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题型:阅读理解-阅读单选 难度:0.65 引用次数:64 题号:10231821

Medicine is not only a human invention. Many other animals, from insects to birds to nonhuman primates (灵长类), have been known to self-medicate with plants and minerals for infections and other conditions. Behavioral ecologist Helen of the Borneo Nature Foundation has spent decades studying the island’ s orangutans (红毛猩猩) and says she has now found evidence they use plants in a previously unseen medicinal way.

During more than 20,000 hours of formal observation, Helen and her colleagues watched 10 orangutans occasionally chew a particular plant (which is not part of their normal diet) into a juice and then rub it into their fur. They spent up to 45 minutes at a time rubbing the mixture onto their upper arms or legs. The researchers believe this behavior is the first known example of a nonhuman animal using an external pain-killer.

Local people use the same plant—Dracaena cantleyi (龙血树), an unremarkable-looking bush with stalked leaves—to treat aches and pains. Helens, co-authors studied its chemistry. They added chemicals from the plant to human cells that had been grown in a dish and had been artificially stimulated to produce cytokines (细胞因子), an immune system response that causes inflammation (炎症) and discomfort. The plant chemical reduced the production of several types of cytokines. The scientists reported the finding in a study published last November in Scientific Reports.

The results suggest that orangutans use the plant to reduce inflammation and treat pain. Such findings could help identify plants and chemicals that might be useful for human medications.

1. What does “They” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Birds.B.Local people.
C.The ten orangutans.D.The researchers.
2. What can we learn about Dracaena cantleyi?
A.It can produce cytokines.B.It is effective as a pain-killer.
C.It is a special looking bush.D.It can lead to inflammation and discomfort.
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.Orangutans mainly live on the particular plant.
B.Orangutans are the first animals to use a pain-killer.
C.Helens findings can be of great use for human drugs.
D.Helens co-authors added the chemicals from human cells to the plant.
4. How does the author support his idea?
A.By analyzing data.B.By sharing experiences.
C.By making comparisons.D.By giving examples.

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【推荐1】Heart disease is one of the major killers in the world today. Many who suffer from it must have heart transplants(移植). However, it's difficult to get a suitable heart donation, and even if a patient survives the wait, his or her body often rejects the heart.

But there is now new hope for sufferers of heart disease. According to a study published in the journal Advanced Science, researchers from Israel's Tel Aviv University printed a 3D human heart on April 15, 2019.

“This is the first time anyone anywhere has successfully engineered and printed an entire heart,” Professor Tal Dvir told CNN.

Unlike the previous 3D-printed heart structure, the new heart is complete with cells, blood vessels(血管), chambers(心室) and other structures a heart needs to function normally. But scientists still have more to figure out before the 3D-printed heart can be fitted into the body. For one thing, the experimental heart is only the size of a thumb. And, although it can contract(收缩) like a muscle, it cannot pump out blood like a real one. At present, the heart prototype(样品) is like a tiny airplane that has all of the right parts, but can't fly.

However, the development is still regarded as a major breakthrough in medicine.

In the experiment, the researchers turned human fat tissue(脂肪组织) into human heart tissue with stem cell(干细胞) technology. The tissue was then turned into “bio-ink” for a 3D printer to ensure that tissue in the heart came from the patients themselves. So ideally, if it were to be placed in the body of someone in need of a transplant, there would be less risk of organ rejection.

“Patients will no longer have to wait for transplants or take medications to prevent their rejection,” researchers told USA Today. “Instead, the needed heart will be printed, fully personalized(个性化的) for every patient.”

“Maybe, in 10 years, there will be organ printers in the finest hospitals around the world and these procedures will be conducted routinely,” Dvir said.

1. Why is the 3D-printed heart important?
A.It will be used on a patient.B.It is the first 3D-printed heart.
C.It will replace a heart donation.D.It has a complete heart structure.
2. What problem do 3D-printed hearts have?
A.They cost too much.B.They are too small.
C.They can't contract.D.They are hard to produce.
3. Why would there be less risk of organ rejection with the 3D-printed heart?
A.It would be made with stem cell technology.
B.It would be made from human fat tissue.
C.It would come from a patient's body.
D.It would be printed according to the patient's condition.
2021-12-07更新 | 108次组卷
阅读理解-阅读单选(约360词) | 适中 (0.65)
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文章大意:本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了虽然医疗人工智能可以提供较好的医疗服务,但是患者有强烈的抵触,其原因在于人们担心它无法提供个性化治疗,因此要想充分发挥医疗人工智能的潜力,需要首先解决患者对它的抵触。

【推荐2】Medical artificial intelligence (AI) can perform with expert-level accuracy and deliver cost-effective care. IBM’s Watson diagnoses (诊断) heart disease better than cardiologists (心脏病专家) do. Chatbots give better medical advice to patients in place of nurses. Some forecast that medical AI will enter 90% of hospitals and replace as much as 80% of what doctors currently do. Yet, as our recent research suggests, patients show a strong resistance to medical AI.

The reason, we found, is not the belief that AI provides lower care. Nor is it that patients think that AI is more costly or less informative. Rather, resistance to medical AI seems to come from a belief that AI does not take into account one’s specific circumstances. People view themselves as unique. By contrast, they think medical care delivered by AI providers is suited to treat an average patient but unsuitable to account for the unique circumstances that apply to an individual. No wonder that medical AI providers are given a cold welcome.

There are a number of steps that care providers can take to overcome patients’ resistance to medical AI. For example, if an AI provider is capable of tailoring its recommendation for whether to have a surgery to each patient’s unique characteristics and medical history, patients would be likely to follow the treatment recommendations of the AI provider. In addition, health care providers could also deliver individualized health care by explaining how the algorithms (算法) work and sharing patients’ reviews with the media. Having a physician confirm the recommendation of an AI provider should make people more willing to accept AI-based care. People are comfortable using medical AI if a physician remains in charge of the ultimate decision.

AI-based health care technologies are being developed and employed at an impressive rate, providing better medical services for the patients. But harnessing the full potential of them will require that we first overcome patients’ doubt of having an algorithm, rather than a person making decisions about their care.

1. What made people resist the medical AI?
A.A sufferer’s temper ignored by medical AI.
B.People’s lasting trust in a human doctor’s ability.
C.The concern about its personalization in treatment.
D.The accuracy of the information from medical AI.
2. What can be a solution to patients’ resistance according to the author?
A.Treating sufferers as average patients.
B.Providing a more specific treatment.
C.Getting the algorithms prioritized in time.
D.Keeping away from the influence of a physician.
3. Which word can replace the underlined word “harnessing” in the last paragraph?
A.Weakening.B.Storing.C.Destroying.D.Using.
4. What is the suitable title for the text?
A.Advantages of Medical AI
B.Potential Application of AI
C.How AI Replaces Nurses in Healthcare
D.The Challenge That Medical AI Faces
2024-01-25更新 | 229次组卷
阅读理解-阅读单选(约360词) | 适中 (0.65)
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文章大意:这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究发现,乘过山车可以帮助治疗肾结石且能预防肾结石的发展。

【推荐3】Roller coasters are fast and exciting. But passing a painful kidney (肾) stone is not. The process is painful and can take a long time. But American researchers have found that a roller coaster ride just might help those suffering from a kidney stone. They say such rides help patients pass the stones with a 70 percent success rate.

David Wartinger led the study. He found that where the person sits on the roller coaster can make a big difference. He said, “In the pilot study, sitting in the last car of the roller coaster showed about a 64 percent success rate, while sitting in the first few cars only had a 16 percent success rate.”

When it comes to passing kidney stones, not all roller coasters are equal. The researchers used 174 kidney stones of different shapes, sizes and weights to see if each model worked on the same ride and on two other roller coasters. They found that Big Thunder Mountain was the only one that worked. The other two roller coasters both failed the test. Wartinger said the other rides were too fast and too violent. The movement forced the stones against the side of the kidney. He said that the ideal roller coaster is rough and quick with some twists and turns.

It also mattered where the stones were located in the kidney. The researchers found that stones located in the upper part of the kidney model were passed 100 percent.

Wartinger thinks roller coaster rides could really be used as an effective measure. He said that a yearly ride on a roller coaster could even prevent stones from developing. “You need to pay attention to the warnings before going on a roller coaster,” he said, “If you have a kidney stone, but are otherwise healthy and meet the requirements of the ride, you can absolutely try it.”

He adds that it’s definitely a lower cost alternative to other treatments. And riding a roller coaster is definitely more interesting!

1. What might passing kidney stones be like?
A.Quick.B.Enjoyable.
C.Exciting.D.Uncomfortable.
2. Roller coaster treatment works better ________.
A.when the person rides rough and fast roller coasters with twists and turns.
B.when the person sits in the first car of a roller coaster.
C.when the stone is forced against the side of the kidney.
D.when the stone is located in the lower part of the kidney.
3. What’s probably the advantage of riding a roller coaster?
A.It can prevent danger because of its clear warning.
B.It can prevent the development of kidney stones.
C.It can help anyone besides those with kidney stones.
D.It can apply to everyone with kidney stones effectively.
4. What attitude does Wartinger have towards roller coasters for people having a kidney stone?
A.Favorable.B.Doubtful.
C.Concerned.D.Disapproving.
2023-06-19更新 | 18次组卷
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