss vary. |
C.Forest loss cannot impact ecosystems immediately. |
D.Plant and animal species are reacting to forest cover loss. |
A.Effects of forest loss are difficult to notice. |
B.Insects adapt to forest loss quite slowly. |
C.Species respond to forest loss at different paces. |
D.There are different degrees of forest loss in history. |
A.They make no difference. |
B.They worsen the landscapes. |
C.They have a great effect on society. |
D.They cause damage to types of species. |
A.call on people to change nature |
B.find ways to make global analyses |
C.pay attention to the negative effects |
D.improve protection of global ecosystems |
2 . ''It can't be done. '' Boyan Slat heard this over and over when he first proposed a way to clean up millions of tons of plastic polluting our oceans.
Slat, who grew up in the city of Delft in the Netherlands, was on a diving trip in Greece three years ago when he was deeply impressed by plastic. ''There were more plastic bags than fish, '' he says. ''That moment I realized it was a huge issue and that environmental issues are really the biggest problems my generation will face. ''
That fall, Slat, then 17, decided to study plastic pollution as part of a high school project. Soon, Slat learned that no one had yet come up with practical way to clean up this massive garbage patches. Most proposed solutions involved ''fishing'' up the plastic using ships equipped with nets—which, as Slat discovered, would likely take more than 1,000 years, cost too much, let off too much sea life along with the trash.
Slat proposed an alternative that mostly avoided these problems: a solar-powered system using a floating plastic tube which will go around the garbage and trap it is 600 meters long. Wind, waves and ocean currents will push the trash toward the tube. A ship will pick up the trash and take it back to the shore. Best of all, Slat predicted his system could clean up the North Pacific Garbage Patch within five to 10 years.
The following, Slat entered the aerospace engineering program at the Delft University of Technology and officially announced his ocean cleanup concept at TEDxDelft. But nothing much moved forward.
Slat organized a team of volunteers and employees for The Ocean Cleanup, which now numbers about 100. In answer to opposition, Slat and his team raised $100,000 from a crowd funding campaign and began testing a 40-meter collecting barrier near the Azores Islands last March.
Over the next three to four years, Slat will push toward a fully operational large-scale project by testing a series of longer and longer barriers.
1. What inspired the boy to study plastic pollution?A.One of his high school projects. |
B.Others' opposition to his proposal. |
C.Humans’ failure in cleaning up the ocean. |
D.The shockingly heavy plastic pollution in ocean. |
A.It is powerful but only used in California and Hawaii. |
B.It is huge but causes great damage to sea lives. |
C.It makes full use of natural forces and is friendly to nature. |
D.It was welcomed by all the public and worked very well. |
A.Presenting his idea at TEDxDelft. |
B.Raising funds with his team. |
C.Doing test. |
D.Stopping plastic from washing into the ocean. |
A.Explain a strange idea. | B.Introduce a fascinating person. |
C.Describe a social phenomenon. | D.Praise a point of view. |
3 . Do you know how much India struggles to gather the waste plastic water bottles? According to a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report from 2012, India produces 15,000 tonnes of plastics a day, of which the gathered ones only achieve 60% . The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution, bringing serious threat to the environment.
After seeing such large-scale plastic pollution, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution. When he realized the biggest problem the country faced was handling plastic waste, he wanted to come up with a solution where they do not add to the problem of waste. Fortunately, Ankur was not alone. He met Bhrigu Seth, who was into green farming. Both of them found that they shared a common goal and it didn’t take long for them to make a plan of action. It is estimated that over 90 percent of aluminium (铝) drink cans in India are recycled and 70 percent of the cans are made through recycled waste. After going through challenges at hand, the pair made up their minds.
Before taking the next step, both co-founders visited five-star hotels and took samples of water in aluminium cans, asking them whether they would give it a shot if something like that comes in the market. The pair received a widely positive response. They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, a natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of plastic bottles waste.
As one of India’s first natural spring water drinks, Responsible Whatr offered an environmentally-friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a non-alcoholic drink that was launched with an expectation for an eco-friendly future and an aim to reduce single-use plastic pollution.
Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high income individuals. They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans.
1. What inspired Ankur to conduct his research?A.Plastics waste caused severe pollution. | B.Plastics remained the major bottle material. |
C.Plastics accounted for most of the daily waste. | D.The amount of plastic waste was beyond control. |
A.Launching a rubbish sorting program. | B.Increasing the recycling of plastic cans. |
C.Creating a new popular packaging design. | D.Finding an acceptable alternative to plastics. |
A.To advertise a non-alcoholic drink. | B.To receive widely positive responses. |
C.To reduce single-use plastic pollution. | D.To promote recyclable aluminium cans. |
A.By introducing new products. | B.By establishing various channels. |
C.By cooperating with high income individuals. | D.By fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans. |
4 . The maleo, a bird with black feathers and a pink chest, is native to Indonesia’s Sulawesi island and a few neighboring ones. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IU-CN), which identifies wildlife across the world currently facing threats, estimates only 800 to 1,400 adult maleos remain in the wild. Experts do not know how many maleos still live across West Sulawesi island. They were only able to record the presence of nesting grounds in 23 villages based on reports from locals in the area. But of those, only 18 are considered active nesting areas.
Recently, the birds have been faced with new threats, which accelerate their decline. The Indonesian government plans to move the nation’s capital from Jakarta to a new city on Borneo island, which is just a six-hour boat trip apart from Sulawesi island. The island takes on the building of new roads and seaports to be used to transport materials to the new capital. Activities also include tree clearing, digging, and removing stones. The process already has changed the forest environment on West Sulawesi and is harming maleo nesting areas near the beach. These changes have made the trip for maleos to lay their eggs increasingly difficult.
Another problem has been poachers. The Associated Press reports that, regardless of official ban, they steal maleo eggs that the males’ parents have hidden in the sand, and sell the eggs for about $1 to people as food. The eggs are a traditional gift for many people in Mamu-ju and other parts of Sulawesi.
“As far as I know, maleo birds are in decline,” said Andi Aco Takdir, chief of the West Sulawesi Forestry Agency. He pointed to several reasons for the decline, including destruction of beach areas, and expanding human development activities. He added that government officials there are prepared to take steps to protect the maleos even with the new capital development. Andi said, “Nature must be used as an achievement and must not be built leaving be-hind problems.”
1. What do the numbers in the first paragraph suggest?A.The maleos are popular with locals. | B.The maleos are in need of protection. |
C.The maleos are adaptable to the climate. | D.The maleos are neglected by natives. |
A.The shortage of food. | B.The damage of wildlife. |
C.The development of Sulawesi island. | D.The supporting work for the new capital. |
A.To earn money. | B.To make gifts. | C.To have fun. | D.To follow blindly. |
A.The new capital development might be stopped at once. |
B.The government will balance conservation and development. |
C.There seems to be a tough way for the new capital to develop. |
D.The government will concentrate on solving urban problems. |
5 . Plans to bring wild tigers back to their original home , their historical range(历史分布范围) in the IliBalkhash region, have been announced by Kazakhstan( 哈萨克斯坦 ) and an agreement with World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to conduct a tiger reintroduction program has been signed . “It will not only bring wild tigers back to their original home, but also protect the unique ecosystem of the IliBalkhash region,” said Askar Myrzakhmetov, the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
If successful, Kazakhstan will be the first country in the world to bring wild tigers back to an entire region where they have died out for nearly half a century. Tiger reintroduction projects have only been achieved within national borders and in areas that are considered current tiger habitats . Kazakhstan's tiger reintroduction program is unique and it badly requires the restoration of a vast forest that is part of the wild tiger's historical range.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, wild tigers have lost over 90 per cent of their historical range. Wild tigers have completely disappeared from the region since the late 1940s, due to the loss of habitat. To prepare for the return of wild tigers, on 1st January 2018 Kazakhstan will set up a new nature reserve in the southwestern IliBalkhash, in order to restore the unique forest habitat. This will include the protection of existing wildlife, and reintroducing important prey ( 猎物 ), such as the endangered wild Bactrian deer(中亚红鹿).
Restoring tigers will also help protect Lake Balkhash and prevent it from repeating the fate of the Aral Sea, formerly the world's fourth largest lake and now 10 percent of its original size. “The hard work remains ahead of us. We have to spare no effort to make this region ready for tigers and involve all the relevant people to make this happen. That means dealing with illegal activities, having these people who govern parks be welltrained and equipped, increasing prey populations and involving local communities,” said Ekaterina Vorobyeva, Director of the WWF program.
1. What is Askar Myrzakhmetov's attitude toward the tiger reintroduction program?A.Doubtful. | B.Favorable. |
C.Concerned. | D.Disapproving. |
A.The increasing loss of prey. | B.The evolution of the species. |
C.The lack of natural living places. | D.The serious environmental pollution. |
A.Regulating human activities. | B.Limiting the number of prey. |
C.Building a reserve for tigers only. | D.Training tigers to be more adaptable. |
A.Efforts to restore forests in Kazakhstan |
B.Bringing tigers back home to Kazakhstan |
C.Attempts to handle illegal activities effectively |
D.Preventing tigers disappearing in Kazakhstan |
6 . The amount of rubbish that piles on our shore lines is hugely worrying and a growing problem for the planet. It seems like no matter how remote you hike and how high you climb, there’s always a dropped plastic container there waiting for you.
Mariah Reading, an American artist, spends the majority of her time outdoors looking for inspiration for her art, based in nature and our natural surroundings. On noticing the amount of waste filling her natural areas, she decided she had to reflect it in her works.
For her latest project, Mariah is looking at both the problem of wasteful littering and the way that art itself can be wasteful in materials, taking the dropped items that fill her natural spaces and painting them to reflect the place in which they were left.
Applying paint to create her masterpieces, Mariah has collected trash (垃圾) from different mountains and parks. “I’ve been considering my relationship with art and the large amount of waste it can produce,” says Mariah. “I wanted to find ways I can confirm art and its important purpose by working with recycled materials found in landscape environments.”
“Since the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service, I’ve especially appreciated and been inspired by the natural beauty the parks offer, and found how easily we can take these precious places for granted. I seek to gather as much trash as possible, sculpt it into a canvas (画布), and paint the scene where the trash originated onto the trash itself,” says Mariah.
As well as through this project, Mariah has explored nature in her art in various different ways and through exhibitions. Mariah’s work might not solve the litter problem, but it’s just another way that we can get people talking about the problem and the ways we can prevent it from growing any larger.
1. What gave Mariah the idea of the latest project?A.The beauty of nearby scenery. |
B.The rubbish-covered surroundings. |
C.The potential security risks of beaches. |
D.The high energy consumption of her artworks. |
A.To keep people from wasting natural resources. |
B.To remind people of the litter problem. |
C.To encourage people to explore parks. |
D.To make full use of rubbish. |
A.They are made of oceanic rubbish. |
B.They appear in the form of sculpture. |
C.They reflect the trash places on trash itself. |
D.They’re designed to inspire people’s love for painting. |
A.The Growing Problem of Rubbish |
B.Mariah Reading: a Sociable Artist |
C.An Artist Turns Waste into Amazing Works |
D.Celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the National Park Service |
7 . Chicago is considering firm measures to prevent the Asian carp,a giant fish native to the Far East, from coming into North America’s Great Lakes in large numbers. Such a move could cost up to$18bn, a heavy economic burden to the city.
This species, more than a metre in length, was originally introduced to southern US states three decades ago to control weeds in sewage (污水) treatment plants. But they escaped into the Mississippi River and increased in number quickly, making their way north towards the Great Lakes and threatening the native fish species along the way.
“Dozens of them will often leap out of the water as boats approach.’’ Michael Beecham,a local environmental expert, described how frightening the scene was. “I’ve gone down the river and seen these fish jump up and hit me in the face. It is a big problem for our native species.” he said.
A meeting has been organized to find a technological solution to the carp problem, one of which involves blocking parts of Chicago’s canal system. Listening at the meeting was John Goss, who was worried about the effect that having barriers in the canal system would have on industry. “It would certainly increase the cost of transportation,” he told. “It is currently very cheap and efficient to bring materials and finished goods down the Chicago ship canal.’’
Another cheaper option is to eat the fish out of existence. Dirk Fucik is selling carp burger(鲤鱼汉堡包) at his fish shop not far from downtown Chicago. He thinks the carps are a great resource. “To catch it and throw it away is a waste,” he says. “Eating them helps solve the problem and also provides jobs.” But the idea has not yet caught on.So far, he is the only person in Chicago selling carp burgers.
1. What can we learn about the Asian carp according to the passage?A.It is very adaptable to the new environment |
B.It is originally used to control weeds in the Great Lakes |
C.It has become a new food in many restaurants |
D.It has caused parts of Chicago’s canal system to be blocked |
A.can force the Asian carp out of the Great Lakes |
B.may lead to the increasing cost of industrial products |
C.will help the canal system work more efficiently |
D.will bring high profits to the related companies |
A.The Americans have included the Asian carp in their food list. |
B.Catching Asian carps has created many jobs in America |
C.Dirk Fucik is a pioneer in selling carp burgers in Chicago |
D.Throwing away the caught fish is a waste of the resources |
A.Chicago goes to war with Asian carps |
B.The Asian carp escapes from the Great Lakes |
C.Possible ways to handle non-native species |
D.The Great Lakes, new home for Asian Carps |
8 . Just a year ago, the colors were bright under the waves. Now it’s gray — the Maldivian reef is dead. The coral is killed by the pressure of rising temperatures.
Coral reefs are areas underwater where small creatures live. The coral is hard material formed on the bottom of the sea by the skeletons of those creatures. But the world has lost about half its coral reefs in the last 30 years. Scientists are working to prevent their destruction. Due to global warming, over 90 percent of corals are expected to die by 2050. “To lose coral reefs is to fundamentally undermine the health of a very large proportion of the human race,” said Ruth Gates, director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.
Why are coral reefs important? Coral reefs support a fourth of all marine species, as well as half a billion people worldwide. They serve as barriers to protect coastlines from the storms. They provide billions of dollars from tourism, fishing and other trade. They are also used in medical research for cures for diseases. “Everyone should be concerned,” said biologist Ove Guldberg at Australia’s University of Queensland. “This is not just some distant dive destination. This is the basic structure of the ecosystem we depend on.”
The ocean is getting warmer. A rising temperature of just one to two degree Celsius can force coral to expel the algae (驱逐海藻) that live there. This leaves their white skeletons uncovered. It is a process called “bleaching”. Sixteen percent of the world’s corals died of bleaching in 1998. The problem has become much worse in recent years.
“We’ve lost 50 percent of the reefs, but that means we still have 50 percent left,” said Ruth Gates, who is working in Hawaii to breed corals that can better withstand increasing temperatures. She is also trying to “train” corals to survive rising temperatures. Gates says it is time to start “thinking outside the box”— find creative ways to help them.
1. What does the underlined word “undermine” in paragraph 2 mean?A.Regain | B.Weaken |
C.Promote | D.Develop |
A.People won’t find a dive destination in the future. |
B.The effort to save corals will turn out to be fruitless. |
C.The bright sea has lost its charm because of those dead corals. |
D.The destruction of coral reefs will affect the earth ecosystem. |
A.The harm of algae. | B.The importance of coral reefs. |
C.The process of “bleaching”. | D.The change of ocean temperature. |
A.Worried | B.Positive |
C.Casual | D.Curious |
High on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
In 2016, the Chinese government established Sanjiangyuan National Park in Qinghai province. The park,
With Sanjiangyuan
10 . Bornholm is a Danish island in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. At only 588 square kilometers, the island is home to about 40,000 people and welcomes around 600,000 visitors each year. The island is known for its sunny weather, round churches and rocky sea cliffs. But soon it hopes to make history for its lack of trash (垃圾).
Bornholm's only waste incineration (焚烧) plant is on its last legs, so instead of replacing it, the island has come up with another plan. "In 2032 there'll be no more waste on Bornholm," the island's waste management company announced. "All unwanted items are resources that can be recycled to the benefit of the entire community. "
The government doesn't yet know all the specifics of how the plan will work, but officials have laid out a basic outline. For example, they fancy citizens sorting waste into easily recyclable items such as metal, plastic, glass, paper and cardboard, and then plan to add new items such as fishing nets, insulation materials and more plastics to the recycling system. Organic waste, as well as garden and park waste, will be changed into energy, and the nutrient-rich waste from energy recovery will be used as fertilizer in fields, gardens and parks on the island.
Residents will be encouraged to make use of the sharing economy, lending and borrowing goods and services. They'll reuse everything from furniture to children's clothing, and businesses will repair a large number of items from bicycles to kitchen appliances. And elementary school students will be educated as "resource heroes" with practical, hands-on lessons about waste, resources, the environment and nature.
"Yet, in the waste area we were falling behind, so it was important for us to move ahead," Anne Thomas, the deputy mayor of Bornholm, tells National Geographic.
1. What do we know about Bornholm?A.It is a large island surrounded by sea. | B.It is a small beautiful tourist attraction. |
C.It used to be a place filled with rubbish. | D.It is famous mainly for its cultural buildings. |
A.Students will receive awards for protecting the environment. |
B.The trash will be handled quickly and effectively. |
C.Everything will be recycled, repaired or reused. |
D.People will feed on nothing but organic food. |
A.Encouraging trash-free lifestyle. | B.Improving waste management. |
C.Developing the local economy. | D.Appreciating the nature. |
A.A biology textbook. | B.A food brochure. |
C.A geography magazine. | D.A research report. |