1 . People have come to understand the enormous impacts-beneficial as well as harmful- plastics have on human lives and the environment. As polymer (聚合物) scientists committed to inventing sustainable solutions for real-world problems, we set out to tackle the issue of plastic waste by rethinking the way polymers are designed so we could make plastics with recyclability built right in.
Everyday items including milk jug, grocery bags, and takeout containers are made from a class of polymers called polyolefins. These plastics are really durable (耐用的) because the chemical bonds in those polymers are extremely stable. In a world set up for disposable (一次性的) items, durability is no longer a design feature but rather a design drawback. Imagine if half the plastics used today were recyclable through twice as many processes as they are now. Also conventional recycling requires careful sorting of all the collected materials, which can be challenging with so many different plastics. For example, separating paper from metal doesn’t require complex technology, but sorting a container from a milk jug of a different polyolefin is difficult to do without the occasional mistake.
In a study published in Science in October 2023, we described a series of polymers with only two building blocks-one soft polymer and one hard polymer-that behave like polyolefins but could be chemically recycled. Connecting two different polymers multiple times until they form a single, long molecule (分子) creates what’s called a multiblock polymer. By changing how much of each polymer type goes into the multiblock polymer, our team produced a wide range of materials with properties that covered all polyolefin types.
Using the same strategy but by adding hydrogen, we could disconnect the polymers back into their building blocks and easily separate them to use again. When we made new polymers out of these recycled plastics, they performed just as well as the original materials even after several rounds of chemical recycling. So we were able to create materials with similar properties of the plastics the world relies on. We believe this work is a step toward more sustainable plastics.
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about concerning plastics?A.Their multiple uses. | B.Their chemical properties. |
C.Their recycling challenges. | D.Their classification criteria. |
A.mixing building blocks with long molecules |
B.integrating chemicals into the two polymers |
C.combining two different multiblock polymers |
D.adjusting the percentage of the two polymers |
A.They are made from sustainable materials. |
B.They can be recycled by adding hydrogen. |
C.Their reliability outperforms traditional plastics. |
D.Their properties change with rounds of recycling. |
A.Designing for Recycling | B.Classifying Plastic Waste |
C.Replace Plastics with Polymers | D.Technology Creates the Future |
2 . Anuar Abdullah is a 61-year-old diving instructor in Malaysia. When he isn’t
Now, as climate change becomes an
Abdullah has no degree in marine biology or
In 2017, Thailand’s government asked Abdullah to
In 2021, after Typhoon Rai, the island of Cebu in the Philippines asked Abdullah to save what was
A.teaching | B.diving | C.learning | D.reporting |
A.picking | B.judging | C.describing | D.observing |
A.early | B.artificial | C.apparent | D.uncertain |
A.help | B.money | C.power | D.honor |
A.temporary | B.formal | C.natural | D.complex |
A.devoted | B.led | C.backed | D.traveled |
A.at once | B.at first | C.in demand | D.in action |
A.initiate | B.evaluate | C.highlight | D.justify |
A.regained | B.lost | C.increased | D.removed |
A.Visitors | B.Researchers | C.Volunteers | D.Officials |
A.guarding | B.decorating | C.planting | D.maintaining |
A.hidden | B.left | C.preserved | D.ruined |
A.contest | B.presentation | C.course | D.topic |
A.witnesses | B.records | C.schedules | D.hates |
A.interviews | B.trips | C.work | D.trade |
3 . While it throws out about 90 pounds of food per person every year, Japan doesn’t rank at the top of the world’s list of wasteful nations. Still, what’s thrown away represents a serious problem for an island nation with limited landfill space and a goal of greater sustainability. Reinvention can offer an alternative. A Japanese company is taking vegetable peels, cooking oil and other used foodstuffs and making entirely different products.
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world, and its key element, cement, is a major polluter of greenhouse emissions. So what if a more sustainable alterative were possible by making cement with food waste, which also would help reduce greenhouse emissions from landfills where that waste would otherwise be thrown away? That’s the idea behind Fabula, a Tokyo-based start-up.
Researchers at Fabula created a recipe to make food concrete by drying leftovers and pressing them into a mold (模具) at a high temperature. The company, founded by researchers at the University of Tokyo, began with items commonly thrown away like cabbage and orange peels but found that almost any food item can be used. It now takes mostly coffee grounds and tea leaves to make its cement. The product’s durability depends on the components.
Fabula is currently producing made-to-order household items, such as coasters and dishes, while awaiting its patent. The goal is to make furniture and larger structures once the technology is able to make the cement more durable. Food production companies that can’t avoid generating waste during their processes have reached out to work with the company. “We hope to become a matching service between companies that have food waste and companies who want to build things out of such materials,” said Takuma Oishi, Fabula’s chief commercial officer.
Since the cement is 100 percent eatable, it could create opportunities during disaster response when temporary structures need to be built quickly. The people inside might even turn to them for food. If the technology advances enough, Oishi suggested, someday we may be able “to eat the homes or furniture when necessary”.
1. Which problem Japan faces is mentioned in paragraph 1?A.Food waste. |
B.Garbage littering. |
C.Energy crisis. |
D.Environmental pollution. |
A.Using food remains in recipes. |
B.Finding a cheaper alternative to landfills. |
C.Making a novel building material from leftovers. |
D.Cutting greenhouse gases by recycling home devices. |
A.The diversity of food sources. |
B.The prospects of the company. |
C.The innovation of a traditional cuisine. |
D.The process of developing food concrete. |
A.It can fill stomachs. |
B.It’s solid and lasting. |
C.It can prevent disasters. |
D.It’s delicate but cost-free. |
4 . The rechargeable lithium-ion (锂离子) battery market is worth more than $50 billion. Lithium-ion batteries, whose demand continues to go up day by day, are used in a wide range of electronic devices. They are made of four main components, and cathode (阴极) is one of them. The cathode’s active material type is what determines the capacity of a battery.
A recent study, led by Wang Yan, a material scientist of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, finds that lithium-ion batteries made with recycled cathodes work better than those with new cathodes.
“The battery industry is expected to grow sharply in the next decade. This high demand has led companies to go to extremes, like increasing deep-sea mining, to gain access to the minerals used in lithium-ion batteries,” Wang said. “Mining minerals will have environmental impacts. Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries offers a way out.”
But until now, the prospect of using recycled materials in lithium-ion batteries has some manufacturers (制造商) worrying that it could impact performance. Thus, lithium-ion batteries are still not widely recycled. Aware of decreasing resources and environmental impact, Wang and other researchers set out to find a way to make recycling lithium-ion batteries economically practical. Through experiments, they could recover more than 90% of the key metals from spent batteries. These recovered metals became the basis of the new recycled battery’s cathode’s active material.
In tests between Wang’s team’s recycled batteries and brand-new batteries of the same composition, the recycled batteries outperform the new ones in their ability to maintain capacity. It took 11,600 charge cycles for recycled cathode batteries to lose 30 percent of their original capacity. That was about 50 percent better than the 7,600 observed cycles for new cathode batteries, the team reported. Those thousands of extra cycles could translate into years of better battery performance, even after repeated use and recharging.
1. What can we learn about lithium-ion batteries from the first paragraph?A.They are high in price. |
B.They are in great demand. |
C.They are limited in use. |
D.They are simple in composition. |
A.The target users of recycled batteries. |
B.The ways to get minerals for batteries. |
C.The major reasons for recycling batteries. |
D.The complex process of recycling batteries. |
A.Declining mineral resources. |
B.Difficult recycling techniques. |
C.Serious environmental problems. |
D.Inefficient battery performance. |
A.The battery industry is going to develop dramatically. |
B.Recycling batteries reduces impact on the environment. |
C.Scientists can recover key materials from spent batteries. |
D.Recycled batteries outperform new ones in charging circles. |
5 . Every year, as the surface water temperature off the United States mid-Atlantic coast rises steadily from late spring through the summer, a pocket of uncharacteristically cool and crisp water gets trapped at the bottom of the ocean. Packed with nutrients this thick band of cold water, known as the mid-Atlantic cold pool, is a vital home for shellfish species. Extending at its seasonal peak from Nantucket, Massachusetts, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the cold poll creates a diverse ecosystem ranging from algae(海藻)to fish — and some of the most valuable shellfish fisheries in the United States.
Now, however, two pressures have scientists worrying about whether the cold pool will last. The first is no surprise: climate change. Over the past five decades, climates change has destabilized the cold pool, causing it to warm and shrink. Compared with 1968, the cold pool is now 13℃ warmer and has lost more than one-third of its area.
The second concern is 1ess certain. In 2023, the US federal government approved plans to install(安装)98 wind turbines(涡轮机)off the New Jersey coast, covering an area of more than 300 square kilometers. Yet putting so many turbines to the seafloor could have unexpected consequences for the cold pool. That’s why Travis Miles, a researcher at New Jersey’s Rutgers University, and his colleagues are investigating. So far, Miles and his colleagues can’t definitively say what will happen to the cold pool, saying more research is needed to assess how climate change and offshore wind, together, could affect the cold pool. However, their initial analyses suggest the cold pool should be fine — at least in normal conditions.
New Jersey’s offshore wind plans are strongly opposed mainly by fossil fuel-industry funded efforts. Miles worries that an overabundance of caution or fear of potential impacts, including on the cold pool, might slow down the development of renewable energy. “...it’s quite clear that climate change is far more damaging than installing wind farms,” he says. “I don’t think any scientist would argue with that.”
1. What do we know about the mid-Atlantic cold pool?A.It forms in early spring. | B.It’s a band of cold near-bottom water. |
C.It serves as a habitat of most sea species. | D.It extends from Nantucket to New Jersey. |
A.Break down. | B.Get polluted. | C.Dry up. | D.Become smaller. |
A.supportive | B.dismissive | C.overcautious | D.skeptical |
A.The Cold Pool Plays a Role on species |
B.Opinions Divide on Offshore Wind Farms |
C.Scientists Eye Potential Risks to the Cold Pool |
D.Renewable Energy Helps to Race Against Climate Change |
6 . Traditionally, profiting from forests often meant capitalizing on timber (木材)——choosing commercial timber. Yet increasingly, there is an understanding that it’s of greater significance to keep trees standing than cut them down for financial profit. Money is not everything. We have to recognize real and lasting value is from natural resources. But money is a fact of life.
Good news is that we can expect entire natural woodland is left undamaged and still provides a revenue (收益) stream. Leaving woodland complete does not necessarily mean that we do not touch it at all. Conservation work may involve building back biodiversity or the removal of foreign plant species.
A healthy woodland system can provide a range of yields (产物). Besides eatable yields——top fruit, berries, and food crops, it produces substances for chemical use. The non-timber forest products provided by natural ecosystems will vary significantly depending on where they are. But there’re almost always ways to explore to acquire revenue.
A project in the U.K. shows woodland is also a draw for visitors. It engages a community who creates a sustainable area of woodland. The sale of handmade wooden items and non-timber forest products is involved. But the community largely obtains revenue by opening up parts of the natural woodland to the public with an adventure playground and outdoor recreational activities on the site. It also offers courses on nest building, special wildlife events and more. The project is thought to have great uniqueness. In terms of revenue, it centers round the existing natural land; the yields woodland can provide become side products.
Recreational activities, tours, and classes are just the commencement. A rich and biodiverse woodland can be an ecosystem that draws in people looking for a beautiful place to stay. Woodland has great value in ecological and social terms. And when you nurse it, it could also add to the income from your land.
1. What do people increasingly think about forest conservation?A.It is difficult to carry out. |
B.It means making full use of timber. |
C.It outweighs financial development. |
D.It should centre on building back biodiversity. |
A.It makes woodland itself the main product. |
B.It focuses on protecting natural land. |
C.It aims to promote ecotourism. |
D.It provides educational experiences. |
A.Intention. |
B.Wish. |
C.Exception. |
D.Beginning. |
A.Woodland Brings Profit While Staying Complete |
B.A Project Creates Sustainable Woodland |
C.Forest Conservation Has Been a Top Priority |
D.Non-timber Products Help Gain More Revenue |
7 . In 2014, Xu Yitang, a student at the National Academy of Chinese Theatre Arts, saw corals at an aquarium for the first time.
Little did he know the chance
“The coral organism is quite
As he became better
Fast-forward to today, he
Each day, he spends several hours diving deep under the waves to observe and
His story has been
A.incident | B.witness | C.encounter | D.appointment |
A.passion | B.vision | C.friendship | D.career |
A.study | B.frequent | C.examine | D.discover |
A.treating | B.preserving | C.selecting | D.growing |
A.tough | B.smooth | C.delicate | D.impressive |
A.benefits | B.requirements | C.expenses | D.responses |
A.reminded | B.informed | C.warned | D.convinced |
A.shelters | B.partners | C.opportunities | D.services |
A.Somehow | B.Nevertheless | C.Therefore | D.Unfortunately |
A.extinction | B.variation | C.decline | D.expansion |
A.responsibility | B.relief | C.achievement | D.belonging |
A.consults with | B.applies for | C.seeks out | D.acts as |
A.find out | B.note down | C.show off | D.speed up |
A.revised | B.contributed | C.announced | D.featured |
A.assess | B.follow | C.relate | D.invent |
内容包括:1.时间及地点;2.展览内容和学生收获;3.活动反响。
注意:1.写作词数应为80左右;2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
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9 . Nowadays, with the popularity of modern traffic and modern communication means, our world is becoming much smaller. Thus our life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but meanwhile it has brought new problems, the biggest one of which is pollution. For a long time ever since, man has been polluting the earth. The more people, the more pollution.
To pollute means to make things dirty. Pollution comes in many ways. We see it, smell it, drink it and even hear it. Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so many people. When the land was used up or the river was dirty in one place, man moved to another place. But this is no longer true. Man is now slowly polluting the whole world.
Air pollution is still the most serious. It’s bad for all living things in the world, but it is not the only one kind of pollution. Water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. Noise pollution makes us angry more easily.
Many countries are making rules to fight pollution. They stop people from burning coal in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air. Pollution by SO2 is now the most dangerous kind of air pollution. It is caused by heavy traffic. We are sure that if there are fewer people driving, there will be less air pollution.
The earth is our home. We must take care of it. That means keeping the land, water and air clean. And we must take care of the rise in pollution at the same time.
1. What is the reason for the world to become much smaller?A.The rise in pollution. | B.Science and technology development. |
C.The earth is being polluted day and night. | D.The earth is blown away by the wind every year. |
A.Air pollution. | B.Rubbish pollution. |
C.Noise pollution. | D.Water pollution. |
A.It makes much noise. | B.It makes us angry more easily. |
C.It makes our rivers and lakes dirty. | D.It’s bad for all living things in the world. |
A.Supportive. | B.Critical. | C.Doubtful. | D.Indifferent. |
10 . From airplanes to apartments, most spaces are now designed with sound-absorbing materials that help decrease various sounds of everyday life. But most of the sound-absorbing materials that can cancel out human voices, traffic noise and music are made from plastic foams (泡沫) that aren’t easily recycled or degraded. Now, researchers reporting in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering have created a biodegradable film (薄膜) obtained from seaweed, which effectively absorbs sounds in this range.
Controlling and optimizing the way sound moves throughout a room is the key to creating functional spaces. Foam sound-absorbing panels are a common solution, and they come in a variety of materials and thicknesses tailored to specific sound requirements. Most of these foams, however, are made from a type of plastic material and other chemical substances that are obtained from natural oil or petrol. To avoid petrochemicals, researchers have explored more renewable sources and biodegradable sound-absorbing alternatives. But many current options are made from plant fibers that don’t effectively decrease noises in the most useful range of sound frequencies, or they are too thick or difficult to produce. So, Chindam’s team wanted to develop a biodegradable material from a plant, which would be simple to produce and could absorb a range of sounds.
The team created films of agar (琼脂), a material that comes from seaweed, along with other additives developed from plants and varied the thickness of the films. After running the materials through a battery of tests, the researchers measured how well the films reduced sound across a range of frequencies. To do this, the team created a sound tube in which a speaker is placed at one end, and the test film is fitted over the other end. Microphones in the middle of the tube measured the amount of sound sent by the speaker and the amount of sound reflected off the film. These experiments showed that the films with many small holes made with the highest concentrations of agar had the greatest sound-absorbing qualities and performed similarly to traditional sound-absorbing foams. The researchers plan to explore ways to change the agar films to give them other desirable properties, such as flame resistance, and will explore other biologically obtained film materials.
1. What is the disadvantage of plastic foams?A.They take up, too much space. | B.They cannot absorb sounds effectively. |
C.They cannot meet specific sound requirements. | D.They have difficulty achieving sustainable use. |
A.One obtained easily and effectively. | B.One produced toughly and tiredly. |
C.One developed from petrochemicals. | D.One made from plant fibers. |
A.The purpose of film research. | B.A series of tests on the new material. |
C.A tool of measuring the film thickness. | D.The difficulty of searching the new material. |
A.An Eco-friendly Sound-absorbing Material from Seaweed |
B.Plastic Foams: the Worst Choice of Absorbing Sounds |
C.A Tube for Measuring the Amount of Underwater Sounds |
D.Seaweed: a Better Sound-absorbing Underwater Plant |