We’ve all been told to dress warmly or we’ll catch cold. But science says the common cold is caused by the virus, not the weather. Actually, according to researchers at Yale University, there just might be something to this old wives’ tale.
For decades, researchers have known that the virus replicates (复制) more readily in cooler environments, such as the nose, rather than at the warmer core body temperature. The reason for this, explains Ellen Foxman, an assistant professor at Yale University School of Medicine, long remained a mystery. Scientists didn’t know whether the virus itself worked better at colder temperatures, or the immune system worked worse. “No one could find anything,” she says.
Then Foxman and her colleagues studied what’s called the born immune system, which is present in every cell, and how it responds to various temperatures when the virus is present. In the lab, they examined airway cells from mice and found that the immune system produced fewer chemical substances called interferons at lower temperatures, allowing the cold virus to flourish.
In a study published this year, they found supporting results in human cells: At the warmer core body temperature, born immune systems that block viral growth are more active, and can stop and kill viruses. Now the team is trying to better understand the defenses the body uses to prevent the virus.
While wearing a scarf around your nose to warm it up might help prevent a cold, Foxman recommends washing your hands so you don’t pass the virus to your eyes, nose, or mouth in the first place. “If the virus isn’t in your nose, it can’t cause infection,” she says.
1. What does the underlined sentence in the first paragraph mean?A.Listen to the elders. | B.The tale makes sense. |
C.The tale is interesting. | D.The research is useless. |
A.The virus increased in warmer environments. |
B.The mice was more active in warmer conditions. |
C.The immune system produced more antivirus in warm air. |
D.A chemical in the immune system can stop and kill virus. |
A.Wearing a scarf. | B.Dressing warmly. |
C.Washing the hands. | D.Stay warm in winter. |
A.Cold weather causes cold. | B.Tips on protecting immune system. |
C.Cold impact the body’s immune system. | D.Many viruses can cause the common cold. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】It’s normal to wake up on the wrong side of the bed every now and then. But who wants to be unhappy for an entire day? There are a few simple steps to make today a brighter day for you.
Wake up early
By waking up even just fifteen minutes earlier, you’ll give yourself a bit more time to prepare yourself for the day ahead.
Exercising your muscles first in the morning will restart your system and set the tone for the rest of the day. You’ll do something healthy and productive, which will lift your mood(心情)and make you more energetic. Morning exercise can also prevent muscle pain, help you sleep sounder and lose weight.
Write a to-do list
If you have a lot on your mind, writing a to-do list will help, as it will enable you to organize your thoughts and clear your head. Just write down everything that you’re worried about getting done. Then rewrite it in order of importance.
Have a proper breakfast
Before you go about your day, it is important to eat breakfast.
Wash and present yourself nicely
A.Do morning exercise |
B.Take your time over it |
C.Exercise at least twice a week |
D.Eat as many vegetables as possible for the breakfast |
E.It’s a wise idea to shower and make yourself look tidy |
F.So you can focus on the most urgent(紧急的)tasks right away |
G.You can also take things slowly, rather than rush and stress yourself out |
【推荐2】We think of winter as cold and flu season,but the cold temperatures have powerful biological upsides too.
Boosts your brain
Burns calories(卡路里)
When it's cold,your body works harder to keep your core temperature,which is typically. about 98.6 degrees. "Our bodies use a considerable amount of energy to keep us warm and to dampen the air we breathe when we're out in the cold,"explains Stacy Tucker,an expert from Kansas City.
Activates healthy fat
We know accumulating too much ordinary fat or "white fat" can endanger our health. But adults also have small amounts of beneficial "brown fat" that can quicken their metabolism(新陈代谢)and bum more calories
Encourages better sleep
Your body's core temperature drops when you're trying to sleep.
Yes,you might get more colds during the winter. However,studies have shown that the immune system can be activated by colder temperatures,which improves our ability to fight infections,explains Tucker. That said,the flu virus becomes strong in cold,dry air,and time spent indoors increases your chance of infection. To reduce risk,get your annual flu shot,wash your hands frequently,and go outside.
A. Fights infections
B. So fasten your boots
C. Suffers from infections
D. Colder temperatures can help you think more clearly
E. And cold temperatures can activate this useful fat
F. Exercising in the winter makes heart muscles stronger
G. This process can take up to two hours in the summer
【推荐3】It’s normal for teens to want to stay connected with friends and social circle, but what about that happening in the middle of the night? The Journal of Youth Studies recently published new research showing that one in five teens from 12 to 15 regularly wake to spend all night on social media (社会媒体). Not surprisingly, the research also showed that these social night owls were three times more likely than others to feel tired at school and that girls were more likely than boys to be called to office.
The blue light produced by cell phones and computers makes the brain to stay awake, so it's easy to see why a teen might be up all night. A study in Psychological Science showed the same brain reaction: when teens saw large numbers of “likes” on their posts, they stayed awake with excitement as if they had eaten chocolates or won money. Besides not catching up on sleep and interrupting their sleep cycle, teens may never fully enter deep sleep that may be responsible for brain development and learning.
Considering about 72 percent of children from 6 to 17 sleep with some electronic media in their bedrooms, parents need to set rules sooner rather than later.
“Providing access (使用机会) to social media is a favor that children can earn and also lose,” Janie Feldman, an expert who treats sleep disorders (紊乱), reminds parents, “The bad effect is clear. So teens and parents should discuss and agree on its use, timing and access. When teenagers agree to the rules, it’s easier for parents to control how much time they use the phones or computers.”
1. What does the underlined part “night owls” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Girls often called to office. |
B.Teens who stay up late on social media. |
C.Teens who are busy with their homework at night. |
D.Boys regularly waking in the middle of the night. |
A.They are too excited to go to sleep. |
B.They fall asleep easily and happily. |
C.They are too excited to go to school. |
D.They decide to make more good friends. |
A.Making rules about media access together with their children. |
B.Getting their children to do homework through computers. |
C.Encouraging their children to stay connected with online friends. |
D.Stopping their children from using cell phones. |
A.Deep sleep makes a big difference to brain development. |
B.Kids are trying to win back the trust of their parents. |
C.Social media may have a bad effect on all kinds of people. |
D.Social media may cause teens’ sleep disorders. |
【推荐1】Business innovation is an organization’s process for introducing new ideas, workflows methodologies, services or products. Like IT innovation, which calls for using technology in new ways to create a more efficient and agile organization, business innovation should enable the achievement of goals across the entire organization, with sights set on accomplishing core business aims and initiatives. Innovation often begins with idea generation, wherein ideas are narrowed down during brainstorming sessions, after which leaders consider the business viability, feasibility and desirability of each idea. Business innovation should improve one existing products, services or processes; or it should solve a problem; or it should reach new customers. Recent examples of business innovation include the introduction of the Dyson vacuum cleaner, whose creator and namesake James Dyson declared in advertisements that he set out to build a better product by applying industrial cyclone technologies to the household appliance.
The purpose of the business innovation process is to create value for the organization. That value can come from creating new revenue opportunities or driving more revenue through existing channels; from creating efficiencies that save time, money or both; or from improvements to productivity or performance. In short, innovation should lead to higher profits. Additionally, the results of an organization’s innovation process should yield a competitive advantage; it should help the organization to grow and reach — or, better still, exceed — strategic objectives.
Innovation and invention are closely linked, but the two terms are not interchangeable. An invention is an entirely new creation. The process of business innovation can produce an invention, but the term is broader in scope and includes the application of an existing concept or practice in a new way, or applying new technology to an existing product or process to improve upon it. To better understand the difference, consider this: The telephone is an invention, but the smartphone is an innovation.
Business innovation can also be classified as either revolutionary or evolutionary. Revolutionary business innovation yields a drastic change in a product, service, process, etc., which often destroys or supplants an existing business model. This is also known as radical Evolutionary or incremental innovation involves smaller, more continuous innovation, improvements that, while important, are not drastic enough to shift a company or market into a new paradigm. Disruptive innovation is a category that emphasizes the destructive aspect of revolutionary innovation; this term applies to business innovation that leads to the creation of a new market that displaces an existing one or, similarly, a significant upheaval in a category of products or services.
Business innovation, like most business initiatives, has both benefits and risks. Organizations should recognize on the negative side that the business innovation process can be a costly undertaking that does not always produce a return on investment (ROI); that idea considered likely to succeed could still fail; and that stakeholders could fight the changes required to be successful. On the other hand, organizations need to weigh those risks against the benefits of business innovation.
1. What does the underlined word in the first paragraph mean?A.Persuasibility. | B.Scarcity. | C.Generality. | D.Practicability. |
A.Create value benefits for the enterprise. |
B.Reform the management structure of enterprises. |
C.Encourage staff to make more inventions. |
D.Upgrade the product performance. |
A.They are essentially the same concept. |
B.They can replace each other in the context. |
C.They can bring huge commercial benefits. |
D.They are closely related but have different conceptual scopes. |
A.The precautions for brainstorming meetings. |
B.The considerations for business innovation. |
C.The difference between innovation and invention. |
D.The revolutionary change in business innovation. |
【推荐2】Yong male songbirds usually learn their songs from adult songbirds. But when those young birds do not have older ones to teach them, they have less success attracting mates.
For five years, ecologist Ross Crates with Australian National University has studied the singing ability and mating success of birds called regent honeyeaters (王吸蜜鸟).
Male birds once formed large groups in the winter. Now they are spread out across the country, so many fly alone. That means fewer honeyeater adults are nearby during the young birds first year of life.
“Song learning in many birds is a process similar to humans learning languages—they learn by listening to other individuals,” said Crates.
“If you can’t listen to other individuals, you don’t know what you should be learning.”
Researchers found that a large number of male birds appear to be learning tunes only used by other species. About 12 percent of male regent honeyeaters end up producing versions of songs usually sung by friarbirds and lack-faced cuckoo shrikes, among other birds.
The scientists released their research in the publication Proceedings of the Royal Society B. They found that males who sang unusual songs were less successful in attracting mates.
Peter Marra is a conservation biologist at Georgetown University and was not involved in the study. He said, “This research suggests that the loss of a song language once the population reaches a very small size could accelerate their decline.”
Scott Ramsay is a behavioral ecologist at Wilfried Laurier University in Ontario, Canada. He was not involved in the research. He said the songs were like an advertisement: “When male birds sing, it’s like putting out an ad saying, ‘I’m over here...and I’m really interested in finding a partner.”
Ramsay added that female honeyeaters may not even recognize these unusual singers as possible mates, and so do not approach them. Or it could be that they approach, “but then things go wrong if the males do not behave as expected.”
1. What might be the scientists’ attitude towards the regent honeyeaters?A.Positive. | B.Concerned. | C.Optimistic. | D.Critical. |
A.It’s more possible for them to fail in mating. | B.They attract other species successfully. |
C.Most regent honeyeaters will follow them. | D.Female honeyeaters like other versions of songs. |
A.People can understand the language of honeyeaters. |
B.Males sing wrong songs because they’re not interested in mating. |
C.Females are likely to mistake male honeyeaters for other birds. |
D.Regent honeyeaters can put out an advertisement apart from singing songs. |
A.Singing is an important skill for every bird. |
B.Honeyeaters and other birds have a close relationship. |
C.The failure to acquire the song language may speed up the decrease of honeyeaters. |
D.Honeyeaters are losing their capability of learning singing from other individuals. |
【推荐3】Blood-Doping Champion
Blood doping (违规输血) to improve performance is forbidden in professional sports. Athletes can use this technique to fuel their muscles with more oxygen-carrying red blood cells—for example, by receiving a transfusion. But many animals dope naturally: sheep, fishes and horses can boost their blood’s capacity to carry oxygen by 16 to 74 percent in physically demanding situations. Now a study shows that an Antarctic fish called the bald notothen can increase its carrying capacity by more than 200 percent to pursue an active life in cold waters.
Like most fishes native to Antarctica, the bald notothen’s blood contains anti-freeze proteins that help it withstand extreme cold. But these proteins, along with red blood cells (RBCs), can make blood sticky and hard to circulate. Some Antarctic fishes adapt by removing RBCs altogether, absorbing oxygen directly from the water via skin as they passively await prey (猎物). Bald notothens, however, actively swim below surface ice to chase other active life when avoiding seals and penguins. For this behavior, “you need to supply more oxygen to the muscles,” says Michael Axelsson, a physiologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden and co-author of the new study.
The scientists compared RBC levels in samples collected from bald notothens relaxing in glass tanks with those in samples drawn from fish they “chased” using a plastic tube. RBC levels were at 9 percent in the resting animals but 27 percent in the exercised ones, showing a 207 percent increase in the latter’s blood oxygen carrying capacity. “No other fish we’ve seen can more than double their RBCs or drop their numbers to such a low level when resting,” Axelsson says. The fish’s spleen (脾) stores RBCs, and the researcher found that to release more into the bloodstream, the organ shrinks to weigh 41 percent less.
The enormous changes in RBC levels initially surprised Gerald Kooyman, a biologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who was not involved in the study. He notes, however, that these animals have fewer blood cells to begin with, so maintaining circulation with a tripled RBC count is less difficult. If a diving Weddell seal pushed its RBC levels from 40 to 90 percent, for instance, its blood would be dangerously hard to pump.
Yet bald notothens do face trade-offs for their ability. The scientists found blood pressure was 12 percent higher and the heart worked 30 percent harder in active individuals. Bald notothens can rest during quiet times, but when they need to use their abilities, Axelsson says, “these fish have to live with more RBCs because they need more oxygen.”
1. Compared with most fishes native to Antarctica, what is special about the bald notothen?A.Its blood contains anti-freeze proteins. |
B.It can absorb oxygen directly from water via is skin. |
C.Its red blood cells can make blood sticky and hard to circulate. |
D.It actively swims below surface ice when chasing other active life. |
A.RBC levels. | B.Scientists. |
C.Glass tanks. | D.Fishes. |
A.the RBC levels in seals can increase from 40 to 90 percent |
B.bald notothens’ blood pressure are 12 percent higher than other fishes |
C.when bald notothens chase active life, there are more RBCs in their bodies |
D.Gerald Kooyman, a marine biologist provided some suggestions on this study |
A.To explain study methods on fishes. |
B.To introduce some findings about a fish. |
C.To present a way to improve athletes’ performance. |
D.To raise people’s awareness to protect bald notothens. |
【推荐1】For centuries, people have kept large amounts of cash at home during difficult times. But during the coronavirus (冠状病毒) crisis, things are different. Metal coins and paper money can be a source of worry rather than hope.
The fear is that these objects, possibly touched by thousands of people, could provide a way for the coronavirus to spread. Public officials and health experts have said that the risk is small. Still, some businesses refuse to accept cash and some countries have suggested that their citizens should stop using it altogether.
Zachary Cohle is an economics professor at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut. “In many areas, cash was already beginning to disappear due to the increased risk of robbery, the ease of Internet ordering, and the ubiquity (无处不在) of cell phones,” he said. “Sweden, Finland, Norway, Canada and others have slowly reduced cash use to the point where using it in large amounts seems unusual. Britain and Australia are expected to become cashless countries. And in China, cash use has dropped as electronic payment services have increased over the past ten years.”
“Cash ist Fesch” is a common saying in Austria and southern Germany. The words mean cash is beautiful. But since the virus outbreak, shops that have remained open there, like grocery stores, have encouraged people to pay with cards. And Germany’s central bank said 43 percent of Germans recently paid for goods and services with a card. The Bank of Japan estimates that cash makes up 53 percent of household assets (家庭资产). But the threat of the coronavirus could move the country toward going cashless, said Hiroki Maruyama, head of the nonprofit Fintech Association of Japan. He added, “The culture is slowly changing.”
However, cash use is still common in places like West and Central Africa, where many are too poor to pay for the cost of banking services. Dorothy Harpool teaches at Wichita State University’s W. Frank Barton School of Business. Harpool thought some people would rethink their use of cash during the crisis, but she said the world would not be cashless until everyone and every country has a reliable way to use the Internet.
1. Why is cash regarded as a source of worry?A.Cash may carry viruses after being used. | B.Cash can’t be used during the crisis. |
C.It’s risky to keep a lot of cash at home. | D.Some countries refuse to accept cash. |
A.The disadvantages of paying in cash. | B.The introduction to cashless countries. |
C.The present situation of cash use worldwide. | D.The increasing using of electronic payment. |
A.Shops in Germany only take cash because it’s beautiful. |
B.Less than half of the Germans still like to pay goods in cash. |
C.More than half of the Japanese prefer to put cash in the bank. |
D.The Japanese are changing their traditional attitudes to cash. |
A.The virus crisis will last for a long time. |
B.The Internet can not be used in all the countries. |
C.The habit of paying in cash is hard to change. |
D.People in Africa can’t afford the banking services. |
【推荐2】The amount of sunlight that Earth reflects back into space has decreased significantly in recent years. Whether the decline is a short-term phenomenon or yet another bad sign for Earth's climate still has to be proved, scientists suggest.
Our planet, on average, typically reflects about 30 percent of the sunlight that shines on it. But new research strengthens previous studies suggesting that Earth’s ability to reflect light back has been declining in recent years, says Philip Goode, a scientist at Big Bear Solar Observatory in California. From 1998 to 2017, Earth’s reflectance declined by about 0.5 percent, the team reported in Geophysical Research Letters.
Using ground-based instruments at Big Bear, Goode and his colleagues measured earthshine—the light that our planet reflects to the Moon and then back to Earth—from 1998 to 2017 Because earthshine is most easily measured when the Moon is a slim crescent(新月)and the weather is clear, the team collected a mere 801 data points during those 20 years, Goode and his colleagues report.
Much of the decrease in reflectance occurred during the last three years of the two-decade period the team studied, Goode says. Previous analyses of satellite data, he and his colleagues note, suggest that the drop in reflectance came from warmer temperatures along the Pacific coasts of North and South America, which in turn reduced low-altitude cloud cover and exposed the underlying, much darker and less reflective seas.
“Whether or not this is a long-term trend is yet to be seen,” says Edward Schwieterman, a scientist at the University of California, Riverside. “This strengthens the argument for collecting more data,” he says.
Decreased cloudiness over the eastern Pacific isn’t the only thing cutting Earth’s reflectance, says Shiv Priyam Raghuraman, a scientist at Princeton University. Many studies point to a long-term decline in sea ice (especially in the Arctic), ice on land, and tiny pollutants called aerosols(气溶胶)—all of which reflect sunlight back into space to cool Earth.
With ice cover declining, Earth is absorbing more radiation. The extra radiation absorbed by Earth in recent decades goes toward warming the oceans and melting more ice, which can contribute to even more warming, says Schwieterman.
Altogether, Goode and his colleagues estimate, the decline in Earth’s reflectance from 1998 to 2017 means that each square meter of our planet’s surface is absorbing, on average, an extra 0.5 watts of energy. For comparison, the researchers note in their study, planet-warming greenhouse gases and other human activity over the same period increased energy input to Earth’s surface by an estimated 0.6 watts of energy per square meter. That means the decline in Earth’s reflectance has, over that 20-year period, almost doubled the warming effect our planet experienced.
1. What has happened to the sunshine that shines on the Earth according to the study?A.It has been declining in recent years. |
B.It has been absorbed much less by the Earth. |
C.Its ability to come into the atmosphere has declined. |
D.It has been reflected much less back into space by Earth. |
A.Darker seas and oceans. | B.More reflection of sunshine. |
C.More radiation released by Earth. | D.Less cloud coverage low in the sky. |
A.Ice on land. | B.Ice in the Arctic. |
C.Tropical trees. | D.Aerosol pollutants. |
A.Earth is losing more ice. | B.Earth is becoming warmer. |
C.Earth is reflecting less light. | D.Earth is taking in more energy. |
【推荐3】The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the latest episode in a string of environment-borne human tragedies, disastrous in its weight, reach, and results. We believe that the current pandemic, the following lockdown, and the post lockdown bustle to return to normalcy will have vital positive and negative consequences for biodiversity conservation furthermore, we believe that these results present an opportunity to learn important lessons for how to deal with future crises.
Conservation development projects requiring a mandatory(强制的)human presence, such as inspection of protected areas, treatments of diseases of wild plants and animals, and destruction of invasive alien species, may take a backseat. Without protection and with added pressures produced by humans owing to the mass migration and unemployment in the biodiversity-rich developing world, the_species and habitats of concern may he in danger of hunting, mining, logging, and diseases. For example, centuries-old coral reefs in the Caribbean are irreversibly damaged as a result of the lack of treatment against fungal diseases.
In contrast, a reduction in tourism and human presence may help species sensitive to pressure from to human thrive. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the lockdown has resulted in increase pregnancies in zoo animals, reintroduction programs of vulnerable species, and increased sightings of wildlife close to human inhabitation from around the world.
There has also been a significant decrease in noise pollution since the lockdown. Noise pollution is also known to reduce diversity, changing the community structure and interspecific interactions. Studies before the lockdown have shown that noise pollution is not just an urban problem but also pervades more remote locations, including protected areas, where anthropogenic sound levels are often double the natural background noise levels. The problem can be more acute in aquatic environments because noise travels faster and farther in water.
The rapid and visible changes in environment within a few weeks of the lockdown were surprising even for experts, which should create an optimistic attitude toward biodiversity conservation. The pandemic has shown us that seemingly extreme solutions and their implementation(执行), such as a mandatory lockdown of human activities for a specific duration every year, may restore the planetary environment, even if for the time being if nothing else, such temporary solutions will delay the tipping points of future environmental crises. The scientific community will need to lead from the front, in creating solutions and in steering the sociopolitical will required to carry out these solutions for a more _long-lasting process of environmental conservation. In the absence of such realization, the environment and biodiversity conservation may take an even further backseat in national and international agenda in the post-COVID-19 world.
1. The coronavirus disease pandemic threatens biodiversity conservation because_________.A.the lockdown has resulted in pew births of species |
B.people are busy hunting and mining during pandemic |
C.the pandemic changes the ways of communication among species |
D.People are in dilemma for protection of biodiversity during the lockdown |
A.obsess over | B.spread through | C.associate with | D.wipe out |
A.hopes to have long-lasting lockdown of human activities |
B.is challenging the extreme solutions in biodiversity protection |
C.has a concern about international agenda in the post-COVID-19 world |
D.believes that temporary lockdown will slow the pace of environmental |
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion
A.![]() | B.![]() |
C.![]() | D.![]() |
【推荐1】Two graduates from Cambridge University in the United Kingdom found themselves about to graduate, yet with loans to pay off. The pair decided to begin a strange, year-long project to battle their debt.
The men, Ross Harper and Edward Moyse, set up the website BuyMyFace.com last October as a way to get rid of the £50,000 they shared as student loans. The idea behind the project was to earn money by selling their faces as advertising space every day for a year. Each day, they advertise a different business by painting the brand’s name or logo onto their faces and upload the pictures to the homepage of BuyMyFace.com, adding a link to the advertiser’s website and including a short piece of text about it. After they paint their faces and publish them on the website, Harper and Moyse go out to highly populated areas such as music festivals and theme parks to maximize their faces’ exposure. They hope more people will pay attention to the advertisements on their faces.
At this time, Harper and Moyse have advertised their faces for over four months without skipping a day and they’re more than halfway to their goal. Though they first started charging a minimum of about £1.60 per company, the prices have risen as their popularity increases. For advertising space during the rest of April, they range between £250 and £750. Terri L. Rittenburg, associate professor of marketing at the University of Wyoming, said that she had heard of people tattooing (纹身) logos on themselves before, but this idea is much better. According to her, at first the idea would be new and unusual and attract attention. People are interested in this particular style of advertisement and would like to try what they advertise. But she is unsure how long it would last.
At least for now, companies that have bought Harper and Moyse’s faces have written positive comments on the pair’s website. “We had a three percent increase in website traffic on the very day and for two days more afterwards,” said one of the companies.
1. Harper and Moyse go to highly populated areas to ______.A.offer their help | B.make more friends |
C.show their faces | D.raise more money |
A.get on well with their project | B.work hard except on holidays |
C.plan to open their own company | D.may close their website in future |
A.Because an expert has highly praised them. |
B.Because people find it unique and appealing. |
C.Because the products they advertise are reliable. |
D.Because they receive great help from businesses. |
【推荐2】Garbage sorting has become a hot issue around China, especially after Shanghai began carrying out a regulation on July 1.
Beijing, as a forerunner in environmental protection, has thus been expected to follow suit. The capital of the country has long been campaigning for sorting and recycling household waste, as part of its environmental drive for sustainable growth, local media reported.
The current regulation gives garbage sorting responsibilities to government departments, property management groups and other organizations. It also gives rules for companies, outlining how they’re responsible for waste collection, transportation and treatment. Only individuals are not subject to responsibilities.
The long-awaited revision will soon change the situation, “Taking out the trash without sorting it properly will be illegal,” said Sun Xinjun, director of the Beijing Commission of Urban Management. In Shanghai, violators are now fined up to 200 yuan ($30)for trash-sorting violations. The maximum fine in Beijing will not be less than that, he said.
The Beijing city government first set out to promote garbage sorting in 2009. Authorities have since called on citizens to sort their household waste into four types-recyclable waste, kitchen trash, dangerous waste and others-and leave it in a corresponding dustbin or trash can. Blue-colored dustbins signify items within are recyclable, green represents kitchen trash, red corresponds to dangerous materials and grey to other waste.
To promote the awareness of garbage sorting and expand the base of participants, authorities have employed workers to help residents on the spot. With intelligent devices, those who throw in recyclable waste at given sites will be rewarded with bonus points, which can be used to buy daily goods. At some communities, there are no color-coded dustbins. Instead, a scheduled garbage collection service is offered to help improve the environment. In other communities, workers offer a door-to-door service to collect recyclables or kitchen waste.
Beijing Environmental Sanitation Engineering Group has been promoting new garbage sorting facilities such as recycling cabinets and smart kitchen waste trash cans since 2016, Xinhua News Agency reported. Nearly 26,000 metric tons of household waste is generated across Beijing on a daily basis and 29 terminal garbage disposal facilities are working at full capacity. Nearly 9.3 million tons of household waste was processed in the city last year.
1. According to the passage, which dustbins should some used coke cans be thrown into?A.Grey-colored dustbins. | B.Red-colored dustbins. |
C.Green-colored dustbins. | D.Blue-colored dustbins. |
A.new technology has been applied to help deal with garbage |
B.Beijing carried out a more severe rule on garbage sorting than Shanghai |
C.the change of the current regulation has aroused objection among citizens |
D.the amount of household waste in Beijing is far from something disturbing |
A.How to Sort Garbage in China | B.The Current Regulation in Beijing |
C.Garbage Collection in Beijing | D.Waste Recycling Project Counts |
A.a book review | B.a travel brochure |
C.an environment report | D.a geography essay |
【推荐3】The number one thing you'll probably do is book your flight if you want to travel to another country. But in some countries, you won't be able to fly directly.
Vatican City, the smallest country in the world, as a 109-acre area in the middle of Rome, doesn't have its own airport, but visitors can easily get there via Italy's capital.
Similarly, San Marino, the fifth smallest country in the world, is also surrounded by Italian land. It has a population of a little more than 33,000 and sits just nine miles from Federico Fellini International Airport in Rimini, Italy.
The second-smallest country in the world is Monaco, with a population of more than 38, 500. To get there, you'll have to go through France's Nice Cote d' Azur Airport, which is just a 25-minute car ride away from Monaco. Perhaps that's why developers didn't bother creating anything like a short flight.
Interestingly enough, the third and fourth smallest countries, Nauru and Tuvalu have their own airports, but the fifth and sixth smallest don't We already mentioned San Marino, and to get to Liechtenstein, you'll have to go through Switzerland's St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport, 24 miles away from the capital.
No such luck trying to fly into Andorra, which only requires a 25-mile drive to get from one end of the country to the other. Situated in a mountain range valley, Andorra has too much difficulty in building an airport runway. But for visitors there is no difficulty in going Andorra. Both Spain and France have access to Andorra. The closest way to Andorra's capital is Girona-Costa Brava Airport in Spain.
1. How many countries or regions introduced in the passage don't have their own airport?A.Five. | B.Sⅸ. | C.Seven. | D.Eight. |
A.Monaco. | B.Marino. | C.Liechtenstein. | D.Andorra. |
A.Visitors can easily get to Vatican City via Switzerland's capital. |
B.The fifth smallest country in the world has a little less than 33, 000 residents. |
C.To get to Liechtenstein, you'll have to go through Italy's airport. |
D.Visitors can arrive at Andorra through Spain or France. |
A.It is difficult to build an airport in a mountain range valley. |
B.It only requires a 25-mile drive to get from one end of the country to the other. |
C.The closest option to Andorra’s capital is Girona-Costa Brava Airport in Spain. |
D.Developers didn't bother creating anything like that. |