1 . Microsoft plans to erase its entire carbon footprint since its foundation in 1975. Microsoft aims to accomplish "carbon negative" by 2030, meaning that it will erase more carbon from the environment than it emits(排放). The company will minimize carbon emissions across its entire supply chain to zero. And the following step is to clean up all the carbon emissions it has produced since 1975, when it was founded. What the company further proposed was that it would try to push for policies to price carbon and help clean energy technology develop faster. It is among the companies that approve of carbon tax.

More attention has been drawn to removing carbon from the atmosphere. There are a variety of methods toward that, including nature-based ones, like planting trees, and technological ones, like capturing carbon directly from the air.

“Microsoft will initially focus on nature-based methods like restoring degraded forests and planting new trees, ”said Lucas Joppa, the company's Chief Environmental Officer. An investment of one billion dollars will also be provided for the development of carbon removal and reduction technology. Microsoft's decision of counting its supply chain's emissions is an extension of its previous commitment to run data centers mainly on the renewable energy.

The company's intention to promote low-carbon policies was highly recognized by environmentalist. “A company's most powerful tool for fighting climate change is its political influence, and we're eager to see Microsoft use it, ”Elizabeth Sturcken, Managing Director of EDF+Business said.

Other industries are also encouraged to follow Microsoft's example. But none of them has such a commitment, according to Gary Cook, senior analyst of Greenpeace. Nevertheless, Cook, together with some other environmentalists, criticized Microsoft for continuously cooperating with oil and gas companies. Amazon's AWS service has faced the same criticism for working with fossil fuel clients.“There's a real disconnection between what they're doing within their own company and their empowering of dirty energy, ” Cook said.

1. What do we know about Microsoft In its “carbon negative” commitment?

A．It will reduce its carbon emissions to almost zero.

B．It will remove all the carbon from the environment.

C．It plans to clean up its previously released carbon.

D．It plans to include its clients in its future campaign.

2. Which of the following approaches will Microsoft apply to reduce its carbon emissions?

A．Collecting carbon tax	B．Capturing carbon from the air
C．Exploring renewable resources	D．Funding carbon reduction technology

3. What do environmentalists think of Microsoft?

A．They criticize it for its unrealistic promise.

B．They think highly of it for its political influence.

C．They praise it for its push for low-carbon policies

D．They speak ill of it for its partnership with Amazon.

4. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?

A．Health.

B．Politics

C．Technology.

D．Environment.

2 . 假定你是某重点高中学生会主席李华，你市正在迎接创建全国文明城市检查，请你以学生会名义写一篇倡议书，倡议大家积极为创建文明城市做准备，内容应包括：
1. 爱护公共环境，保持校内外卫生清洁
2. 遵守交通规则，文明骑车
3. 提倡志愿服务精神，奉献他人
4. 其他
注意：1词数120左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
全国文明城市 a National civilized city       志愿服务精神     volunteerism
Dear fellow students：
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 . Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．

Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？

Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．

The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．

Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．

When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．

1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？

A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．

B．Everyone can define time on their own terms．

C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．

D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．

2. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．

A．present an assumption	B．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experiment	D．introduce an approach

3. What can we learn from this passage？

A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．

B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．

C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．

D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．

4. What can we infer from this passage？

A．It is crucial to improve the definition of time．

B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．

C．We should live in harmony with nature．

D．History is a mirror reflecting reality．

4 . 阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后面的要求答题。(请注意问题后的字数要求)

Studies and reports seem to come in everyday talking about the state of the world. Global warming and pollution are threatening the delicate balance of life on Earth. The vast amount of troubles in the world can make anything we do seem unmeaning. But if we can do just a few things to help, the joined efforts can create a huge difference in both the world and in our lives. If you are not sure where to begin here are some simple things that can create a big change.

Grow your own garden. Growing your own garden can create a tremendous difference. Having fresh fruits and vegetables at your finger tips can not only improve your health, it can also save you money. Spending time each day working in your garden is wonderful exercise and a great way to get plenty of sunshine.

Stop buying chemical cleaners. The special chemicals to clean their house can have bad effect on your health and the environment. Instead of buying more bottles of chemicals and creating more waste，try some of the simple cleaner ideas that you can make yourself. Vinegar and baking soda is one of the simplest, most effective, and cheapest cleaning solutions available. Lemon juice is another safe and effective cleaner that can remove soap scum and whiten clothes as well as many other uses.

Change your light bulbs. Replacing your ordinary light bulbs with low energy bulbs can both   _____________ and help the environment. These long lasting bulbs reduce your energy bill and do not need to be replaced as often as conventional bulbs.

Recycle. The tried and true method of helping the environment is recycling. Most cities have recycling centers or recycling pick-up available for people. Plastic, glass, paper, even old phonebooks can be recycled and used for other things.

1. List three appropriate measures you can do to help the environment. (Please answer within 10 words.)
2. What is the best title of this passage ? (Please answer within 10 words)
3. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words. (Please answer within 6 words.)
4. Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?
Don’t buy bottles of chemical and don’t make much waste any longer, you can use some simple ways to clean.
5. Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 into Chinese.

5 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. collectively   B. engine     C. convinced   D. contribute   E. distribute   F. envisioned G. address   H. increasingly I. seemingly   J. engagement   K. initiative

Ocean plastic has become a defining problem of our time, and a challenge to the world’s brightest thinkers and innovators. With a significant portion of plastic waste entering through rivers, the Alliance to End Plastic Waste is supporting the work of Renew Ocean to     1     the lack of waste infrastructure in developing regions.

Research published in Environmental Science & Technology in 2017 shows that rivers     2     dump anywhere from a half to three million tons of plastic into the seas every year. According to the data, ten rivers alone carry 93 percent of the river-borne plastics that end up in the ocean. To help prevent this plastic waste from reaching the ocean, the Alliance to End Plastic Waste will sponsor Renew Oceans, a localized     3     and investment project focused on high-leakage rivers. As a Founding Global Oceans Sponsor, the Alliance will     4     its materials and logistics (物流) capabilities. The National Geographic Society has also supported the Renew Oceans     5    .

Renew Oceans is part of the Renewology partnership, a brainchild of Priyanka Bakaya. Growing up in Australia, Bakaya became fascinated by science, chemistry, and the environment. Trips to India as a child     6     her of the need to do something positive for an environment     7     strained by plastic waste. At Stanford University, she became aware of social entrepreneurship and continued developing her ideas for ending plastic waste in business school at MIT.

How does Renew Oceans plan to tackle a(n)     8     insurmountable (难以克服的) problem? First, using proprietary (专利的) “biofence” technology designed by Renewology, plastic waste is collected as it flows down rivers and branches. ReFences divert the plastic and thus keep it from accumulating and entering the ocean. As     9    , the program has major side benefits. The plastic collected across the developing world will be converted into fuel, while waste pickers will receive compensation directly tied to the fuel generated from the plastic they collect. Renewology can become a powerful     10     for empowering local communities while cleaning up the world’s trash and providing necessary fuel.

6 . Most people update their electronic products these days on a regular basis, not because they aren't made well and need replacing, but because technology is so advanced that a newer model often appears on the market a year later and consumers like to have the latest if they can afford it! This means that there's a mass of still working, but outdated, electronic items that can't simply be thrown in the bin due to the harm they can cause to the environment once they start to break down.     1       

Some people will simply throw away their old products without a thought, while others will either give it away to a friend or make some money by selling it through an Internet shopping site, such as eBay and the like.     2     Then they'll feel guilt-free that it won't wind up in a landfill and cause harm to the surroundings.

    3    Apart from protecting the environment, there are other reasons behind recycling and one of them is data security. Disposing of electronic devices is the best way to protect customers from unofficial access to private data information.     4     It's a complete waste to just throw away outdated electronic items when there 're so many metals that can be reused.

Those in the recycle computers and electronics business are onto a good thing as disposing of e-waste becomes a must and a socially-conscious world decides to clean up their act.    5    After all, it can create jobs and make the earth a safer and healthier place for our children to enjoy.

A．More environmentally-aware people will find an electronic recycling unit to take it off their hands.

B．Reducing electronic waste causes a reduction of poisonous elements in the atmosphere.

C．Also the amount of resources available in the materials thrown away is enormous.

D．They may suddenly find themselves with hundreds of old cell phones, etc.

E．It also offers economic and environmental opportunities for the future.

F．So they may end up sitting forgotten in a drawer and taking up space.

G．They have positive attitudes towards reusing and recycling.

7 . Global food demand will double by 2050, according to a new projection, and the farming techniques used to meet that unprecedented(空前的) demand will significantly determine how severe the impact is on the environment, researchers said.

The study researchers warned that meeting the demand for food would clear more land, increase nitrogen(氮) use and significantly add to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.

“Agriculture’s greenhouse gas emissions could double by 2050 if current trends in global food production continue,” study researcher David Tilman, of the University of Minnesota, said in a statement. “This would be a major problem, since global agriculture already accounts for a third of all greenhouse gas emissions.”

The researchers studied various ways in which the increasing food demand could be mentioned. They found that the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach would be for more food producers to adopt the nitrogen-efficient “intensive” farming method, which involves the heavy use of labor and the production of more crops per acre.

This approach was shown to be more effective than the “extensive” farming currently practiced by many poor nations, a method that includes clearing more new land to produce more food.

Different farming methods produce significantly different yields, the researchers found — in 2005, the crop yields for the wealthiest nations were more than 300 percent higher than what the poorest nations produced.

According to their analysis of the effects of extensive farming, if poorer nations continue using this method, by 2050 they will have cleared an area larger than the United States, about 2.5 billion acres. However, if wealthy nations help poorer nations to improve food yields by incorporating(吸收) intensive farming practices, that number could be reduced to half a billion acres.

The researchers stress that the environmental effects of meeting future food demand depend on how global agriculture expands and develops.

“Our analyses show that we can save most of the Earth’s remaining ecosystems by helping the poorer nations of the world feed themselves,” Tilman said.

1. What is the best title of this passage?

A．The World Will Need Double Food by 2050

B．Man Will Face the Risk of Lacking Food in the Future

C．Future Farmers Hold Environment’s Fate in Their Hands

D．Different Farming Methods Produce Significantly Different Yields

2. The character of the extensive farming is ________.

A．very cost-effective

B．to produce more crops per acre

C．at cost of more new land to produce more food

D．very environmentally friendly

3. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A．poorer nations mainly use the intensive farming

B．wealthy nations mainly use the extensive farming

C．the intensive farming needs less food producers

D．the extensive farming has a worse effect on ecosystems

4. According to the passage, the underlined word “they” in the 7th paragraph refers to “________”.

A．poorer nations

B．the effects of extensive farming

C．wealthy nations

D．future food demand

8 . It was once a shoreline buried by enough garbage to make it invisible (看不见的), thus, given the unfortunate nickname "toilet bowl" . Now the Philippines' Manila Bay beach is totally different, compared with a few months ago. It happened so suddenly and extremely that it brought tears to the eyes of the local people.

The cleanup started on 27 January, when 5, 000 volunteers descended on Manila Bay to remove over 45 tons (公吨) of garbage, marking the beginning of a nation-wide environmental campaign. But some two months before this great movement began, a quiet revolution was already underway.

During the first week of December 2018, Brooklyn- based Bounties Network collected three tons of garbage from Manila Bay every two days through a project that paid a small group of people, mostly fishermen, with a digital currency (数字货币) based on the Ethereum system.

For the mostly non-bank -using Filipino fishermen, this was a first-ever experience with a digital currency. It's one that proves decisive in enabling poor communities around the world to take up arms in the fight against humanity's waste.

There are signs that this recycling-for-digital payment industry may be just about to take off. Earlier in September 2018, Plastic Bank, a Vancouver -based company powered by IBM technology, also started a similar project. They set up a project in Naga, a town in southern Luzon, the country's largest island, building a collection point to let people exchange plastic and recyclable materials for digital payouts through a system.

That both these pioneers have chosen the Philippines as their first location is not surprising considering the country's contribution to ocean waste. A Wall Street Journal study in 2015 revealed that the Philippines make the third-largest amount of plastic waste into global oceans.

1. Why did people call Manila Bay beach“toilet bowl” ?

A．It looked like a huge bowl.	B．There were plenty of toilets.
C．It was covered by rubbish.	D．People loved the toilets here.

2. What does the underlined phrase“descended on”in paragraph 2 mean?

A．Completely depended on.	B．Suddenly arrived at.
C．Occasionally decreased to.	D．Gradually disappeared from.

3. What made poor communities willing to fight against waste?

A．The benefits to their homeland.	B．The desire to make a difference.
C．The chance to escape ocean pollution.	D．The experience with a digital currency.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．Online system helps end ocean pollution.

B．Manila Bay beach is suddenly removed.

C．Plastic Bank is powerful in recycling waste.

D．Philippines make a great amount of waste.

9 . This supermarket sells only wasted food

Food waste is a big deal: According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, 28 percent of the world’s agriculture area is used to produce food that _________ goes to waste each year. But now, a new supermarket _________ only with wasted food is tackling the problem head-on.

The project is an expansion of British non-profit the Real Junk Food Project. The group has long collected wasted food for pay-as-you-can cafes around the world, but its supermarket takes the concept one step _________. The market takes food that’s donated by local restaurants and grocery stores and puts it on _________ to sell to customers who pay what they can.

As is reported, the store is already serving as a _________ for families who are down on their luck. It’s kind of like food pantry(食品分发处), but has no _________ on who gets the food. And the concept is not a new one: as is written in another report this month, the idea has taken _________ in Denmark, too, due to a government effort to reduce the country’s amount of wasted food.

Last year, the USDA launched its first-ever food waste reduction goal, _________ to reduce the amount of wasted food by 50 percent by 2030. The agency estimates that cutting just 15 percent of this waste in the United States would provide enough food for more than 25 million Americans per year. And hunger isn’t the _________ reason to reduce food waste. Wasted food has a carbon dioxide impact ____________ to the output of one in four cars on the road worldwide and ____________ a quarter of the world’s freshwater and 300 million barrels of oil each year.

So why do grocery stores produce all the wasted food? The USDA notes that damaged packaging products that haven’t been stored properly, holiday specialties that are never purchased, overstocked foods and odd-looking foods____________ for the waste.

Food waste supermarkets aren’t the only ____________ in the fight against waste: From activists working to improve the reputation of ____________ fruits and vegetables to craft beers made of wasted products like no longer fresh bread and grapefruit, there are plenty of creative ways to and eat food that would ____________ be thrown out. Maybe it’s time to bring the food waste supermarket concept to the United States-a delicious addition to the variety of ways not to trash perfectly good meals.

1.

A．initially

B．eventually

C．fortunately

D．generally

2.

A．stocked

B．connected

C．tied

D．charged

3.

A．closer

B．further

C．slower

D．lower

4.

A．tables

B．platforms

C．shelves

D．stairs

5.

A．access

B．shelter

C．donation

D．lifeline

6.

A．limitations

B．situations

C．positions

D．consequences

7.

A．out

B．away

C．on

D．off

8.

A．aiming

B．refusing

C．occurring

D．applying

9.

A．best

B．worst

C．last

D．only

10.

A．fair

B．limited

C．equal

D．addicted

11.

A．conserves

B．consumes

C．reserves

D．confirms

12.

A．call

B．ask

C．account

D．blame

13.

A．process

B．technology

C．equipment

D．weapon

14.

A．good-looking

B．strange-looking

C．easy-going

D．bad-smelling

15.

A．otherwise

B．or

C．besides

D．else

10 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. When will the team return from Costa Rica?

A．April 6.

B．July 10.

C．July 20.

2. Where will the team go to do the second project?

A．The national parks.

B．The city of San José.

C．The east of Costa Rica.

3. What will the team do in the final project?

A．Plant trees.

B．Feed birds.

C．Train animal